中考英语阅读理解分类解读
一、人物故事类
【命题趋势】
人物故事以记述人物生平故事为主。体裁一般是记叙文，包含记叙文的时间、地点、人物、事件等要素。写作手法多采用时间、空间或逻辑线索贯穿文章始终。命题以细节为主，推理为辅。近年来，人物传记类阅读文章在高中阅读理解题中有所减少。
【应试对策】
人物故事类文章多为记叙文，为了支撑所要描述的人物，短语往往会出现大量细节，这些细节有时很直接，理解字面意思即可，有时则很间接，需要综合、归纳、推理才能判断。准确理解细节是做好这类题的关键。那么，怎样准确理解细节呢？
首先，从问题中找到关键词；然后以此为线索，运用略读和查阅的技巧在文中迅速找细节；找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读，认真比较选项和文中细节的区别；最后，在正确理解细节的前提下，确定最佳答案。
【典型考题】
(1)
When we asked students what they want to be, they often talk about unusual jobs, things like teachers and doctors. But if you think about it, many people don’t plan to do their jobs. They just start doing them by accident. We have talked to two people with unusual jobs.
Emily is a dentist but she doesn’t work with people. She works with horses. After university she took care of animal’s health for several years, but she notices that there were few people who could help horses’ teeth. She deicide to go to college and study again. Then she had to buy special tools, but she is never out of work. She’d always very busy taking care of horses’ teeth. “I couldn’t be a dentist for people now,” Emily said, “because I really enjoy working with horses.”
As soon as David could read, he read books about robots, but the robots he build today don’t look like the strange robot people in his books. He build robots for industry. Early one he made up his mind to study math, science and computers so that he could break into the world of robot engineering. “Some of the math is very difficult.” say David, “but you must study math to be an engineer.” Fortunately he got top marks in all his math exams.
1. Emily doesn’t want to be a dentist because _________.
A. the pay is low B. she has to buy special tools
C. she will be out of work D. she likes working with horses
2. To become a robot engineer, David _________.
A. need to worry B. bought a lot of robots
C. had to study hard D. didn’t have to go to college
3. David got top marks in all his math exams, although _________.
A. math was not easy to study
B. he has to study math to be an engineer
C. he could break into the world of robot engineering
D. he made up his mind to study math, science and computers
（2008年天津市初中毕业生学业考试试卷）
（2）
One day when Jack was walking in the park, he saw a woman, who lived a few miles away, sitting on a bench with a dog beside her. The dog was looking up at the woman.
Jack walked up to the woman and said, "Hello, Sue, how are you? May I sit and talk with you for a while?" "Of course, please sit down," Sue said. Jack sat down next to Sue on the bench, and they talked quietly together. The dog continued to look up at Sue, as if waiting to be fed.
"That's a nice dog, isn't he?" Jack said, pointing at the animal.
"Yes, he is. He's handsome. He's a bit of a mixture, but that's not a bad thing. He's strong and healthy."
"And hungry, "Jack said." He hasn't taken his eyes off you. He thinks you've got some food for him."
"That's true, "Sue said." But I haven't."
They both laughed and then Jack said, "Does your dog bite?"
"No, "Sue said, "He's never bitten anyone. He's always gentle and friendly."
Hearing this, Jack decided to hold out his hand and touched the animal's head. Suddenly it jumped up and bit him.
"Hey!" Jack shouted." You said your dog didn't bite."
Sue replied in surprise, "Yeah, I did. But this is not my dog. My dog's at home."
4.The dog looked at the woman because _________.
A. the woman wanted to feed him
B. the woman was friendly
C. he was strong and healthy
D. he was hungry
5.Jack and Sue were _________.
A. friends B. next-door neighbors
C. strangers D. in the same family
6. Jack touched the dog because he believed _________.
A. the dog was handsome
B. Sue's dog was unfriendly
C. the dog belonged to Sue
D. Sue's dog was at home
7.We can infer form the passage that _________.
A. Sue gave a wrong answer
B. Jack made a mistake
C. the dog wasn't dangerous
D. both Jack and Sue liked the dog
8. Which of the Following can be the best title of the passage?
A. A Wrong Question B. Sue's Dog
C. A pleasant Meeting D. Sue's Friend
（2008年武汉市初中毕业生学业考试）
参考答案：1~5 DCA DA 6~8 CBA
二、社会文化类
【命题趋势】
语言是社会文化的重要载体。学习英语的目的之一就是“提高初步运用英语进行交际的能力，增强对外国文化，特别是英语国家文化的了解”。因此，社会文化类试题出现在高考试卷中是必然的。社会文化类文章的命题有以下趋势：
1.以中西文化差异作为选材的重点。如礼仪、语言、生活习惯、世界观、价值观等为主题。题材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面的内容。
2.一般一篇文章一个主题。以议论文、记叙文居多。
3.命题方面，既重主旨把握，又重特定细节，时有推断。
【应试对策】
对英语语言、社会、文化的了解是一个长期的过程，在复习时要注意：
1.重视英语词汇、语法和习惯用法的掌握。
在复习过程加强对语言基础知识的掌握。对于普通中学毕业生来说，应具备2000－3500的词汇量，并掌握其词类、意思和基本用法。掌握句子结构和句子成分之间的关系。熟悉固定词组、固定搭配等约定俗成的语法项目。
2.扩展文化背景知识，认真研读历届高考题。
从近五年的高考题看，阅读内容的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会化背景知识。因此，要通过阅读更多地涉及社会文化背景知识，要通过阅读更多地了解并丰富自己的知识。
同时，要认真研读近五年的高考篇目，增加语言经验，适应选材特点，熟悉题材和体裁。了解设问形式，感悟设问特点。
3.广泛涉猎，丰富消遣阅读。
【典型考题】
（1）
第一节：阅读短文，根据其内容，选择最佳选项完成下列各题。（10分）
Beijing Opera is also called Peking Opera. It came into being after 1790 when the famous four Anhui opera troupes(戏班) came to Beijing. Its music and singing(唱腔) come from Xipi and Erhuang in Anhui and Hubei. Its costumes are all fascinating and artistic. It is the highest expression of the Chinese culture. It’s full of famous stories, beautiful facial paintings, and wonderful gestures and fighting. This kind of opera is very popular with Chinese people.
There are four main roles in Beijing Opera: Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou. Sheng is the leading male(男性) actor. For example, a Wusheng is a soldier or fighter. A Xiaosheng is a young man. A Laosheng is an old man. Dan is the female(女性) role. Jing, mostly male, is the face-painted role and Chou is the comedy actor or clown.
Stories in Beijing Opera are very interesting. Some of them are from the history book, but most of them are from the literature, especially famous novels. The people in the story usually have some disagreements. They become angry and unhappy. They are sad and lonely. Sometimes they are nervous and worried. Then they find a way to make peace. The stories usually end with happiness and laughter and people are all happy in the end.
( )56. Beijing Opera’s singing is from _________.
A. Anhui and Hubei B. Beijing and Anhui
C. the history book D. the literature and novels
( )57. The second paragraph(段落) of the reading is about the _________ of Beijing Opera.
A. stories B. roles C. gestures D. paintings
( )58. From the reading, we know the role Chou most probably has a (n) _________ feature.
A. honest B. funny C. dull D. serious
( ) 59. Which of the following is the role Sheng?
A. B. C. D.
( ) 60. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Peking Opera is full of different gestures.
B. There are only four roles in Beijing Opera.
C. Beijing Opera is the most popular in the world.
D. The people in the story usually are in agreement.
第二节：阅读短文，根据其内容，选择最佳选项完成下列各题。（10分）
October 16 is World Food Day. This day is also the anniversary(纪念日) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)(联合国粮农组织).More than 100 countries are holding special events. All of these aim to celebrate the establishment of the FAO in 1945. The theme chosen for this year’s World Food Day is “Water: Source(资源) of Food Security”.
A UN report says that over 6 million people have died from hunger and related diseases so far this year alone. More than 850 million people, or about one in seven, around the world do not get enough food, and the need for food will increase as the world’s population grows. The UN also reports that by year 2030, the world may need 60% more food. Most of that increase will have to come from agriculture supported by water irrigation(灌溉). However, fresh water is already in short supply in many countries.
Jacques Diouf, the director of the FAO, says that there are 20 countries that do not have enough water to produce enough food for their populations. Ten nations use more than 40% of their total fresh water for agriculture. He fears that the problem will only become worse as the need for water by people and by industry grows. So water is one of the most important things in the world today.
( ) 61. The underlined(画线的) word “establishment” has the same meaning as _________.
A. picking up B. making up C. cutting up D. setting up
( ) 62. In the world, more than _________ people have died because of hunger this year.
A. 6 million B. 2 million C. 850 million D. 100 million
( ) 63. What Mr. Diouf says shows that he most worries about_________.
A. the future of the FAO B. the short of water
C. the overgrowth of population D. the development of the environment
( ) 64. The reading above implies(暗示) that _________.
A. fresh water for us is quite enough B. the world’s population is getting smaller
C. we will need more water to irrigate D. industry is the most important thing today
( ) 65. The passage is mainly about _________.
A. how to celebrate World Food Day B. the increase of food in many countries
C. the importance of water for food D. the UN Food and Agriculture Organization
（湖北省十堰市2008年初中毕业生学业考试）
（2）
Bargaining is the rule here in Beijing. At least, it is so in most markets and back-street clothes shops. Bargaining is an art and if you are unfamiliar(不熟悉) with it, we'd like to offer you some advice. The tips(窍门) here are often used in Beijing but may help you at any place in the world where bargaining is practiced.
DO NOT say how much you want to pay for an item(物品) unless it’s near the end of the bargaining. Always try and drop the seller's offering price as much as possible before opening your mouth with a price.
DO throw out really low prices like 10 RMB with a big smile.
DO keep smiling from the beginning to the end. The seller usually continues bargaining with a happy smiling face. Getting angry hardly gets you the price you want.
KEEP in mind the price offered by the seller at the beginning is usually at least 40% over the generally reasonable price. It can be up to 500% over.
DO have an idea of what the item costs. You can ask your friends, people in the hotel or others you know, or look at the list below. This is very general and is based(根据) on a market like Xiu Shui. You may not be able to get the lowest prices at Xiu Shui, especially on a weekend when there are lots of tourists around.
56. Who is this passage written for?
A. Owners of back-street shops. B. Businessmen in Beijing.
C. Those who are good at bargaining. D. Those who travel in Beijing.
57. What is the topic the writer is mainly talking about in this passage?
A. Beijing markets. B. Bargaining tips.
C. Lowest price s. D. Seller’s offer.
58. What is the most important thing to do in bargaining with the seller?
A. Keep smiling. B. Be patient.
C. Don’t get angry. D. Don’t say anything.
59. What is NOT included in the tips often used to bargain in Beijing?
A. Find out the true price and go to the markets with friends.
B. Don’t offer your price until the end of the bargaining with a smile.
C. Drop the seller’s offering price four or five times（倍）until he agrees.
D. Don’t go to markets at the time when there are too many tourists.
60. Which of the following can help you get an item you want at the lowest price?
A. Whenever you go shopping, take a price list with you.
B. You can bargain for anything at the price of 10 RMB.
C. The price range(范围) for you to bargain is usually between 40% and 500%.
D. Xiu Shui Market is the biggest shopping center where prices are always reasonable.
（2008年湖北省宜昌市初中毕业生学业考试）
（3）
C. Choose the best answer（根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案): ( 6分)
The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago. There are some traditions that you can find almost anywhere, anytime, such as sending birthday cards, blowing out the candles on a birthday cake and singing the ‘Happy Birthday’ song. Others are only found for certain ages and in certain countries.
In China, on a child’s second birthday, family members put many things on the floor around the child. According to Chinese tradition, the first thing that the child picks up tells you what profession the child will choose later in life.
For Japanese children, the third, fifth and seventh birthdays are especially important. At this age, there is a special celebration Shichi-Go-San (seven, five, three in Japanese) when children go to the temple wearing a new kimono (和服). The priest (僧侣) gives them special sweets, and the parents usually organize a party for their friends in their home.
In Argentina, Mexico and several other Latin American countries, girls have a special birthday celebration when they reach the age of fifteen. After a special ceremony (仪式), the girls dance a waltz with their father and other boys.
Eighteen is the traditional ‘coming of age’— the age when (in many countries) you have the right to vote (选举), join the army and (in Britain) drink alcohol or buy a house.
In many English-speaking countries, a twenty-first birthday cake often has a key on top, or the cake itself is sometimes in the shape of a key. The key means that the young person is now old enough to leave and enter the family home at any time they want to!
84. Which of the following birthday traditions can be found almost anywhere, anytime?
A) Putting many things on the floor. B) Wearing a new kimono.
C) Dancing a waltz. D) Sending birthday cards.
85. The _________ usually organize a party at children’s special birthday celebration in Japan.
A) priests B) parents C) friends D) relatives
86. Mexican girls have a special birthday celebration at the age of _________.
A) five B) seven C) fifteen D) twenty-one
87. In many countries you can _________ when you reach the age of eighteen.
A) join the army B) have a key
C) have a special ceremony D) have special sweets
88. Which of the following sentences is NOT true?
A) The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago.
B) Some birthday traditions are only found in certain countries.
C) You become the owner of your house at the age of fifteen.
D) In many countries you have the right to vote at the age of eighteen.
89. Which is the best title of this passage?
A) Birthday Traditions around the World
B) Chinese Birthday Celebrations
C) Japanese Special Celebration
D) The Drinking Age in Many Countries
（2008年上海市初中毕业生统一学业考试）
（4）
You may have known several kinds of police, traffic police, and street police. But have you ever heard of energy-saving(节能) policemen ?
A group of 22 of these new policemen went to work last week in Beijing. They go around the city to see the use of energy in hotels, office buildings, shopping centers and onther public places. One of their aims is to make sure that these sites have set their air conditioning(空调) no cooler than 26 ℃.
They also set up a special phone line so that people can tell them which buildings fail to follow the rule.
“If everyone sets their air conditioning at 26 ℃, Beijing will save 400 million kilowatt-hours of electricity in one summer. That’s one-third of all the usage of the city in the season,” said a TV advertisement.
Other Chinese cities, like Wuhan in Hubei Province and Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province, are going to follow Beijing’s steps in setting up a similar police team.
As one of the fastest developing countries, China is using a lot of energy. This has a great effect on the country’s environment and limited energy.
From 1986 to 2005, the country experienced 20 warm winters continuously. Numbers show that Chinese cities have to spend billion of yuan solving(解决) environmental problems every year.
At the beginning of this month, China made its first action plan to fight pollution. It aims to reduce energy usage by 20％ and increase renewable energy up to 10％ from 7％ by 2010.
To introduce the public to a green life, last week Beijing held a show on energy-saving technology and productions. Environment-friendly machines, such as a vending machine that helps colllect used bottles, have attracted lots of attention.
“We want to tell people that there are certain ways to protect the environment. Each of us can find effective ways to do it in our daily lives,” said Liu Qianguang, an environmental engineer in Beijing.
61. The job of the energy-saving policemen is _________ .
A. to set the air conditioning cooler
B. to check the use of energy in public places
C. to set up a special phone line
D. to make sure that more energy will be produced
62. Beijing will use _________ million kilowatt-hours electricity in one summer.
A. 1200 B. 800 C. 400 D. 133
63. Which of the following years’ winters were all warm in China ?
A. 1984-1988. B. 1999-2003 C. 2002-2006. D. 2005-2009.
64. In the year 2010 China’s energy usage is going to be cut by _________ .
A. 20 ％ B.10 ％ C. 7 ％ D. 17 ％
65.According to Liu Qianguang, _________ .
A. there is few ways to protect the environment
B. it’s difficult to find good ways to save energy
C. it’s easy for one to do something good for the environment
D. it’s not easy for one to do something good for the environment
参考答案：ABBDADABCCDBAACDBCACABABAC
（广东省茂名市2008年初中毕业学业考试与高中阶段学校招生考试）
三、逸闻趣事类：
【命题趋势】
逸闻趣事以日常生活中的事情入手，描述一些鲜为人知的事。幽默故事是其主要内容。选材多来源于日常生活，给人似曾相识之感，但随着故事的发展、展开、结束，给人以意外的感觉。逸闻趣事类文章有以下趋势：
1.特点：文章简短，描述一个片断。
2.命题：多考查对事件的发生、发展和结局进行合理的推断。
3.选材：描述“另类”，标新立异。
【应试对策】
1.阅读这种文章，应特别注意对人物的外貌、语言、动作和思想的描写，从而把握人物性格特点和作者的情感态度。
2.若是叙述性的文章，要读懂起因、经过、结果。若是故事性文章应读懂故事的发生、发展、高潮、结局。它们是我们读懂趣闻逸事所必需的。
3.若是幽默故事，应体会风趣的对话、特别的动作，它们是幽默的精髓。
【典型考题】
（1）
One day, Bruce played in front of a house. A woman came up and asked Bruce, “Little boy, is your mother at home?”
“Yes, she is,” answered the boy.
Then the woman went over to ring the bell. The bell rang and rang, but no one came to open the door. The woman got angry and called out to him, “You told me your mother was at home, didn’t you?”
“Yes,” the boy answered. “My mother is at home, but this isn’t my home.”
1.One day, Bruce played _________.
A. in a park B. in the street
C. in front of a shop D. in front of a house
2.The woman wanted to see _________.
A. Bruce’s mother B. Bruce’s father
C. Bruce himself D. nobody
3.The woman went over to _________ after she talked with Bruce.
A. knock at the door of the house
B. ring the bell of the house
C. give a call to his mother
D. ask his mother some questions
4.The woman got _________ because no. one came to open the door.
A. pleased B. surprised C. angry D. afraid
5.In the story the woman didn’t find Bruce’s mother because _________.
A. she went to the wrong house B. she didn’t know Bruce’s mother
C. Bruce was not at home D. Bruce didn’t have a mother
（北京朝阳区2008中考英语试卷）
参考答案：45．D 46．A 47．B 48．C 49．A
（2）
Once there was a baby eagle living in a nest (巢)on a cliff(山崖).The baby eagle loved his nest. It was warm, soft and comfortable. And even better, he had all the food and love that his mother could give. Whenever the baby eagle was hungry, his mother would always come just in time with the delicious food he liked.
He was growing happily day after day. But suddenly his world changed. His mother stopped coming to the nest. He was full of sadness and fear. He thought he would die soon. He cried, but nobody heard him.
Two days later his mother appeared with some nice food, The baby eagle was wild with joy. But his mother put the food at the top of the mountain and then looked down at her baby. The baby eagle cried out. “Mum, why did you do this to me? I’m hungry. Don’t you know I will die if I have nothing to eat?”
Here is the last meal I give you. Come and get it by yourself,”his mother said. Then she flew down and pushed the baby eagle out of the nest.
The baby eagle fell down, faster and faster. He looked up at his mum,“Why do you abandon me?”He looked down at the earth. The ground was much closer. Then something strange happened. The air caught behind his arms and he began to fly! He wasn’t moving to the ground any more. Instead, his eyes were pointed up at the sun.
“You are flying! You can make it!”His mother smiled.
根据材料内容选择最佳答案，将其标号填入题前括号内。
6.Which of the following is TRUE about the baby eagle’s life before his mother stopped coming to the nest?
A. He lived in a nest in the tree. B. His mother offered him nice food.
C. He was always cold and hungry. D. He lived very happily with friend.
7. How old the baby eagle feel as soon as he saw his mother coming again?
A. Sad. B. Happy. C. Afraid. D. Angry.
8. What did the baby eagle’s mother do when she came the last time?
A. She put some food in the nest.
B. She just came to see him again.
C. She shouted at her baby eagle and flew away.
D. She pushed her baby eagle out of the nest.
9. What does the word “abandon”mean?
A.抛弃 B.保护 C.歧视 D.拯救
10. We can infer(推断)from the story that _________.
A. The baby eagle lost his mother
B. The baby eagle feel down and died
C. The baby eagle could get food himself
D. The baby eagle was still angry with his mother
（2008年河南省初中毕业生学业暨高级中等学校招生考试试卷）
参考答案：46~50 BBDAC
（3）
When I was 16 years ago a boy gave me an important gift. It was a smile.
It was the early autumn of my first year at a junior high school, and my old school was far
away. As a result, no one knew who I was. I was very lonely, and afraid to make friends with anyone.
Every time I heard the other students talking and laughing, I felt my heart break. I couldn’t
talk about anyone with my problems. And I didn’t my parents to worry about me.
Then one day, my classmates talked happily with their friends, but I sat at my desk unhappily as usual. At that moment, a boy entered the classroom. I didn’t know who he was. He passed me and then turned back. He looked at me, without a word, a smile.
Suddenly, I felt the touch of something bright and friendly. It made me feel happy, lively and
warm.
That smile changed my life. I started to talk with other students and made friends. Day by day, I became closer to everyone in my class. The boy with the lucky smile has become my best friend now.
One day I asked him why he smiled, but he couldn’t remember smiling at me!
It doesn’t matter because all the dark days have gone. I believe that the world is what you think it is. If you think it lonely, you might always be alone. So smile at world and it will smile back.
11. Why was the smile an important gift?
A. Because the writer’s old school was far away.
B. Because the writer didn’t know who the boy was.
C. Because the smile didn’t mean anything to the boy.
D. Because it made the writer feel happy, lively and warm.
12. The writer didn’t talk to anyone in her new school about her problem because _________.
A. she was always unhappy
B. she didn’t have any friends there
C. she was in the first year at the junior high school
D. she didn’t want her parents to worry about her
13. How did the smile change her life?
A. She started to make friends.
B. She became the best friend with the boy.
C. Her parents didn’t worry about her any more.
D. She realized that she was lonely.
14. Where does she now think her feeling of unhappiness came from?
A. From her old school.
B. From her parents.
C. From herself
D. From her classmate at the new school
（2008年天津市初中毕业生学业考试试卷）
参考答案：DBAC
（4）
At school many things happen to us. We may feel excited when we have success in a school play. We may feel sorry if we lose an important game. We want to keep the memory for the rest of our lives.
How to keep the memory? Our English teacher, Miss Wang, has taught us a good way of remembering things to make our own yearbook. What is a yearbook? A yearbook is a kind of book which is used to keep the memory of exciting moments. It’s usually made at the end of the year.
Last December, we began to make our yearbook. First we chose the persons who had done something special, then some students interviewed (采访) them, some wrote down their stories, others took photos of them. Everyone in our class had something to do. Finally our teacher helped us to put the things together. We had our first yearbook.
All of us put a lot of love into making the yearbook. It is so wonderful that not only the students but also our parents and teachers will remember the special time for ever.
15. When we have success in a school play, we may feel _________
A. sorry B. angry C. excited D. interested
16. Miss Wang’s good way of remembering things is to _________
A. buy a new book B. write down stories
C. take a lot of photos D. make a yearbook
17. A yearbook is made to _________
A. take notes B. keep the memory
C. do our homework D. remember English words
18. Usually a yearbook is made in _________
A. January B. February C. May D. December
19. We made our first yearbook _________
A. without any help B. without putting our love into it
C. with the help of our teacher D. with the help of our parents
（重庆市2008年初中毕业生学业暨高中招生考试英语试卷）
参考答案：52~56CDBDC
（5）
Years ago, I lived in a building in a large city. The building next door was only a few feet away from mine. There was a woman who lived there, whom I had never met, yet I could see her seated by her window each afternoon, sewing or reading.
After several months had gone by, I began to notice that her window was dirty. Everything was unclear through the dirty window. I would say to myself, "I wonder why that woman doesn't wash her window. It really looks terrible."
One bright morning I decided to clean my flat, including washing the window on the inside.
Late in the afternoon when I finished the cleaning, I sat down by the window with a cup of coffee for a rest. What a surprise! Across the way, the woman sitting by her window was clearly visible. Her window was clean!
Then it dawned on me. I had been criticizing (批评) her dirty window, but all the time I was watching hers through my own dirty window.
That was quite an important lesson for me. How often had I looked at and criticized others through the dirty window of my heart, through my own shortcomings?
Since then, whenever I wanted to judge (评判) someone, I asked myself first, "Am I looking at him through my own dirty window?"
Then I try to clean the window of my own world so that I may see the world about me more clearly.
20. The writer couldn't see everything clearly through the window because _________.
A. the woman's window was dirty
B. the writer's window was dirty
C. the woman lived nearby
D. the writer was near-sighted
21. The writer was surprised that _________.
A. the woman was sitting by her window
B. the woman's window was clean
C. the woman did cleaning in the afternoon
D. the woman's window was still terrible
22. "It dawned on me" probably means "_________".
A. I began to understand it
B. it cheered me up
C. I knew it grew light
D. it began to get dark
23. It's clear that _________.
A. the writer had never met the woman before
B. the writer often washed the window
C. they both worked as cleaners
D. they lived in a small town
24. From the passage, we can learn _________.
A. one shouldn't criticize others very often
B. one should often make his windows clean
C. one must judge himself before he judges others
D. one must look at others through his dirty windows
（武汉市2008年初中毕业生学业考试）
参考答案：76.B 77.B 78.A 79.A 80.C
四、史地常识类
【命题趋势】
英语是我们认识世界，了解世界的工具。史地常识类文章通常介绍异域风光，历史事件，进一步扩大我们的视野和对其他国家，尤其是对英语国家的了解。因此史地常识类文章经常出现在高考阅读理解中，其趋势是：
1.选材：英语国家的主要名胜或历史事件，历史年代。
2.命题：以细节题为主，有一定主观推断题。
3.知识：涉及一定的地理常识或历史知识。
【应试对策】
史地常识类文章多以细节题为主，着重考查理解文中具体信息的能力。细节题一般分为以下几类:
1.排序题：根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子间的逻辑关系，找出事件正确顺序。一般采用“首尾定位法”来做题。即先出第一个和最后一个事件，缩小范围，得出答案。
2.图文转换题：根据短文描写找出相应图形或根据图形找出答案。一般采用“文史锁定法”，(找出文字，按“文”定“图”)或“图形标示法”。(在图中标出内容，以便理解)
3.数字换算题：根据数据，找出换算关系，计算并得出答案。
4.表格理解题：看懂行和列分别代表的意义，正确理解，作出选择。
5.同义转换题。
6.代词指代题：理清人物、事件间的逻辑关系，使人物、事件更加条理化，简明化。
【典型考题】
（1）
In ancient China, the State of Wu made an attack on the State of Yue. The king of Wu was badly hurt and soon died. His son Fu Chai became the new king. Fu was very sad and angry and he decided to fight back for his father’s death. He trained his army strictly until it was very strong. Three years later, he led his army against the State of Yue and caught its king Gou Jian, who was taken to the State of Wu.
Gou Jian was put into a small black stone house which was full of terrible smell and was made to raise(饲养) horses. Gou worked hard and tried to keep himself quiet, but he never forgot his pain. Many years later, he was set free. Gou secretly trained his army after he went back to his own state. In order to make himself strong-minded he slept on firewood and ate a gall bladder before having dinner and going to bed every night. After a few years, his country became strong once more. Then Gou took hold of a golden chance to fight against Wu and won the war in the end.
If one voluntarily(自愿) works very hard and voluntarily stands up to pains and difficulties in order to succeed, we might call him a “Gou Jian”, and his story, a “Gou Jian’s story”.
1. _________ was seriously hurt and died.
A. Gou Jian’s father B. Fu Chai’s father
C. Gou Jian’s brother D. Fu Chai’s brother
2. Three years later _________ was caught and taken to the state of Wu.
A. Gou Jian B. Fu Chai
C. Gou Jian’s father D. Fu Chai’s father
3. Gou Jian _________ when he was in the state of Wu.
A. ate gall bladders B. raised horses
C. trained his army D. forgot his pain
4. Which of the following is TRUE ?
A. The gall bladders tasted good.
B. Gou Jian loved horse-raising.
C. Finally Gou Jian was set free.
D. Finally Fu Chai was set free.
（广东省茂名市2008年初中毕业学业考试与高中阶段学校招生考试）
（2）
Where in the world can you take an hour’s train ride, and pass a forest, a London street, a scene from the Wild West, and a burning building that never burns down? There’s only one place, and that’s Hollywood, in California. The scenes you see from the tourist train are film sets（布景） in the Universal Studios, one of the oldest and largest movie companies(公司) in the USA.
A visit to Universal Studios brings back memories of great days of Hollywood, the films and the stars. But they are only memories. Hollywood isn’t quite the same as it used to be. Costs have gone up and confidence has gone down. Movie-makers are afraid to spend their money on expensive new ideas. Instead, they repeat old ones.
The film industry is changing fast. Teenagers still go out to the movies. The theatre is a good place to meet friends away from home. But older people mostly stay home to watch series, like Dynasty have become as important to Hollywood as expensive movies. These “soap opera”, as they are called, show rich, powerful families living in beautiful homes and wearing beautiful clothes. But the actors and actresses are nearly all middle-aged, like many of the people who watch them.
Though it is soap opears that are keeping the film-makers of Hollywood in Business, big films are still being made in America. But more and more of them are made outside Hollywood. New York is the most important new center, but there are many others as well. Movie-makers have realized that they don’t need Hollywood any more. Modern cameras and real houses instead of expensively made copies in a studio. Other states, especially Florida and Texas, are working hard to take the film business away from California. They are offering better working conditions and lower cost.
But Hollywood is fighting back. The state of California is trying hard to keep its best-known industry.
6. From the passage, we know Universao Studios is _________.
A. a very large park B. a busy London street
C. a famous movie company D. an old Hollywood movie
7. The movie industry in California isn’t as successful as before because _________.
A. young people don’t go to movie theatres any more
B. there is strong competition from other states
C. its movie companies are in neeed of young stars
D. the state hasn’t put a development plan into action
8. Which of the following seems to be a threat（威胁）to Hollywood？
A. The use of modern cameras and other equipment
B. The interest of middle-aged film stars
C. The making of TV series like Dynasty
D. The expensively made copies of scenes
9. What can we learn about “soap operas” from the passage?
A. They are teenagers’ favourits. B. They are much more expensive.
C. They are less attractive. D. They are cheaper and easier to make.
10. The passage mainly tells us _________.
A. something about the film industy in the USA
B. the importance of soap operas in hollywood
C. the good old days of Hollywood
D. the film business in California
（2008年无锡市初中毕业生学业考试试卷）
参考答案：参考答案：51~55 BABCD 56. C 57. B 58. A 59. D 60. A
五. 科普知识类
【命题趋势】
这种题材的文章大部分是介绍科技前沿、科学动态、新的发明创造、科研方法、生态环保或是对某一个问题的来龙去脉和解决方法等加以介绍。作者的目的就是让读者获得知识、信息，对说明对象有所了解，并获得某些方面的启示。其特点如下：
1. 文章中会牵涉到实验、研究者、研究方法、在某项主题上的不同意见和争鸣，有时会出现读者还不熟悉的前沿性的科学题材，但作者一般持客观的态度，不显示自己的褒贬之意；
2. 此类文章为了做到通俗易懂，在语言上尽量避免使用专业性词汇，对于动词，做到这一点较容易，但是有些专有名词则无法避免，不过，作者通常会对较难的专有名词进行解释，甚至举例说明，这往往也是出题的地方；
3. 在语法上，此类文章长句使用较多，主从复合句、同位语、插入语、非谓语动词形式和被动语态使用率较高；
4. 此类文章语篇模式一般比较固定、整齐，主题句通常位于段首，多使用平行结构。
【应试对策】
针对科普文章的这些特点，阅读这类文章重在把握被说明事物各因素之间的联系，如因果、条件、种属、并列等；以及说明方法，如定义、例释、类比等。考生应加强此类文章的阅读训练，不断提高判断、归纳、分析和解决问题的能力。首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，在阅读时要注意实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。
【典型考题】
（1）
The word “day” has two meanings. When we talk about the number of days in a year, we are using “day” to mean 24 hours. But when we talk about day and night, we are using “day” to mean the time between sunrise and sunset. Since the earth looks like a ball, the sun can shine on only half of it at a time. Always one half of the earth is having day and the other half night. A place is moved from day into night and from night into day over and over by the spinning（旋转）of the earth. At the equator（赤道）day and night are sometimes the same length（长度）. They are each twelve hours long. The sun rises at 6 o’clock in the morning and sets at 6 o’clock in the evening. For six months the North Pole is tilted（倾斜）toward the sun. In those months the Northern Hemisphere（半球）gets more hours of sunlight than the Southern Hemisphere. Days are longer than nights. South of the equator nights are longer than days. For the other six months the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. Then the Southern Hemisphere gets more sunlight. Days are longer than nights. North of the equator nights are longer than days. Winter is the season of long nights. Summer is the season of long days.
1．When the Western Hemisphere is having day, the Eastern Hemisphere is having _________.
A. both day and night B. day C. neither day nor night D. night
2．A place is moved from day into night and from night into day over and over by _________ of the earth.
A. the pushing B. the pulling C. the spinning D. the passing
3．At the equator day is as long as night _________.
A. sometimes B. never C. usually D. always
4．When the North Pole is tilted toward the sun, the Northern Hemisphere gets _________ sunlight.
A. less B. more C. all D. no
5．When it is winter in China, _________.
A. the USA is tilted toward the sun
B. the South Pole is tilted away from the sun
C. the North Pole is tilted toward the sun
D. the North Pole is tilted away from the sun
（北京朝阳区2008中考英语试卷）
参考答案：50．D 51．C 52．A 53．B 54．D
(2)
As we all know, the ocean moves. But waves(波浪) breaking on the beach make the ocean fun. When you stand on the shore (海岸) and look at the waves, it seems like the water is rolling (翻滚) in toward you. But the water is not really moving forward. What you see moving is wave energy. And wave energy comes from the wind.
Let’s think about how this works. As wave energy passes through the water, the energy makes particles(粒子) of water move up and down. Just give you an example of a wave passing under a basketball. We put a basketball on the sea. When the wind blows, a wave comes from behind the basketball. The basketball moves up to the top with the wave. Then the wave continues and leaves the basketball behind. The basketball looks lower, but it doesn’t move forward. That’s because the wave energy moves the water that is under the basketball up and down as it passes.
So why can you see a wave knock you down on the shore? When a wave moves toward the shore, the bottom(底部) of the wave slows down because it meets the ocean floor. But the top, which is called crest, keeps moving. The different action causes the wave to fall over or break onto the shore. If a wave is very large, it carries a lot of energy when it hits the land. As time goes by, waves can break up and carry away the rocks and other things on the shore. Shorelines are changing all the time because of wave action.
根据短文内容选择最佳答案。
6. _________ is really moving forward when you look at the waves.
A. Water B. Wave energy C. Water and wave energy
7. Match (与……相匹配) the sentences with the pictures and choose the right answer.
(1) The basketball moves up to the top with the wave.
(2) The wave continues and leaves the basketball behind.
(3) When the wind blows, a wave comes from behind the basketball.
8. The underlined word “crest” in the passage means ““ in Chinese.
A.波峰 B.波谷 C.波长
9. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Wave energy comes from the wind.
B. All the waves can carry a lot of energy when they hit the land.
C. Wave action makes shorelines change all the time.
10. The main idea of this passage is _________
A. how wave energy causes wave action
B. what makes particles of water move
C. why a wave can knock you down
（哈尔滨市2008年初中升学考试）
参考答案：46-50 BCABA
（3）
Height is just one of the thousands of features your genes(基因)decide. In fact, because you have two parents, your genes provide you a height that usually lands somewhere between the height of each parent. If both your parents are tall, then most probably you will be tall, too, but if you have questions about how tall you're going to be, ask your doctor if he or she can help you find it out.
But genes don't decide everything. For example, eating an unhealthy diet can keep you from growing to your full potential(潜力). Getting plenty of sleep and enough exercise will help you grow to the expected height.
No doubt(怀疑) you're wondering how fast you should grow. It depends. There's no perfect or right answer. Generally speaking, kids grow about 2 inches (6 centimeters) a year between age 3 and the time when they start puberty (when your body starts changing and becoming more grown up).
Your doctor will know how your growth has been going over the years. Two centimeters here and 2 inches there are not nearly as important as the height you're at now, how you've been growing up to this point, and what other changes your body may be going through.
Don't be scared if you seem to have grown a lot in a very short time. Everyone has a growth spurt（高峰）during puberty. The age for starting puberty is about 10 for girls and about 11 for boys. But it can be earlier or later ------between 7 and 13 for girls and 9 and 15 for boys.
You'll usually begin to notice that you're growing faster about a year or so after your body starts to show the first changes of puberty.
11. The Chinese for the word “puberty” is __________.
A. 童年时期 B.婴幼儿时期 C.习惯养成期 D. 生长发育期
12. If you want to know how fast and how tall you should grow, _________.
A. you should have enough exercise
B. you can ask doctors for help
C. you should save the environment
D. You can record your growth during puberty
13. This passage is mainly about _________.
A. how the genes work in your body B. when is the time you grow fast
C. why you look like your parents D. how you grow to a certain height
14. After reading this passage, we can explain _________.
A. how good it is to be a doctor B. how much sleep time we need
C. why genes can’t decide everything D. what healthy diet is
15. Which is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Your height most probably depends on how high your parents are.
B. Girls’ age for starting puberty is usually earlier than that for boys’.
C. The time showing the first changes of puberty is never noticed.
D. You may be scared sometimes when you grow too fast.
（2008年湖北省宜昌市初中毕业生学业考试）
参考答案：61~65 DBDCC
（4）
We all dream although we remember only a few of our dreams. Some people train themselves to remember their dreams. As soon as they wake up, they record what their dreams were about.
Scientists believe that we have different kinds of sleep. One kind is called R.E.M. R.E.W. stands for rapid eye movement. During this kind of sleep our eyes move quickly, even though they are closed. Although we are asleep, there is a lot of brain activities. We probably have dreams at this time.
Sometimes people talk in their sleep. In these dreams the dreamer is usually unhappy or worried about something. The worst of the dreams are so frightening that we call them nightmares. In a nightmare we often dream that we are being closed () or that we are trapped in some way.
Scientists or others have written books about the meanings of dreams. The most famous of these scientists was Sigmund Freud who wrote a hundred years ago. He suggested different meanings to certain kinds of dreams. It is possible, however, that every dream has a special meaning only for the person who dreams it, and that this dream about something in that person’s life.
16. How can we tell if someone is having an R.E.M. dream?
A. They are talking in their sleep. B. They are worried about something.
C. Their eyes are moving quickly. D. heir eyes are moving slowly.
17. What does the word “nightmare” in the 3rd paragraph means in Chinese?
A. 噩梦 B. 睡眠 C. 美梦 D. 失眠
18. What is the main idea of Paragraph Four?
A. Bad Dreams B. The meaning of dreams
C. People and their dreams D. R.E.M. and sleep and dreams
（2008年天津市初中毕业生学业考试试卷）
参考答案：CAB
（5）
Do you still get free plastic bags from the supermarkets? Things have changed.
China has banned (禁止) free plastic bags at shops and supermarkets, and people have to pay for using plastic bags. The rule started on June 1. It came because our country tried to make litter less. Making super-thin (超薄) plastic bags has also been banned.
The Chinese once used about 3,000,000,000 plastic shopping bags a day, and they have caused pollution of the environment 环境污染) . The bags have become a main cause of plastic pollution because they are easy to break and people throw them away here and there. So the Chinese people are encouraged to bring theft own bags for shopping.
What kind of shopping bag is the best to bring? Some students in Chongqing have a good idea. They make their own shopping bags. They use old clothes to make cloth bags (布袋), and send them to their parents as presents. They also ask theft parents and friends to use cloth bags instead of plastic ones. They think it is their duty to protect (保护) the environment.
19. People in China have to _________ now.
A. throw plastic bags here and there
B. collect plastic bags in the street
C. pay for using plastic bags at shops and supermarkets
D. use free plastic bags at shops and supermarkets
20. China made this rule because plastic bags were bad for the _________
A. environment B. litter C. shops D. supermarkets
21. The Chinese people are encouraged to bring _________ for shopping.
A. no bags B. free plastic bags C. their own bags D. super-thin plastic bags
22. Some students in Chongqing _________
A. ask their parents to make cloth bags B. make cloth bags themselves
C. pick up plastic bags everywhere D. buy cloth bags for their parents
23. What’s the main idea of this article (文章) ?
A. Making super-thin plastic bags has been banned in China.
B. The bags have become a main cause of plastic pollution.
C. Some students in Chongqing begin to make their own shopping bags.
D. To protect the environment, free plastic bags have been banned in China.
（重庆市2008年初中毕业生学业暨高中招生考试英语试卷）
参考答案：62~66.CACBD
责任编辑：孟建华
想学好英语，首先要培养对英语的兴趣。“兴趣是最好的老师”,兴趣是学习英语的巨大动力，有了兴趣，学习就会事半功倍。我们都有这样的经验：喜欢的事，就容易坚持下去；不喜欢的事，是很难坚持下去的。而兴趣不是与生俱来的，需要培养。有的同学说：“我一看到英语就头疼，怎么能培养对英语的兴趣呢？”还有的同学说：“英语单词我今天记了明天忘，我太笨了，唉，我算没治了。”这都是缺乏信心的表现。初学英语时，没有掌握正确的学习方法，没有树立必胜的信心，缺乏了克服困难的勇气，丧失了上进的动力，稍遇失败，就会向挫折缴枪，向困难低头。你就会感到英语是一门枯燥无味的学科，学了一段时间之后，学习积极性也逐渐降低，自然也就不会取得好成绩。但是，只要在老师的帮助下，认识到学英语的必要性，用正确的态度对待英语学习，用科学的方法指导学习。开始时多参加一些英语方面的活动，比如，唱英文歌、做英语游戏、读英语幽默短文、练习口头对话等。时间长了，懂得多了，就有了兴趣，当然，学习起来就有了动力和欲望。然后，就要像农民一样勤勤恳恳，不辞辛苦，付出辛勤的劳动和汗水，一定会取得成功，收获丰硕的成果。毕竟是No pains, no gains吗。 练好基本功是学好英语的必要条件，没有扎实的英语基础，就谈不上继续学习，更谈不上有所成就。要想基本功扎实，必须全神贯注地认真听讲,上好每一节课，提高课堂效率，脚踏实地、一步一个脚印地，做到以下“五到”： 一、“心到”。在课堂上应聚精会神，一刻也不能懈怠，大脑要始终处于积极状态，思维要活跃、思路要开阔，心随老师走，听懂每一句话，抓住每一个环节，理解每一个知识点，多联想、多思考，做到心领神会。二、“手到”。学英语，一定要做课堂笔记。因为人的记忆力是有限的，人不可能都过目不忘，记忆本身就是不断与遗忘作斗争的过程。常言说，“好脑筋不如烂笔头”。老师讲的知识可能在课堂上记住了，可是过了一段时间，就会忘记，所以，做好笔记很有必要。英语知识也是一点点积累起来的，学到的每一个单词、词组以及句型结构，都记在笔记本上，甚至是书的空白处或字里行间，这对以后的复习巩固都是非常方便的。三、“耳到”。在课堂上，认真听讲是十分必要的，不但要专心听老师对知识的讲解，而且要认真听老师说英语的语音、语调、重音、连读、失去爆破、断句等发音要领，以便培养自己纯正地道的英语口语。听见听懂老师传授的每一个知识点，在头脑里形成反馈以帮助记忆；理解领会老师提出的问题，以便迅速作答，对比同学对问题的回答，以加深对问题的理解而取别人之长补自己之短。四、“眼到”。在认真听讲的同时，还要双眼紧随老师观察老师的动作、口形、表情、板书、绘图、教具展示等。大脑里形成的视觉信息和听觉信息相结合，印象就会更加深刻。五、“口到”。学习语言，不张嘴不动口是学不好的，同学们最大的毛病是读书不出声，害羞不敢张嘴。尤其是早读课，同学们只是用眼看或默读，这样就只有视觉信息，而没有听觉信息在大脑里的反馈，当然记忆也不会太深刻，口部肌肉也得不到锻炼，也就很难练就一口纯正的英语。所以，要充分利用早晨头脑清醒的时间，大声朗读；课堂上要勇跃回答老师提问、积极参与同学间讨论和辩论，课下对不清楚的问题及时提出，要克服害羞心理，不耻下问。对学过的课文要多读、勤读、苦读，可以跟录音机读，竭力模仿其语音语调以纠正发音，要读得抑扬顿挫朗朗上口，一些精典文章最好能背得滚爪烂熟。利用一切可能的机会，练习英语口语，比如，与外教交流、参加“英语角”活动、与同学进行对话、讲英语故事、唱英文歌曲、演英语短剧、进行诗歌朗诵等。除了对课本中的范文要细读精读之外，还要多看些适合我们中学生的课外读物，既可增长知识，又开阔了我们的视野，也提高了我们的阅读水平。学英语，词汇的记忆是必不可少的，词汇是学好英语的基础，没有了词汇，也就谈不上句子，更谈不上文章，所以记单词对我们就显得极其重要。记忆单词关键有二： 一是持之以恒：每天坚持记忆一定量的词汇，过几天再回头复习一次，这样周期循环，反复记忆，经常使用，就会变短时记忆为长时记忆并牢固掌握。需要注意的是，一旦开始，就要坚持下来，千万不能半途而废，切不可三天打鱼，两天晒网。二是良好的记忆方法：记忆单词的方法很多，学无定法，但学有良法。我认为，张思中的“集中识词，分类记忆”不失为一种适合中学生的好方法。把中学生应掌握的3500个单词集中汇总，分门别类，先过单词关，然后再学教材，在课本中使用和巩固它们的用法。分类的方法有多种，同一元音或元音字母组合发音相同的单词归为一类；根据词形词性、同义词反义词等集中记忆；把相同词根、前缀、后缀、合成、转化、派生等构词法相同的单词或词组列在一起集中识记印象比较深刻，记忆效果也比较明显。这样每天记40－80个单词，坚持不懈，多联想，多思考，多使用，词汇问题不就解决了吗？在学习的过程中多注视单词的用法和词组的搭配，牢记老师讲过的单词惯用法和句型，这样不仅有助于我们解题，而且在写作时也会信手拈来，运用自如。把单词记住，了解词性、词义，掌握其固定搭配与习惯用法，背会时态、从句的各种用法，工作只是完成了一半，我们还得将它们应用到实践中去。就像学游泳，光学理论，不下水应用，不等于掌握了这门技术。不必要搞题海战术，但一定量的典型练习来巩固所学知识是必不可少的。先重视基础练习，如课后习题，单元同步练习，这些是针对课堂知识的巩固性练习，不能好高骛远，光想着一口吃个胖子。基础知识掌握后，有的放失地做一些语法方面的专项练习和考试题型的专题练习。特别提倡同学们准备一本“错题集”，把平时做错的具有代表性的试题或语言点记录下来，以备将来查漏补缺，这样对知识的掌握可以达到事半功倍的效果。英语是一种语言，不是记住了单词、词组、句型和语法项目就是把它学好了，关键在于使用语言，所以在学习英语时一定要注意听、说、读、写、译全面发展。英语学习首先是一个记忆过程，然后才是实践过程。学习英语，无论如何，勤奋是不可少的，它是一个日积月累的渐进过程，是没有任何捷径可走的，也没有所谓“速成”的灵丹妙方，急于求成，不做踏实工作，是学不好英语的。任何成功的获得都要靠自己的努力，要踏踏实实、勤勤恳恳、兢兢业业、一步一个脚印地学习，端正态度，认真对待学习中的挫折和失败。失败并不可怕，可怕的是对自己丧失信心而一蹶不振。对考试的失败，冷静分析，认真思考，只要对胜利充满信心，善于总结经验教训，不断努力，不断追求，胜利一定是属于你们的.
