|
========================
【Concept】 Camera referred to the camera, is a use of optical imaging principle to form an image and use the negative image recording devices.
Is an optical instrument used for photography.
========================
【History term】 ---------------------
The first phase [1924 ago] 1. In BC 400 years ago, Mo book "Mojing" already pinhole imaging records;
2.13 century, in Europe there has been made of the use of the principle of pinhole imaging camera obscura image, images or watching people into the black box painted scenery;
3.1550, the Italian Cardano lenticular lens pinhole placed in the original position, the effect of the image more than the black-box bright and clear;
4.1558, the Italian aperture coupled with Barbaro on Cardano's device, so that greatly improve image clarity;
5.1665, the German monk John chapter designed a small, single-lens reflex image of a portable camera obscura, because there was no light-sensitive material, this black box only for painting.
6.1822, the French Niepce on a photosensitive material out of the world's first picture, but the image is not very clear, and requires eight hours of exposure.
7.1826 years he was in the asphalt coated with photosensitive tin base version, a photo taken by the camera obscura.
---------------------
---------------------
The second phase [1839 --- 1924] 8.1839, the French Daguerre made the first practical Silver Edition camera, which is composed by two wooden boxes, put a wooden box into another wooden box were the focus, with the lens cap as a shutter to control up to thirty minutes of exposure time, can capture clear images.
9. 1841 Optical home Wogelande invented the first all-metal body of the camera. The camera installed the world's first designed by mathematical calculations, the maximum relative aperture of 1: 3.4 camera lens.
10.1845 German Von Martens invented the world's first 150 ° pan can turn.
11. 1849 David Bruce Sterling invented the stereo camera and a dual-lens stereoscopic film viewing mirror.
12.1861 physicist Mark Swift invented the world's first color photograph.
13.1860, the United Kingdom Sutton designed the original single-lens reflex camera with a rotatable mirror viewfinder;
14.1862, the French Detrie the two cameras are stacked, a viewfinder, a camera, constitutes a primitive form of dual-lens camera;
15.1880, the British Baker made a double lens reflex camera.
16.1866 German chemist Schott and Carl Zeiss optics, O house with the company invented the barium crown optical glass, resulting in a Masamitsu camera lens, so that design and manufacture of photographic lenses, have developed rapidly.
17.1888, the United States produced a new type of Kodak photographic materials - soft, winding "film."
This is a leap photosensitive material. In the same year, Kodak invented the world's first portable square box installation film camera with the development of photosensitive materials
18.1871, there has been coated with a photosensitive material made of silver bromide dry version,
19.1884 years has emerged as substrates using nitrocellulose (celluloid) film.
20.1902, the German Rudolf use race in Seoul in third aberration theory established in 1855, and in 1881 Abbe study successful high refractive index and low dispersion optical glass, made the famous "Tessar" lens Since reduction of various aberrations, so that the imaging quality greatly improved.
21.1906 George Silas Americans first used the flash.
22.1913 German Oskar Barnack developed the world's first 135 camera. Produced using a small hole on the hit film, 35 mm film of a small Leica camera.
But 35 mm camera of this period are used without perspective viewfinder range finder.
The first phase of the development of the camera, but also there are some new button-shaped, pistol-shaped and so on camera.
---------------------
The third stage [1925 --- 1938] 23. 1930 made color film;
24.1931, the German Contax cameras have been installed with the use of triangulation principle of double coincidence rangefinder like to improve focusing accuracy, and the first use of aluminum die-cast body and metal curtain shutter.
25.1935, the German appeared in Exeter Sark diagram of a single-lens reflex camera, making it easier focusing and interchangeable lenses. To make the camera exposure accuracy
26.1938 Kodak camera starts equipped with selenium photocell exposure meter.
During this time, the German Leitz, Rollei, Zeiss and other companies to develop and produce a small, aluminum body and other dual-lens and single-lens reflex camera.
With the amplification occurs and particle film, the quality of the lens is correspondingly increased.
---------------------
The fourth stage [1939 --- 2004] 27.1947, Germany began producing Contaxes S-type roof pentaprism single-lens reflex camera, the viewfinder image is about no longer be reversed, and a plan to head-focusing and framing to make photography more convenient.
28.1956, the Federal Republic of Germany made the first automatic electric eye camera exposure amount;
29.1960 years later, the camera began to use electronic technology, a variety of forms and electronic program auto exposure shutter;
30. October 17, 1969, the American Institute of Powell and Smith, Bell announced the invention of "CCD" (charge coupled device).
31.1975 years later, began to automate the operation of the camera.
32.1981 Sony launched the world's first photographic film do not have an electronic camera - still video "Ma Weika (MABIKA)". The camera uses a CCD 10mm × 12mm thin, the resolution is only 570 × 490 (27.9) pixels, for the first time the optical signal to an electronic signal transmission. This is the prototype of today's digital cameras.
33. In 1984-1986, Panasonic, COPAL, Fuji, Canon, Nikon and other companies have also begun work on the development of electronic cameras, have launched their own prototype electronic camera.
34.1987 ~ 1989 Fujitsu, Toshiba, Olympus, Konica, Canon digital cameras, etc. have been published trial products: such as the Canon RC-701, Casio VS-101, Fuji DS-X, Toshiba MC2000 and so on.
35.1990, Kodak introduced the DCS100 electronic camera for the first time in the world to establish a general pattern of digital cameras, established industry standards. DCS100 application was considerable fame in the Nikon F3 camera body, in addition to the internal functions of the focusing screen and motor drive major changes were made, all functions are generally goes with the F3, and is compatible with most Nikon lenses.
36.1994 Kodak introduced the world's first commercial digital camera DC40, the digital camera has become a very important symbol of the history.
37.1995 February Casio digital camera released sensation QV-10. The camera has a 250,000 pixel resolution of 320 * 240 pixels, the price is only 65,000 yen. Many people think that the world's first Casio QV-10 is the real meaning of a commercial digital camera.
38.1996 Kodak Company and Nikon jointly launched DCS-460 and DCS-620X digital camera, to launch DCS-420 digital camera (professional level) and Canon, which several digital camera with a 6 million pixel image sensor.
39.1999 June Nikon has finally launched its first self-developed digital SLR -D1, with far less than the price of the Kodak DCS series cameras digital SLR civilian pioneered a new era.
40.2003 August Canon introduced the use of plastic body of the EOS 300D, which integrates the older EOS-10D conventional CMOS sensor device, priced at less than $ 1,000 for the first time, which completely changed the original competition in the digital camera market pattern.
41. In 2004 with the Nikon F6 film camera after "closing the mountain as" launch film era ended slowly, although we still have reason to believe that the "film camera" will continue to exist for many years, but it is only a small number of professionals. "luxury "the.
During this period, Japan's small West Sixth photography company to produce the world's first self-supporting focus camera - Konica C35A type 135 camera then Japan has produced the world's first dual-priority automatic exposure camera - the United States can up XDG type 135 single-lens reflex camera. Creating a precedent for a camera with multiple exposure function.
During this period, the optical transfer function theory has entered the field of optical design, the emergence of high image quality, color reproduction is good, large aperture, low distortion camera lens. Meanwhile, the development of the lens to the series, the focal length of a few millimeters from fisheye to a focal length of up to two meters of super telephoto lenses, and have a perspective adjustment, zoom emblem distance, night vision and other photographic lens.
Electronic technology gradually penetrated into the camera inside, a variety of metering, among high-precision electronic lens shutter, electronic focal plane shutter, and easy control of electronic self-timer so have appeared. Exposure compensation, storage memory, multi-record function, electric winding roll film, auto focus and other functions are increasingly attractive applications, highly automated, compact, lightweight and reached an unprecedented height.
---------------------
The fifth stage [2004 ---] ======================== 【Terms basic components】 ----------------
1. [Lens] Inverted image into focus the lens so that the scene in the film.
For the different positions clearly imaged subject, in addition to the lens itself seems to be corrected difference, we must also make the object distance, like from holding conjugate relationship.
To this end, the lens should be able to move back and forth adjusting the focus, so good camera focusing mechanism generally should have.
----------------
2. [Viewfinder] In order to determine the scope of the scene being shot and easy to compose the shot, the camera should be equipped with a viewfinder. Modern camera's viewfinder also features ranging, focus function.
----------------
3. [shutter and aperture] Institutions control exposure - shutter and aperture
In order to adapt to different light and dark subjects, in order to obtain the correct amount of light on the film, you must control the length of exposure time and intensity of light entering the lens.
Thus the camera shutter must be set to control the length of exposure time, and set the aperture size by adjusting the aperture to control the amount of light.
----------------
4. [sprocket counting mechanism] In order to prepare for the second shot, the film needs away after exposure, the unexposed film to pull over, so the need for a modern camera film transport mechanism.
To indicate the number of sheets of film has been shot, you need to have a counter mechanism.
----------------
5. [body] It is the camera obscura, and is a combination of various components of the camera. Available block diagram showing the basic components of the camera.
In fact, it is this basic camera functions, whether it is early "Silver Edition Camera", or have a high degree of electronic, automation, computerization of the camera, the basic principles are not much different.
========================
【Term works】 1. The camera travels in straight lines using light refraction and reflection properties and light law photon as the carrier, the scene being shot in a moment of light information to the energy transferred to the photosensitive material by way of photographic lenses, eventually becoming visible images. The camera's optical imaging system is designed in accordance with the principles of geometrical optics, and through the lens, the subject image by linear propagation of light, refraction or reflection accurately focused on the image plane.
2. photography, must control the right amount of exposure, that is, the right to control the amount of photons reach the photosensitive material.
Because the amount of silver halide photographic material reception how many photons have a limited range, the photon is too small not form a latent nuclear photon excessive formation of overexposure, the image can not distinguish.
The camera with the lens aperture to change the light through the aperture size, to control the amount of photons per unit time reaches the photosensitive material, while by changing the shutter opening and closing to control the length of time of the exposure time.
3. From the completion of the function of photography, the camera generally to have
Image exposure, the structure of the secondary of the three systems.
The imaging system includes an imaging lens, ranging focus, framing systems, additional lenses, filters, mirrors and other effects;
The exposure system includes a shutter mechanism, the aperture mechanism, metering system, flash systems, self-timer institutions;
Auxiliary systems including winding mechanism, counting mechanism, rewind institutions.
4. The lens is used for imaging optical system consists of a series of optical lenses and the lens barrel, each lens has a focal length and relative aperture two feature data;
5. The viewfinder is used to select the scene and composition device, through the viewfinder to see the scene, who can fall on part of the screen box, can shoot on film;
6. The range finder can measure the distance to the subject, it is often combined with the viewfinder, by interlocking mechanism and lens focusing distance can be linked, at the same time to complete the focusing distance.
7. The optical perspective, or single-lens reflex viewfinder rangefinder have to be manually operated, and judged by the naked eye.
8. There are also optical distance, ranging sonar, infrared distance measurement methods may dispense manual operation, but also to avoid errors caused by visually judged to achieve automatic ranging.
9. A shutter controls the exposure amount is the main component, the most common focal plane shutter and the shutter has a shutter lens types.
Lens shutter is a group consisting of thin metal blade in the main action of the spring, the rod and dial operation of the blade ring to quickly open and close;
Focal plane shutter is partially overlapped by two curtain (front curtain and rear curtain) form, mounted near the front focal plane. Two curtain descending order starting to form a gap. In front of the slit film sweep to achieve exposure.
10. iris diaphragm called, is to limit the beam mechanism adopted by the middle or rear mounted camera.
Aperture can change the optical path caliber, and together control the amount of exposure and shutter. Common has a continuously variable aperture and non-continuous variable two.
11. Self-organization is a delay in starting the process of photography, the photographer for the self-timer devices.
When using the self-organization, the first release delay, after delay after the shutter is automatically released. Self-organization has two kinds of mechanical and electronic, mechanical self-timer mechanism is a gear transmission delay mechanism, and can be delayed from 8 to 12 seconds; electronic self-timer mechanism to control the use of an electronic shutter release delay line
========================
【Article is excerpted from: Web Search】 【Reserved Integrate / Just Reference】 【Translation is by The Network】 |
|
|
来自： LOFT生活 > 《Home Term》
