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D daily / everyday / every day? daily作名词意为“日报”;作形容词，意同everyday意为“每日的、日常的”在句中作定语。 China Daily《中国日报》 daily life everyday意为“每日的、日常的”在句中作定语。 everyday English＝daily English日常英语；everyday life＝daily life日常生活。 ? every day（分开写）意为“每天”，作状语。 He comes here every day＝He comes here daily． damage / destroy / ruin / hurt / injure / wound / harm / cut damage意为部分“损坏、破坏”。常指损坏的程度不那么严重，还可以修复再用。也用于表示损坏抽象的东西,有时该词也用于借喻。 The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were seriously hurt． 汽车在事故中损坏不严重，但却有五个人受了重伤。 Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness．长期生病使她的心脏受到轻度损伤。 What they said and did damaged the relations between the two countries． 他们的言行损害了这两个国家之间的关系。 Smoking has damaged his health badly．吸烟严重地损害了他的健康。 damage还可用作可数或不可数名词。 The earthquake did a lot of damages to the city．这场地震给这座城市带来了巨大的破坏。 destroy意为“破坏；摧毁；消灭；毁灭”，程度非常严重，一般情况下不可以修复再用。 另外，它既可表示毁坏具体的物品，也可表示毁坏抽象的东西。 The big fire destroyed the whole house． 这场大火把整座房子都烧毁了。 The Nazi wanted to destroy people's hopes, but in the end what was destroyed was the Nazi's dream by the power of people．纳粹想摧毁人民的希望，最终是纳粹的梦想被人民的力量所摧毁。 ruin多用于借喻之中，有时泛指一般性的破坏，指把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。 My new coat is ruined．我的外套不能再穿了。 The rain will ruin the crops．这雨会把庄稼毁掉的。 I was ruined by that law case; I'm a ruined man我被那场官司毁了，我破产了。 hurt 既可指肉体上的伤害（可被badly, slightly, seriously等修饰），也可指精神上、感情上的伤害（被very much／rather／deeply修饰），多指伤痛。 I hurt my leg badly in the football match．在那场足球赛中，我的腿受了重伤。 He felt rather hurt at your words．你的话使他很难过。 injure：受伤。常指意外或事故伤害。Several people were injured in the traffic accident. wound：受伤。常指战争场合的伤害，如枪伤、刀伤等。 His father was wounded in the war 30 years ago. harm：危害。In my point of view, the rain will harm our crops. (依我看来，这雨对我们的庄稼有害） Reading in dim light will harm your eyes. （在昏暗的灯光下看书会损害眼睛。） cut指伤口或无意中造成的轻伤。 How did you get that cut on your hand﹖你手上的伤口是怎么弄的？ damp / wet damp指"轻度潮湿, 使人感觉不舒服的", I don't like damp weather.我不喜欢潮湿的天气。 wet 指"含水分或其他液体的"、"湿的", be wet to the skin 浑身湿透。 day by day /day after day day by day意为“一天一天地”，“逐日”，表示事情的逐渐变化过程。该短语只能作状语。 It's getting colder day by day．天气一天天冷了起来。 The boy is getting better day by day．那孩子一天天好了起来。 day after day意为“日复一日”,表示周而复始或循环重复的动作或事件。 Day after day went by, and still no message arrived．日子一天天过去，仍然杳无音讯。 I have to do the work day after day．我得天天做这项工作。 l deal with /do with /get rid of get rid of表示“处理”，侧重“消灭；摆脱或清除”； deal with和do with侧重“处理”的手段、方法或方式。do的后面可接宾语，deal的后面不接宾语；do with常与what连用，deal with常与how连用。 ［练习］ ①If they are not coming, we can ＿＿＿ the tickets． ②How did they ＿＿＿＿ matters of this sort﹖ ③What did you ＿＿＿＿ the broken car﹖ ④Mr Zhang wrote a book ＿＿＿＿ life in England． ⑤We should ＿＿＿＿ the weeds in the fields． (Keys: ①get rid of ②deal with ③do with ④dealing with ⑤get rid of)l deep / deeply deep：“深”，比较具体。Still water runs deep. （静水流深。） deeply：“深深地”，比较抽象。We were deeply moved. （我们深受感动。） demonstrate /illustrate demonstrate 证明,论证,以科学严谨的态度,通过推理、辩论或提供证据来证明事物的正谬 illustrate 指用实物、图片等进行说明，illustrate后常用介词by，with。 A．The lecturer ＿＿＿＿ his point with a diagram ont heblackboard． B．To ＿＿＿＿ his arguments，he showed us a lot of facts． C．These figures clearly ＿＿＿ the size of the economic problem facing the country． Answers：A.illustrated B.demonstrate C.demonstrate die of / die from die of：死于。常指由于疾病、饥饿、情感等原因而死亡。 Many of them died of hunger during the voyage. The old woman died of grief soon after her husband’s death. die from：死于。常指除了疾病或情感以外的原因造成的死亡，及因某种具体疾病造成的死亡。 In big cities during cold winter months, many old people die from the polluted air. It is said that he died from / of heart attack. discover / invent / create / find / find out invent意为“发明”，指通过劳动运用聪明才智“发明／创造”出以前从未存在过的新事物。 Who invented the telephone？ 是谁发明电话的？ He invented a new teaching method．他发明了一种新的教学方法。 find意为“找到/发现”，指找到或发现自己所需要的东西或丢失的东西，着重指找到的结果。 We've found oil under the South Sea．我们已在南海发现了石油。 They finally found a way． 他们终于找到了办法。 discover意为“发现”,表示“偶然”或“经过努力”发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误,即指发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物,也可表示发现已为人所知的事物的新的性质或用途。 Columbus discovered America in1492． 哥伦布1492年发现了美洲。 We soon discovered the truth． 我们很快就弄清了真相。 create：创造 It is well known that Madame Curie discovered the element radium. As we know, Shakespeare created quite a number of wonderful characters in his plays. find out指经过研究或询问查明某事或真相。 [EXERCISES] 1．Edison ＿＿＿＿ the electric lamp． 2．I lost my necklace last night．I haven’t ＿＿＿＿ it． 3．Who ＿＿＿＿ America first？ 4．Can you ＿＿＿＿ what time the train leaves？ ANSWERS: 1．invented 2．found 3．discovered 4．find outl disgrace / dishonor / shame disgrace 指“失去别人的尊敬”、“因自己或别人的行为所产生的耻辱感”. He was in disgrace after his ungentlemanly behavior. 他因为行为不检而为人所不齿。 dishonour指“因自己的言行而丧失自尊或玷辱名誉”。 His desertion to the enemy was a dishonor to his family.他的投敌行为对他的家庭是耻辱。 shame指“由于失去自尊心而感到羞愧或羞耻”。 I think it a shame to be so wasteful. 我认为那样浪费太可耻了。infamy指“声名狼藉”、“臭名昭著”, His name will live in infamy. 他的名字将遗臭万年。 E each / every each强调个体，可以接“of ”结构，可以在句中充当同位语；each指两个或两个以上的人或事物 every强调全体;every则不可以接of结构;every指三个或以上的人或事物;every有“每隔…，每…”之思，each则没有。 Each has his good point. Each of them has his own dictionary. The students each have a desk. （此处each是the students的同位语。） I know every member of your family. We hand in our homework every three days. （相当于every third day。） environment / surroundings environment：环境,可指自然环境也可指人文环境,多指给人思想、感情等造成影响的事物或情况。 He told a story of man’s struggle with his environment.他讲了一个人类与环境抗争的故事 It’s not a very safe environment for children there. surroundings：环境，多指周围的自然环境。The guest house stands in beautiful surroundings. employ / hire / rent employ：雇用。较正式用语，指较长期雇用，宾语一般是人。 Karl was employed by a car rental agency. （卡尔受雇于一家汽车出租公司。） hire：雇用，租用。较普通用语，指短期雇用、租用。 The store-keeper hired 10 girls for the Christmas rush. （为应对圣诞节前的购物热，店主雇用了十个女孩来帮忙。） During the holiday they hired a boat and went fishing. rent：出租。指长时间租用、出租房屋、场地等。 She has rented the house to a young couple. （她已把这房子出租给一对年轻夫妇。） escape / flee / run away escape 逃脱，逃离 escape from the prison/the police flee 逃（未必逃脱掉）The enemy fled everywhere. run away 跑掉，出走 He ran away when he was ten years old.10岁时他离家出走了。 ever before / ever since / ever after ever since意为“从…之后一直”，该短语与完成时连用。有时ever可以省略。 ever before意为“比以往任何时候”，常与比较级连用并放在than之后。ever用来加强before的语气，before有时可以省略。 ever after意为“从那以后”，其中的after可作连词，也可作副词，该短语常与过去时连用。 [EXERCISES] 1．He went to Tibet in 1969 and has lived there ＿＿＿＿． 2．The flowers grow more beautiful than ＿＿＿＿． 3．The couple lived a hard life ＿＿＿＿． ANSWERS: 1.ever since 2．ever before 3．ever afterl F fairly / rather / pretty fairly 形容好的方面；fairly good rather修饰不好的方面。此外，可修饰比较级和too,而fairly 则不能。 Tom is fairly diligent,but Peter is rather lazy. rather hotter/rather too large pretty 相当于rather，用于非正式文体 pretty well 很好 fall / drop fall：下落，下降；重伤死亡或倒下（用作不及物动词）。 drop：滴落，掉下；疲劳倒下（用作不及物动词或及物动词）。 He suddenly fell / dropped to the ground. The price of oil has fallen / dropped by $ 2 each barrel. （油价每桶下降了两美元。） Hundreds of soldiers fell in this battle. （数以百计的士兵在这次战斗中牺牲。） He dropped in the chair the moment he got home. （他一到家就累倒在椅子上。） l fall off / fall down / fall onto / fall into fall off用作及物动词，表示“从……上落下，掉下，摔下”。 The house moved and a few pictures fell off the wall，but that was all． 房子动了动，几幅画从墙上掉了下来，就这些。 He had fallen off a ladder and hurt his leg． 他从梯子上摔下来，伤了腿。 有时，它也可用作不及物动词，表示“落下，掉下，脱落”；也可表示“减少，越来越少”。 I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off． 我看着桌子上的杯子全掉下来。 His supporters were falling off． 支持他的人越来越少了。 fall down通常用作不及物动词，表示“（人）跌倒，摔倒，绊倒”或“（房屋等)倒塌”。 The old lady fell down in the street and broke her leg．那老太太在街上跌倒了，摔坏了腿。 fall onto意为“掉到……上”，其中onto为介词，也可用to。 The books fell off the desk onto／to the ground． 书从桌上掉到了地上。 fall into意为“掉到……里陷入（困难）”等，into是介词。如: fall into the river掉进河里 false / wrong false：虚假的；错误的，表示所说的、想的与实际情况相违，含有假冒、欺骗之嫌。 false teeth / hair假牙/假发。 Please decide whether the following statements are true or false. wrong：错误的，不正确的，无假冒、欺骗之意。 He may be wrong in his opinions, but he is not false in trying to impress them on others.（也许他的观点是错误的，但他试图让人记住这些，这并不假。） family / home / house family：家，家庭，家里人。指家庭成员结构。 The family is large, and the whole family are now watching TV. He has a family of three. He has a large family to support. (他要养活一大家子。) home：家，家园。指出生及日常生活的那种环境。也可用作副词。 My home is not far from here. The car broke down on the way home. (在回家的路上车抛锚了。) house：房子，住宅。指居住的建筑物。 The old house was built of stones. The big fire destroyed the whole house． farther / further farther：更远。 further：更远;更进一步,更深一层。作为“更远”,二者可通用。若表“更进一步，更深一层”,只能用further。 He was too tired to walk any farther/further. The problem must be further discussed next time. Mr. Wang went abroad for further study last year. fast / quick / rapid / soon fast：快的，迅速的。指速度迅速。This is a fast train. He’s one of the fastest runners in the world. I always keep my watch 15 minutes fast. （我总是让我的表快十五分钟。） quick：快的，迅速的；机敏的。指立即行动、毫不延迟；动作敏捷。 We’re expecting a quick reply from the company. Robertson’s quick thinking saved the little girl’s life.罗伯逊敏捷的思维救了那小女孩的命 She’s a quick learner. rapid：快的，迅速的。比较具体，常指流水、发展、进步等方面的“快”。 I’ve made rapid progress in English. The patient made a rapid recovery. （病人康复很快。） soon：快，早。指时间。例如：He’ll be here soon. Try and get the car fixed as soon as possible. feed...on / feed on / feed.../ to / feed with feed...to 指“将……喂给……”，feed 后跟表示食物的词； feed...on 指“用……喂……”，feed 后接表示人或动物的词。 What did you feed to the baby just now？ 你刚才给婴儿喂的什么﹖ I feed the dog on meat． 我用肉喂狗。 feed on 以...为主食，以...为燃料 The sheep feed on grass,while the wolves feed on meat. feed with：喂养。指喂养的具体动作 He is now feeding his sheep with grass. 他在用草喂羊 fight against ( with) / fight for fight against：与…战斗, 反对…的战争,可与fight with互用；但fight with还可表示“和…并肩作战”。They are making great efforts to fight against / with pollution. In World War II, the British fought with the French and the Americans against the Germans.（在第二次世界大战中，英国人同法国人、美国人一起与德国人交战。） fight for：为（争取）……而战斗。 The slaves were fighting for freedom. He said he would fight for his motherland. finally / at last / in the end finally用法?表示某一动作发生的顺序是在“最后”。?是用在句中动词前,表示了好久“终于…”。 Finally，turn off the lights and lock the door．最后关上灯锁好门。 ü We waited and waited，and finally they arrived．我们等了又等，（最后）他们终于来了。 ? at last是表示经过一番曲折或努力之后某事才发生，强调其结果，其语气和感情色彩较强。At last the project has been completed and we can rest．这项工程终于竣工了，我们可以休息了。 ? in the end用法?表示经过若干周折或努力而“最后”发生了某事。 We did experiment after experiment，and in the end we got a good harvest of rice in Africa． 我们作了一个又一个实验，（最后）终于在非洲获得了水稻丰收。 表示预测未来（而finally和at last无此用法）。 He hopes that his son will be a fine teacher in the end.他希望儿子最终成为一名优秀教师。 l find／look for / found／founded? find意为“发现、找到”，为动词原形。Where is my book? I can't find it. look for：寻找。I have been looking for my pocket dictionary, but I haven’t found it yet. （我一直在找我的袖珍词典，但是还没找到。） found既是不规则动词find的过去式和过去分词，本身又是一个动词原形，意为“建立、成立、创办”。 He has already found his watch． 他已经找到了手表。? founded 为动词found的过去式和过去分词。 The school was founded ten years ago． 这所学校是十年前创办的。 fit / be fit for / be fit to fit可用作及物或不及物动词，意为“适合”，“合身”，主要指大小适合。 This cap fits me well．这顶帽子很适合我。 The coat doesn’t fit me well． 这件大衣不太合身。 另外，fit还有“安装”、“试穿”之意。 You can fit this skirt on your daughter．你可以给你的女儿试一下这条裙子。 I will fit my new house with a telephone．我要在新房间装电话。 be fit for意为“适合;能胜任”。其中,fit是形容词,意为“适合的;能胜任的”,for后面接名词或-ing形式。 The water in the well is fit for drinking．这口井里的水可以喝。 The man is not fit for his office．那人不称职。 Your shoes are not fit for traveling．你的鞋子不适合旅行。 be fit to意为“适合;能胜任”。短语中fit也是形容词,to为动词不定式符号,因此后面只能接动词原形。The food is not fit to eat．这食物不可以吃。 The girl is easy to get angry,so she is not fit to be a nurse.这女孩易发脾气,因此她不适合当护士。 foolish / silly / stupid foolish：愚蠢的。指缺乏智慧或判断力。 It would be foolish of us to quarrel. （我们争吵是愚蠢的。） silly：傻的，糊涂的，幼稚的。指头脑简单、不懂事，或指言行无聊。 The silly child is always asking silly questions. stupid：笨的。指生性迟钝或反应迟钝，有时含有顽固、固执的意味。 How I wish I had your brains! I’m too stupid. If you’re stupid enough to skate on the lake, you deserve to fall in. （如果你硬是要在这湖上滑冰，掉下去活该。） forbid / ban / prohibit forbid系常用词, 指“命令某人不做某事”。 The doctor forbids him to smoke. 医生禁止他吸烟。 ban 语气较重, 指权威机关“正式禁止”, 含“严厉谴责”之意,只能用事物作其宾语, Ban atomic and nuclear weapons! 禁止原子武器和核武器! prohibit指“通过法律或政府法令禁止”。 The soldiers were prohibited from leaving camp after dark. 天黑后士兵不准离开营房l forget / leave / remain forget：忘了（带某物）。Oh no, I’ve forgotten my key to the office. leave：把（某物 / 某人）忘 / 留在某地（后面要跟地点）。 Oh no, I’ve left my key at the office. Don’t leave your child alone at home. remain：（某人）留下来；仍然（保持）。 The refugees were allowed to remain in that area. （允许难民留在那个地区。） The boy remained silent. fit / suit / suitable /do / match / go fit用作及物动词，意为“与……相符、符合；合……身”；用作不及物动词,意为“适合、合身”。多指衣物等尺寸大小合身、合脚。也可用作形容词,常构成be fit for意为“适于;称职”； John is fit for the job well. suit意为“适合”。多指衣物等的颜色、款式、质地等适合，穿起来协调、好看；合乎需要、口味、性格、条件和地位等。 This coat doesn't suit you.这件外套不适合你。比较:This coat doesn't fit you.这件外套不合你的身。 A good teacher suits his lessons to the age of his pupils.好教师授课力求适合学生的年龄。 suitable是suit的形容词，be suitable for相当于be fit for。另外：suit常用作名词，意为“一套／副（衣服等）”：a man's suit包括外套 jacket，背心waist coat和裤子trousers，a woman's suit包括上衣coat和裙子skirt； fit还可作“安装”解。 do：合适（常与for连用）。The coat doesn’t do for you; it’s too small. match (vt) / go：匹配（go常与with连用）The color of the tie doesn’t match / go with that of your shirt. for example / such as / like ? such as用来列举，通常放在被列举的事物的前面以及需要说明的事物的后面。? for example常用来补充说明，表示在众多的例子中仅仅取一、二加以说明、解释。? like是介词，意为“像”。 [EXERCISES] 1. Many books on English study,_______ School English are popular among school students． 2. Some students，Wang Lin，＿＿＿＿ like country music very much． 3. I’m going to be a pop star ＿＿＿＿ Michael Jackson． ANSWERS:1．such as 2．for example 3．like for the first time / the first time / the time for the first time 首次;第一次。表示有生以来或一段时间内第一次做某事,在句中一般单独作状语。 The two girl students talked for the first time at the beginning of the term.两位女生开学初首次交谈。 the first time 首次；第一次。常引导时间状语从句，其重点不是讲第一次做什么，而是说明另一动作或情况；也可以作表语，强调到说话为止某一情况或动作的次数。 I knew we would be good friends the first time I met her.第一次见到她,我就知道我们会成为好朋友。 This is the first time I have been to the Great Wall． 这是我第一次去长城。 the time在句中起连词的作用 The time the bell rang, all the pupils rushed out. 此处语法意义上可以用as soon as, the moment, the minute, the instant, instantly, immediately等替换；还可以用Hardly … when, Scarcely … when, No sooner ... than等倒装结构来表达。 Hardly had the bell rang when all the pupils rushed out.（铃声一响，所有的学生都冲了出去。） free / freely free：免费，自由地。The show was arranged to admit free the students from Senior III. 安排高三学生入内免费参观展览 freely：自如地.He can communicate freely with the native speakers. fun / joke fun：玩笑，娱乐。是不可数名词。The old man is full of fun. /Don’t make fun of him. joke：玩笑，笑料。是可数名词。I had a joke with her. /Let’s play a joke on Mr. Wang. Gl gather / collect gather：把分散或抽象东西聚集起来 gather facts/materials/information/data. collect：有计划，有选择的收集 to collect stamps 集邮 （此外，两者可互换） gather round / gather in / gather up / gather from gather round表示“聚集在……周围”、“聚集在一起”。 gather in表示“收获庄稼”。 gather up表示“收拾起来”、“抱起来”。 gather from表示“从……推测”、“从……推想”，后面与that－clause连用。 【练习】 ①I ＿＿＿＿ her letter that she is very happy now． ②The students in our class ＿＿＿＿ Mr Wang． ③You'd better ＿＿＿＿ your books and put them away． ④The farmers ＿＿＿＿ the wheat now． ⑤All the workers ＿＿＿＿ him and asked him what was wrong with him at all． (Keys: ①gather from ②gathered round ③gather up ④are gathering in ⑤gathered round) l get away (from) / run away (from) / escape (from) / flee (from) 这几个词均可表示“逃”，但含义有别：?? get away from及run away from表示“逃”的动作或行为，含有动作快速而敏捷之意，多用于口语中； escape指安全地“逃走或跑掉”，强调结果；? flee强调“逃”这一动作急促或迅速，不强调结果。选用时根据上下文的含义来定。 The bird has escaped from the cage．那只鸟逃出鸟笼了。 He ran away／got away／escaped from the fire．他从火灾中逃出来了。 He fled (from) the burning house．他从燃烧的房子中逃出。 另外，表示“从某处抽身”，一般用get away from。如： I’m afraid she can’t get away from the meeting． 我恐怕她很难从会议中抽身。 give off / give out give off 发出"液体/气体/味道"等 The smoke given off by the factory pollutes the air seriously.l give out 发出"声音/消息/信号"等 She gave out a cry. give up / give in / give out ? give up指行为或努力受挫或别的原因而主动放弃,作及物动词,跟名词或v－ing；也可作不及物动词； give in指不再坚持自己的行为或观点等，而按别人的要求去做，一般作不及物动词；? give out意为“用完；耗尽；体力不支”，是不及物动词。 ①The wind was strong and the waves were big，so he had to give up attempting／his attempt to swim the channel．风急浪高，他只好放弃横渡海峡的打算。 ②All the girls finished the race except two who gave up half way． 除有两个中途放弃外，其它所有的姑娘都跑完了比赛的全程。 ③As neither of the two sides would give in，the agreement fell through． 由于双方都不肯让步，所以没能达成协议。 ④After a long journey，my strength gave out and couldn’t walk any farther． 走了很长的路，我已筋疲力尽，再也走不动了。 l glance / stare / glare glance意为“匆匆一瞥”，是不及物动词，其后必须接介词at, over等才可以接宾语。 He glanced at his watch．他匆匆看了一下手表。 She glanced down the list of names． 她由上而下匆匆地看了一下名单。 stare意为“凝视”，它也是一个不及物动词，其后通常接介词at才能接宾语。 She stared at him in surprise．她惊讶地瞪着他看。 He was staring out to the sea． 他凝目眺望大海。 glare意为“怒视；瞪眼”，也是不及物动词，其后要接介词at后才能接宾语。 They stood glaring at each other．他们互相怒目而视地站着。 l go on to do sth. / go on doing sth．/ go on with sth 这三个短语都有继续做某事的意思，但在含义上有所不同。 ? go on to do sth．表示“接着做另一件事”，即接下去做与原来不同的一件事；? go on doing sth…表示“继续不停地做某事或间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”；? go on with sth．表示“间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”，其后一般接代词作宾语。通常情况下，go on doing sth．和go on with sth．可互换。 After they had read the text，the students went on to do the exercises． The students went on talking and laughing all the way． 一路上学生们一直有说有笑。 After a rest，we went on with our lesson＝After a rest,we went on having our lesson. go out / be out / put out go out：熄灭（自然熄灭，无被动结构）。 be out：熄灭（表示状态）。 put out：扑灭。 The light went out suddenly, and it has been out for quite a long time. The big forest fire was put out at last. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to go out. （没人注意到小偷溜进了房子里，因为当时灯刚好熄灭。） When the firefights arrived, the fire had gone out / been put out. （消防队员到达时，火已经熄灭/被扑灭。） go to school / go to the school go to school去上学 go to the school 到学校 Li Hua went to school at seven this morning. An hour later, his father also went to the school for a meeting. （李华今天早上7点上学，一小时后他父亲也去了学校，要开会。） 类似用法的短语：go to church / go to the church / be in hospital / be in the hospital等。 We had to go to the church to get Joan, who went to church without her cell phone, for it was urgent. （我们只好去教堂叫琼，她去礼拜，没有带手机，事情又紧急。） I am going to the hospital to see Tom, for he is in hospital.我要去医院看汤姆，他在住院。 |
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