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唧唧堂最多产的心理学研究人Phyliss Gai又出现啦！3篇来自JPSP的论文：1. 性格和智商可以弥补家庭环境的不足吗？2.自控力强的人在人际关系中更易受伤. 3. 出国交换对自尊心的影响. 以及一篇来自PS的文章：4. 讲话比写字更容易被聘用。点击该页底部连接“阅读原文”可访问Phyliss的研究人空间，与之交流与互动。 欢迎其它小伙伴也可以来唧唧堂介绍自己专业的论文或研究，阅读笔记就可以。 为毛小编每天这么吆喝，来写的小伙伴还是不多呢？大家平常不是要读很多论文的嘛，笔记不应该也是多少会写一点的嘛，学校不是还有各种讨论会嘛，讨论完了把你写的东西扔到唧唧堂，一来保存起来将来可以看看，二来还可以赚点唧唧堂稿费，多好呀！欢迎加入“唧唧堂顶级期刊最新最热论文推荐”征稿活动，关注该微信（jijitang_com）, 回复“投稿”查看详情。 本文为唧唧堂原创，转发请注明：内容来自唧唧堂，各学科最新最热论文推荐（微信号：jijitang_com） ，谢谢！ JPSP: 性格和智商可以弥补家庭环境的不足吗？
无数的研究表明家庭经济条件对孩子的未来有着直接的影响。社会真的如此不公—富人愈富，穷人愈穷吗？孩子自身的特质是否可以扭转这种影响？美国的学者们 通过分析40多年前的数据，得出了肯定的答案。 美国的Project Talent于1960年收集了全国5%高中生的数据，又在11年后再次收集数据。数据虽老，但美国社会这些年来还算相对稳定。结果发现，除父母的经济状 况外，性格、智商都可以预测这些高中生11年后的成就（受教育程度、职业声望、年收入）。不过，五大性格特征（亲和、尽责、外向、情绪稳定、开放）并不能 弥补家庭条件带来的差距，智商却可以。在经济条件越差的家庭，孩子的智商与未来收入的关系也越强。但智商对受教育程度和职业声望的影响，则在富有的家庭更 为明显。 这项研究似乎证明“美国梦”并未彻底破碎——性格和智商可以缓冲甚至逆转家庭影响。但也别忘了，孩子的智商和父母经济状况相关度很高（本文为0.44），这意味着寒门出贵子的几率可能并不高。 论文原文 Can Personality Traits and Intelligence Compensate for Background Disadvantage? Predicting Status Attainment in Adulthood. Damian, Rodica Ioana; Su, Rong; Shanahan, Michael; Trautwein, Ulrich; Roberts, Brent W. Abstract This study investigated the interplay of family background and individual differences, such as personality traits and intelligence (measured in a large U.S. representative sample of high school students; N = 81,000) in predicting educational attainment, annual income, and occupational prestige 11 years later. Specifically, we tested whether individual differences followed 1 of 3 patterns in relation to parental socioeconomic status (SES) when predicting attained status: (a) the independent effects hypothesis (i.e., individual differences predict attainments independent of parental SES level), (b) the resource substitution hypothesis (i.e., individual differences are stronger predictors of attainments at lower levels of parental SES), and (c) the Matthew effect hypothesis (i.e., “the rich get richer”; individual differences are stronger predictors of attainments at higher levels of parental SES). We found that personality traits and intelligence in adolescence predicted later attained status above and beyond parental SES. A standard deviation increase in individual differences translated to up to 8 additional months of education, $4,233 annually, and more prestigious occupations. Furthermore, although we did find some evidence for both the resource substitution and the Matthew effect hypotheses, the most robust pattern across all models supported the independent effects hypothesis. Intelligence was the exception, the interaction models being more robust. Finally, we found that although personality traits may help compensate for background disadvantage to a small extent, they do not usually lead to a “full catch-up” effect, unlike intelligence. This was the first longitudinal study of status attainment to test interactive models of individual differences and background factors. JPSP: 自控力强的人在人际关系中更易受伤
我们总是羡慕自控力强的人，但我们也更容易依赖他们，给他们造成不必要的负担。杜克大学的博士生Christy Zhou和她的合作者们就发现，自控力强的人在人际关系中容易受伤。我们对自控力高的人总抱有更高的期许（实验1&2），并进而给他们分配更多的 工作（实验3）。讽刺的是，人们通常认为自控力弱的人比自控力强的人更努力（实验4）。不论是在工作还是感情中，自控力强的人也通常担着更重的责任，因此 对于人际关系更为不满（实验5&6） 论文原文 The burden of responsibility: Interpersonal costs of high self-control. Koval, Christy Zhou; vanDellen, Michelle R.; Fitzsimons, Gráinne M.; Ranby, Krista W. Abstract The psychological literature on self-control has illustrated the many benefits experienced by people with high self-control, who are more successful both personally and interpersonally. In the current research, we explore the possibility that having high self-control also may have some interpersonal costs, leading individuals to become burdened by others’ reliance. In Studies 1 and 2, we examined the effects of actors’ self-control on observers’ performance expectations and found that observers had higher performance expectations for actors with high (vs. low) self-control. In Study 3, we tested the effect of actors’ self-control on work assigned to actors and found that observers assigned greater workloads to actors with high (vs. low) self-control. In Study 4, we examined how actors and observers differed in their assessments of the effort expended by high and low self-control actors and found that observers (but not actors) reported that high self-control actors expended less effort than low self-control actors. Finally, we found that people high (vs. low) in self-control reported greater burden from the reliance of coworkers (Study 5) and romantic partners (Study 6), and this tendency led them to feel less satisfied with their relationships (Study 6). Together, results from these studies provide novel evidence that individuals’ self-control affects others’ attitudes and behaviors toward them, and suggest that these interpersonal dynamics can have negative consequences for high self-control individuals. JPSP:出国交换对自尊心的影响
从青少年(adolescence)进入成年(adulthood)的过程中，我们的心理和个性会随环境的改变发生一系列变化。出国交换的经历 会导致哪些特别的变化呢？德国的学者们对高中生进行了研究，一部分学生留在原来的高中，另一部分出国交换一年。他们分别在交换开始前、结束后、交换结束一 年后收集数据，并在交换中的每个月记录当下的自尊心强弱。结果发现，有交换经验的学生自尊心(self-esteem)提高幅度更大，特别是对于出发前自 尊心较弱的学生。自尊的提升和社会融入感相辅相成。克服交换生活的困难和语言能力的提高可以同时提高融入感和自尊心。 该研究中的学生都来自德国，交换去处也多为西方发达国家，文化上的冲击可能远没有东西方之间来得大。若样本是中国学生，交换经验导致的心理变化可能会略有不同。
Wherever I may roam: Processes of self-esteem development from adolescence to emerging adulthood in the context of international student exchange. By Hutteman, Roos; Nestler, Steffen; Wagner, Jenny; Egloff, Boris; Back, Mitja D. Abstract Previous studies on self-esteem development show substantial changes as well as interindividual differences in change from adolescence to young adulthood. However, the processes underlying these developmental trajectories are still not well understood. The aim of the present study was to shed light on the macro- and microprocesses of self-esteem development. We investigated a sample of 876 German high school students (M = 16.0 years at Time 1) participating in an international exchange year. Exchange students provided 3 waves of trait self-esteem data (shortly before they departed, immediately after return, and 1 year later), as well as 9 monthly state measures of self-esteem and social inclusion during their stay abroad. In addition, a control group of high school students who stayed in Germany (N = 714) provided 2 waves of trait self-esteem data. From a macroperspective, results showed an effect of student exchange on trait self-esteem development: Exchange students showed a steeper mean-level increase and a lower rank-order stability compared with control students. Zooming in on the microprocesses underlying these developmental patterns, we found trait changes in exchange students to be mediated by state changes in self-esteem during their exchange. These fluctuations in state self-esteem were found to be predicted by feelings of social inclusion in the host country, and vice versa, providing support for both sociometer and self-broadcasting perspectives on self-esteem dynamics. In sum, our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating a microanalytical approach when investigating self-esteem development by showing that the environment triggers changes in this relatively stable personality trait through changes in states. JPSP: 讲话比写字更容易被聘用
同样的内容，写出来还是说出来会给别人留下不同的印象吗？芝加哥大学的Julianna Schroeder和Nicholas Epley发现，与写字相比，讲话会让别人觉得自己更聪明，并更容易被聘用。他们让芝大商学院的学生写求职信，然后在镜头前念出来，并让其他学生，以及 39位世界500强公司的招聘者评价这些求职信(transcript)，或是求职录音(audio)。结果发现，与写信相比，以声音为媒介会让求职者看 起来更聪明，给评价者留下更好地印象，并更容易被雇佣。更重要的是，录音和视频并无差别，说明在这个特定情境下，声音包含的信息可能远比肢体语言丰富。 作者们认为，声音之所以会发挥作用，很可能是因为音调的变化。正如说话声调太平会被认为像是僵硬的机器人，丰富的声调会赋予讲话者生命，让人觉得ta思维活跃。下次小编介绍文章，是不是用语音效果更好呢？ 论文原文 The Sound of Intellect: Speech Reveals a Thoughtful Mind, Increasing a Job Candidate’s Appeal Juliana Schroeder , Nicholas Epley Abstract A person’s mental capacities, such as intellect, cannot be observed directly and so are instead inferred from indirect cues. We predicted that a person’s intellect would be conveyed most strongly through a cue closely tied to actual thinking: his or her voice. Hypothetical employers (Experiments 1-3b) and professional recruiters (Experiment 4) watched, listened, or read job candidates’ pitches about why they should be hired. Evaluators rated the candidates as more competent, thoughtful, and intelligent when they heard the pitch than when they read it and, as a result, liked the candidate more and were more interested in hiring the candidate. Adding voice to written pitches, by having trained actors (Experiment 3a) or untrained adults (Experiment 3b) read them, replicated these results. Adding visual cues through video did not influence evaluations beyond the candidate's voice. When conveying one’s intellect, it is important for one's voice, quite literally, to be heard. |
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