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高考英语考前玩转高频语法系列13专题——名词

 许愿真 2014-10-22

高考英语考前玩转高频语法系列13专题——名词

一、名词的种类:

       1、专有名词:

       1China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack(不加冠词)

       2the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。(由普通名词构成的专有名词,要加定冠词。)

       2、普通名词:

       1)不可数名词

       注意:不可数名词前一般不加冠词,尤不加不定冠词:若加a(an)则使之具体化了。                

如:have a wonderful time.

                不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

                不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时,可用复数形       式。

如:fishes,  newspapers,    waters,          snows……

                                   |             |               |                     |

                             各种各样的鱼  各种报纸  河湖、海水    积雪

                有些抽象名词也常用复数,变为可数的具体的事物。如:times时代,works著作,difficulties困难

                在表数量时,常用“of”词组来表示。如:

                     a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper.

       2)可数名词:

              可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外,一般都要加冠词:A bird can fly.

                The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.

                Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.

              有复数形式:

              a)规则变化——加“s”或“es”(与初中同,略)

              b)不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men),

                     woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),

                     phenomenon(phenomena)

       注意:c)单、复数同形:sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish(同一种鱼)……。如,

                       a sheep, two sheep

                d)只用复数形式: thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,

                e)形复实单:physics, politics, maths, news, plastics(塑料),means.

                f)形单实复:people (人民,人们),the police, cattle

                g)集合名词如:family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时,为单数;当作                     为整体中的各个成员时,为复数。如:

                       My family is a big one.

                       My family are music lovers.

                h)复合名词变复数时,a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如:

                       sister(s)-in-law嫂子,弟妹;step-son (s)继子;editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。

                       b)如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如:grown-up(s)成年人,go-between(s)中间人

                       cwoman, man作定语时,要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如:a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors

二、名词的所有格:

       1、表有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格,一般在名词后加“’s”。如:Mike’s bag, Children’s Day, my brother’s room, women’s rights

       注意:1)名词复数的词尾是-s-es,它的所有格只在词后加“s”。如:Teachers’ Day, the workers’ rest-home(工人疗养院),the students’ reading-room

                 2)复合名词的所有格,在后面的词后加“’s”。如:her son-in-law’s photo(她女婿的照片);anybody else’s book(其他任何人的书)

                 3)如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有,则在最后的一个名词后面加“’s”;                   如果不是共有,则每个词后都要加“’s”。如:Jane and Helen’s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有). Bill’s and Tom’s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有)

4)表地点(店铺,某人的家等)的名词所有格后面,一般省去它所修饰的名词。如: the tailor’s (裁缝铺) the doctor’s (诊所) Mr Brown’s (布朗先生的家)

                 5)有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词,也可加“’s”表所有格。

                     如:half an hour’s walk (半小时的路程)

                            China’s agriculture (中国的农业)

       2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组,表示所有格。如:the cover of the book

       3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of,特别是名词较长,有较多的定语时。如:

              the story of Dr Norman Bethune

              Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?

       4、“of词组+所有格”的用法:

       在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(如:a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等)时,常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如:

       a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友。

       some inventions of Edison’s 爱迪生的一些发明

       those exercise-books of the students’ 学生们的那些练习本。

【专项训练】:

1There are only twelve__________ in the hospital.

       Awoman doctors                      Bwomen doctors

       Cwomen doctor                             Dwoman doctor

2Mr Smith has two__________, both of whom are teachers in a school.

       Abrothers-in-law                            Bbrother-in-laws

       Cbrothers-in-laws                           Dbrothers-in law

3——How many       __________ does a cow have?

       ——Four.

       Astomaches    Bstomach             Cstomachs                 Dstomachies

4Some __________    visited our school last Wednesday.

       AGerman           BGermen           CGermans                 DGermens

5The    __________  of the building are covered with lots of __________.

       Aroofs; leaves    Brooves; leafs     Croof; leaf                Droofs; leafs

6When the farmer returned home he found three__________ missing.

       Asheeps             Bsheepes            Csheep               Dsheepies

7That was a fifty __________    engine.

       Ahorse power                                 Bhorses power

       Chorse powers                                Dhorses powers

8My father often gives me __________.

       Amany advice    Bmuch advice     Ca lot of advices Da few advice

9Mary broke a    __________ while she was washing up.

       Atea cup            Ba cup of tea      Ctea’s cup                 Dcup tea

10Can you give us some    __________  about the writer?

       Ainformations                                Binformation

       Cpiece of informations                    Dpieces information

11I had a cup of  __________    and two pieces of   __________    this morning.

       Ateas; bread                                   Bteas; breads

       Ctea; breads                                   Dtea; bread

12As is known to us all,                  travels much faster than               .

       Alights; sounds                               Blight; sound

       Csound; light                                  Dsounds; lights

13She told him of all her   __________    and        __________    .

       Ahope; fear                             Bhopes; fear

       Chopes; fears                                  Dhope; fears

14The rising       __________ did a lot of __________ to the crops.

       Awater; harm                                 Bwater; harms

       Cwaters; harm                                Dwaters; harms

15——How far away is it from here to your school?

       ——It’s about __________.

       Ahalf an hour’s drive               Bhalf hours drives

       Chalf an hour drives                        Dhalf an hour drive

16The shirt isn’t mine. It’s __________.

       AMrs Smith                                   BMrs’ Smith

       CMrs Smiths’                                 DMrs Smith’s

17Miss Johnson is a friend of    __________.

       AMary’s mother                      BMary’s mothers’

       CMary mother’s                      DMary’s mother’s

18Last week I called at my __________.

       Aaunt                Baunts        Caunt’s              Dauntes’

19The beach is a __________ throw.

       Astone        Bstones              Cstones’             Dstone’s

20I can hardly imagine__________  sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

       APeter’             BPeter        CPeters              DPeters’

【答案】:

       1B             

2A

       3C  stomach(胃)虽是“ch”结尾,但其发音为[k],所以加“s”,不用加“es”。

       4C    

5A  roof, chief, gulf, belief等词的复数形式,直接加“s”。

       6C     

 7名词作定语一般不用复数。

       8B

       9根据句意,打破的应是杯子,而不是茶;名词作定语表类别不用加“’s”。

       10B            11D            12B            13C            14C            15A

       16根据上句,此处应是史密斯太太的衬衫。

       17D            18C      19D  a stone’s throw是固定短语,意为“近在咫尺”。

       20此句中Peter作动名词sailing的所有格,本应用Peter’s,但因其在动词后作宾语,所以可用宾格,因此B为正确答案。

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