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【崔望的回答(18票)】: 谢邀。 才疏学浅，努力答好在知乎上的第一个学术问题吧。 这个四面体还有其他很多种写法，但都大同小异，无非把processing换成了synthesis之类的。 还有这种： 
还有这种：
不同的人有不同的写法。所以我倾向于认为这是一个很多人通过自己的理解形成的一个共同的认识。 在这个地址里： MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 有有JOSE ROBERTO G. DA SILVA的《MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING》。 他在这里提到： The basic elements of MSE are "structure," "properties," "synthesis," "preparation and processing" and "function, application and performance" according to the COSMAT Report (1974), Silva (1986 and 1989) and Silva and Padilla (1991) using the same unified approach to all materials in such a way that those elements occupy the vertices of the so-called "tetrahedron of the basic elements MSE" . 他给出的也就是第二图，更详细一些。但可以看到基本思想是一样的。 Tomasi and Botta Fo. (1991) suggest another tetrahedron with the vertices occupied by the "elements composition," "structure", processing and "uses" and is center occupied by the "elements properties." The main action purpose of MS is the domain of aspects involved in the relation STRUCTURE x PROPERTIES (Figure 2) that Paula e Silva (1988) consider "a domain of medium complexity, but of remarkable richness". The internal architecture of materials present an hierarchy of structural levels as follows: 1) Atomic, electronic and nuclear structure; 2) Atomic arrangements (crystal, glasses or amorphous, and quasicrystals; 3) Microstructure; 4) Macrostructure. 可以看出他说的最早的提到材料科学四面体的文章在1974年，什么COSMAT report。还有其他几篇文献。但很遗憾这几篇文献我都没有搜到全文，无法给出更详细的引用。如果有人能搜到可以试一下： 1 Materials and Man's Needs (1974): COSMAT Report: National. Academy of Sciences, Washington DC. USA. 2 Materials for Economic Growth (1986): Scientific American, 255 (4): 200 pages; special edition, New York-NY, USA. 3 Silva J. R. G. (1991): Uma Agenda Nacional de Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais Para os Estados Unidos nos Anos 90. Metalurgia, 47 (399); 444; ABM, S?o Paulo. (SP) Brazil 4 Silva, J. R. G. and Padilha, A. F. (1991): Proposta de Currículo de Referência Para Cursos de Engenharia de Materiais Sem Modalidades. Proceedings of the Seminar on Teaching of Metallurgy and Materials. COENS-ABM, pages 132 to 140, S?o Paulo (SP) Brazil. 另外，在R.W.CAHN 的《THE COMING OF MATERIALS SCIENCE》的尾声（Epilogue）中，有对四面体较为详尽的说明。这个我下载到了。仔细看了看。摘抄其中有用的部分吧： Merton Flemings, a very experienced profcssor of MSE at MIT, has recently discussed (Flemings 1999) the question: “What next for MSE departments?’ He faces, foursquare, the issue whether something can be both a muItidisc@line,bringing togethcr for use many classical disciplines, and a discipline in its own right. He is sure that MSE is both of these. The path out of the dilemma “is to view the broad engineering study of structure/property/processing/performance relations of materials, with engineering emphasis.. . as a discipline”. That is, he asserts, what mainline, independent MSE departments teach. This fourfold way is depicted in Figure 15.1(a), a little tetrahedron which was first proposed in a 1989 report. Flemings goes so far as to say that “our survival as a discipline and as independent academic departments within the university system depends on how well we succeed in articulating this paradigm and employing it to contribute to society”. Others prefer to make this little diagram more complicated; thus Shi (1999), a veteran Chinese materials scientist, is insistent that ‘composition’ is an equally important variable, distinct from structure, ‘processing’ should be linked with ‘synthesis’, and at the heart of the whole enterprise he places ‘theory and design of materials and processing’, clearly including computer simulation. His view of things is shown in Figure 15. I(b). One should not be perturbed by different experts’ preferences for different kinds of polyhedra; after all, these are no more than a visual aid to understanding. The key thing is that different aspects are intimately related…in these figures, every point is linked to every other point. Each of these aspects, whether they be divided into four or six categories, needs a familiarity with some of the classical disciplines such as physics, chemistry, physical chemistry, and with subsidiary not-quite-independent sciences such as rheology and colloid science.
提到的两篇参考文献为： Flemings,M. C. (1999) Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 29, 1. Shi, C (1999) Processing in Natural Science (China) 9, 2. 希望能回答题主的问题。 原文地址:知乎 |
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