美国认知与智商网站：人类智力的进化。
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论坛地址：http://www./bbs/thread-233670-1-1.html Modern man appeared somewhere around 200,000 – 150,000 YBP as an already highly developed product of evolution.i From that point, he experienced evolutionary forces that further refined, enhanced, and diversified his mental prowess. The following discussion is a review of some aspects of this remarkable product of evolution.
作为高度进化的产物，现代人出现在20万年到15万年前。从那一刻起，进化的驱动力使得人类的智力更加精细，强大和多样化。下面我们来回顾一下这一非凡的进化产物。
The nature of work in fields such as archeology, paleontology, and anthropology is to collect evidence, organize it, analyze it, and to then offer explanations that fit the findings. When the evidence is thin or misunderstood, attempts to explain it will be nothing more than incorrect, educated guesses. But as more and more is understood about the input information and the science behind these items, the explanations become more convincing. In the case of the evolution of human intelligence, a good bit is known about the sequence of species appearance, from early life forms through hominids. Intelligence has been studied for about a century and has benefited greatly from recent technologies, such as those used for brain imaging and electroencephalography (used to record brain activity in the form of electrical potentials). The knowledge base and availability of experimental options is, however, sparse enough that most of the explanations that can be offered are at least open to alternative formulations. With that in mind, this text will explore the explanations offered by some of the most eminent researchers in the field.
这些学科的本质，例如考古学、古生物学和人类学，是收集证据，组织证据，分析证据，然后提出一个合理的解释。当证据不足或被曲解时，试图去解释它只会得到错误和所谓有根据的猜测。但是随着了解的信息越来越多以及科学的发展，这些解释变得越来越有说服力。至于人类智力的进化，长期以来我们把它作为一系列物种的表象来了解，从早期的生命形态到原始人类。智力已经被研究了大约一个世纪，这项研究也得益于现代科技，例如脑成像和脑电图（用电势构成来记录脑活动）。但是，这些知识的基础和实验可行性是不够充分的，至少现有的大部分解释都有存在另一种构想的可能性。基于这一点，这篇文章将要探讨在这一领域最杰出的研究者所提出的一些解释。
Intelligence developing in various species
不同物种的智力发展
Any quick review of the evolution of animals immediately reveals a pattern of increasing complexity and intelligence. On a between species basis, lower life forms (invertebrates) display the least sophisticated intelligence with increasing mental development in vertebrates, especially in birds and mammals. In some regards, animal intelligence can be shown to be increasing over time, with gains when species of greater complexity have appeared.
随便观察一下动物的进化就会发现这样一个模式，动物们变得越来越复杂和聪明。以不同的物种为基础，越低等的生命构成（无脊椎动物）相对于脊椎动物显示了更低的智力，特别是鸟类和哺乳动物。从某些方面来说，动物的智力显示出随时间的推移越来越高，并伴随着更加复杂的物种的出现而进一步提高。
Scientists have attempted to apply some order to the development of brainpower by looking at between-species brain size. As a rule, the species with the larger brain has more intelligent behavior, but not always. Small monkeys, for example, are more intelligent than typical grazing animals, but the monkeys have smaller brains. In order to correct for the body size differences, some researchers have opted to use the encephalization quotient (EQ), which is the ratio of brain size to body size.
科学家试图通过观察不同物种的脑容量来定义智力的发展水平。一般来说，拥有更大大脑的物种的行为更加聪明，但也不全是。例如小猴子，比典型的食草动物更加聪明，但是猴子的大脑更小。为了修正体型差异，一些研究人员使用脑化商数（EQ）（译注：简称脑商，不是情商的EQ），就是大脑尺寸和体型尺寸的比例。
When only primates are being considered, total brain size gives a good indication of cognitive ability. Deaner, et al. (2007) found that neither EQ nor neocortex measures were superior predictors of intelligence. This finding is not so surprising, since a wide range of animal species were not considered. As an example of the comparisons that have been considered, the following is from Jerrison (1973):
当只考虑灵长类的时候，总脑量很好的显示了认知能力。Deaner等人在2007年发现无论是EQ还是大脑皮质测量都不能很好地预测智力。这一发现并不奇怪，因为还有大量的物种没有被考虑进来。已经有这样一个比较的例子，下面的数据来自于Jerrison（1973）：
EQ
--
Chimp (male): 2.48 (56.7 kg body weight, 440 g brain weight)
Chimp (female): 2.17 (44.0 kg body weight, 325 g brain weight)
Gorilla (male): 1.53 (172.4 kg body weight, 570 g brain weight)
Gorilla (female): 1.76 (90.7 kg body weight, 426 g brain weight)
Human (male): 7.79 (55.5 kg body weight, 1361 g brain weight)
Human (female): 7.39 (51.5 kg body weight, 1228 g brain weight)
脑商
--
黑猩猩 (雄): 2.48 (56.7 公斤 , 440 克脑重)
黑猩猩(雌): 2.17 (44.0公斤, 325克脑重)
大猩猩 (雄): 1.53 (172.4公斤, 570克脑重)
大猩猩(雌): 1.76 (90.7公斤, 426克脑重)
人类 (男): 7.79 (55.5公斤, 1361克脑重)
(女): 7.39 (51.5公斤, 1228克脑重)
Hamilton (1935) selected rats for maze experiments, breeding bright and dull strains for 12 generations. The 12th generation maze bright and dull rats had brain weights that differed by 2.5 standard deviations. This experiment is a sort of accelerated test of evolutionary change, showing the dramatic association between brain size and cognitive ability.
Hamilton (1935)选择老鼠做迷宫实验，聪明的和笨的各繁育12代。在第12代笨的与聪明的老鼠脑重之间的差距是2.5个标准差。这一试验属于一系列的加速进化实验，显示了脑容量和认知能力之间明显的联系。
EQ has become the measurement of choice for comparisons between species, but the correction for body mass does not work well at the extremes. Very large animals, such as the manatee and rhinoceros, have EQs that are obviously misleading. The opposite happens among small species. Whales and elephants have brains that are multiples of the size of the human brain, hence the desire to correct for body size. But based on body size, the mouse has a much larger portion of its total weight accounted for by the brain.
脑商已经变成物种比较时可选的测量方法，但是在极端条件下体重修正的效果并不好。例如非常大的动物，像海牛或犀牛，它们的脑商就会产生误导。相反的也发生在非常小的物种之间。鲸鱼和大象的大脑是人类的几倍，因此需要体型修正。但是基于体型修正，老鼠的大脑所占的比重就大得多了。
Lynn (2006) compiled EQs for living and extinct species, normalized against average living mammals. The following is taken from his larger list:
Lynn (2006)编译了现存的和已灭绝的物种的脑商表，标准化了现存物种的平均值。下面是从他的大表中摘出的：
EQ
--
Fish and reptiles .05
Average mammals 1.00
First birds 0.10 150 MYA
Average birds .75
First monkeys 1.00 30 MYA
Squirrel 2.80
Rhesus 2.10
Baboon 2.40
Gorilla 2.00
Orangutan 2.40
Chimpanzee 2.60
Homo habilis 4.30 4.3 MYA
Homo erectus 5.00 0.7 MYA
Homo sapiens 7.50
脑商
--
鱼和爬行类 .05
哺乳类平均 1.00
早期鸟类 0.10 150 百万年前
鸟类平均 .75
早期猴子 1.00 30百万年前
松鼠 2.80
恒河猴 2.10
狒狒 2.40
大猩猩 2.00
红毛猩猩 2.40
黑猩猩 2.60
能人 4.30 4.3百万年前
直立人 5.00 0.7百万年前
智人 7.50
[Anyone who has tried to keep squirrels out of a bird feeder can appreciate their high EQ. Whether it accurately places them relative to other species or not, the little critters are ingenious.]
任何试图将松鼠挡在喂鸟器外面的人都会领略它们的高脑商。不管它们相对于其它物种的排位如何，这些小东西都是相当机灵的。
The extinct species from the list (birds, monkeys, and hominids) had smaller EQs than their later counterparts. This is consistent with the general trend seen in many branches of the evolutionary tree.
Lee (2007) has compiled a list of species and estimated their rank order standing with respect to man. The list below includes only familiar species and their most recent common ancestor with man, as estimated by Goodman et al. (1999).
表中已经灭绝的物种（鸟、猴子和原始人）比他们的继任者的脑商更小。这与我们看到的进化树的许多分支的总体趋势是一致的。
Lee (2007)编了一个物种表，估算了各个物种相对与人类的排位。下表中仅仅包含了人们熟悉的动物，他们与人类有最近的共同祖先，正如Goodman等人估算的那样(1999)。
物种 g* MRCA**
Human人 1
Orangutan红毛星星 2 14
Chimpanzee黑猩猩 3 6
Spider Monkey蜘蛛猴 4 40
Gorilla大猩猩 5 7
Gibbon长臂猿 12 18
Baboon狒狒 14 25
Ruffed Lemur白颈狐猴 17 63
Bush Baby夜猴 21 63
Squirrel Monkey松鼠猴 22 40
* g is used here to signify general mental ability rank, relative to man
g是相对与人类的总排名
** most recent common ancestor with man (millions of years ago)
与人类最近的共同祖先（百万年前）
The above list shows the expected link between human intelligence and that of other primates and demonstrates the relatively wide range of dates for the most recent ancestors. The brain did not develop only by increasing size; it reconfigured, such that significant increases in relative size can be seen in the frontal and parietal lobes. The frontal lobes are associated with speech and gesture; the parietal cortex increased in size at the time more sophisticated tool use began (Geary, 2004).
上表显示了人类智力与其他灵长类之间的联系，显示了与最近祖先之间的时间跨度相当广。大脑并没有仅仅是在变大；可以在额叶和顶叶看到显著的增加。额叶和语言与手势有关；顶叶皮层的增加是因为复杂工具的使用开始了(Geary, 2004)。
Hominid EQ started to increase about 1 million YBP and reached a state of linear increase, starting about 500,000 YBP, peaking about 35,000 to 20,000 YBP (Geary, 2004). The decline in EQ after that point (3 to 4%) may be due to a change in selection pressures, or to brain development that was not volume dependent.
原始人的脑商在100万年以前开始增加，50万年以前达到线性增加的状态，3.5万到2万年以前达到顶峰(Geary, 2004)。在此之后脑商减小了3 到 4%，可能是由于选择压力改变，或者不再大量依赖大脑的发育。
Modern man
现代人
The date of the origin of modern man (Homo sapiens sapiens) has been frequently revised to accommodate new discoveries, dating, and understanding. It was once believed that modern man first appeared about 30,000 YBP,ii but each new number has pushed that date further back. It is common to see 200,000 YBP cited in various sources today; some put the date at 250,000 or more YBP.
现代人（晚期智人）的起源时间被经常修正去适应新的发现，年代测定和理解。一度认为现代人首次出现在3万年前，但是新的数字不断的刷新，时期不断的往前推。今天依据各种来源普遍认为是20万年前；有些把这一时期推到25万年前，或更久。
Homo sapiens began to migrate northward, out of Africa, around 100,000 YBP. Migration branched in many directions, carrying humans to most regions of the globe. The details of the migration are relatively unimportant to the discussion of intelligence, except for the branch that took some Homo sapiens west to what is now Europe, and others east to what is now Asia. Over the course of the following years, humans who settled in various locations faced a variety of selection pressures, resulting in adaptive changes that affected the body as well as the brain.
智人向北迁徙，离开非洲，大约10万年前。向很多不同的方向迁徙，把人类散布到全球的大部分地区。迁徙的细节对于智力的讨论不是很重要，除了方向，他们向西来到今天欧洲所在地，其他的向东来到今天的亚洲。过去了很多年，定居在不同地区的人类面临着不同的选择压力，这导致了适应性的改变，（这些改变）即作用于身体也作用于大脑。
The human brain evolved in both size and complexity. It is three times the size of the chimpanzee brain, but has only a 25% advantage in the number of neurons. Human brains have, however, much higher numbers of synapses and interconnecting branches (Jensen, 1998).
人类的大脑包括两个方面的进化，尺寸和复杂度。人类的大脑有黑猩猩大脑的三倍大，但是在神经元数量上只领先25%。但是人类大脑有更多的元轴突和互相的连接(Jensen, 1998)。
Modern man may have experienced unusually beneficial mutations that boosted intellectual output on two occasions. The first was around the time of the cultural explosion around 35,000 to 40,000 YBP. The second may have been an ASPM variant, which is about 6,000 years old and is limited to European populations. ASPM is a gene that is a major determinant of brain size. It may or may not have boosted intelligence, but it appeared at a time of increased complexity in at least some population groupsiii (Cochran G. and Harpending, J., 2005b). In a recent study, Bates et al. (2008) examined four brain size related genes (ASPM, MCPH1, CDK5RAP2, and BRCA1) and found no connection with intelligence or language, perhaps implying that brain complexity (degree of arborization) is the dominant factor.
现代人可能经历了不同寻常的有益的突变，有两次促进了智力的发展。第一次是文化爆炸式发展时期，大约3.5万年到4万年前。第二次是ASPM突变，大约6000年前，但仅限于欧洲人口。ASPM是决定大脑尺寸的主要基因。ASPM是否会促进智力还不一定，但是至少给某些人一个增加大脑复杂性的机会（Cochran G. 和 Harpending, J., 2005）。Bates等人（2008）研究了四个与大脑尺寸有关的基因（ASPM, MCPH1, CDK5RAP2, 和 BRCA1），发现和智力、语言无关，这可能暗示大脑复杂性（树突程度）才是决定性因素。
Language
语言
It is difficult to define the role played by language in the development of human species, or to determine the role language may have played in the evolution of human intelligence. It is obvious that many animal species communicate with each other and that such communication is frequently an aid to survival. Animal communication can serve as a way to warn others of danger, to identify a food source, to assemble a scattered family, and to coordinate migration. But in humans, language became complex, as the brain evolved, allowing the transfer of specific information for group control, planning, and the transfer of learning. The role played by language as an evolutionary factor is probably indirect, for example as a means of enhancing survival by group efforts, as a superior teaching tool, and as a general aid towards the accumulation of survival related knowledge.
在人类的发展过程中，语言所起的作用是难以定义的，也很难确定语言在人类智力进化中所扮演的角色。很明显，许多物种都可以彼此交流，而这种交流对生存至关重要。动物的交流可以作为一种警告其他同伴有危险、标明食物地点、组成松散的家庭和协同迁徙的方式。但是对于人类，语言变得非常复杂，因为发达的大脑，使得可以传输特别的信息，例如团队控制，计划和知识传递。语言作为进化因素可能扮演了间接的角色，例如作为通过团队合作增加生存几率的手段，作为优秀的教育工具，作为有助于与生存有关的知识的累积。
The anthropological record shows that as man passed through time, he acquired language, developed it into various increasingly complex forms, and invented means of writing his thoughts. In parallel with this, he devised the related vehicles of art and music and developed those into increasingly complex forms. In the least advanced population groups, much of this simply did not happen.
人类学的研究表明，在人类的漫长发展过程中，获得了语言能力，并把它的形式发展得越来越复杂，并发明了把他们的思想书写下来的手段。与此同时，人类发明了艺术和音乐，并把这些在形式上发展的越来越复杂。只有少数的先进人群发展出这些，在多数人群这些不会发生。
There are relatively few records of individuals who were denied language during maturation, but at least one well documented. It is known as the case of Isabel. From birth to age six, she lived, locked in an attic with her deaf-mute mother. She received food and shelter, but no language and no mental stimulation (not a single toy). When she was found and tested, her mental age was 1 year and 7 months (IQ of about 30). Over the interval from age 6 to 8, she caught up with her age peers and reached a mental age of 8. Thereafter, she matured at the same rate as her age peers and maintained a normal intelligence throughout her life (Jensen, 1998). This unusual case demonstrated both the role of language in normal development and the underlying physiological basis of intelligence. Isabel developed the neural structures during the first six years, that enabled her to rapidly learn language and to use it to catch up to her age peers. Clearly, language is essential to the development of and use of the brain, but it is not the thing that forms the brain, such that it can function normally.
很少有在发育过程中不接受语言学习的案例。但是至少有一个是记录在案的，就是著名的伊莎贝尔案例。从出生到6岁，她与她的聋哑母亲生活在封闭的阁楼里。她获得食物和被褥，但是没有语言和智力刺激（没有任何玩具）。当她被发现并接受测试时，她的心理年龄只相当于1年零7个月（IQ大约30）。从6岁到8岁，她赶上了她的同龄人，她的心理年龄达到8岁。从次以后，她和她的同龄人同步长大成人，她一生都达到了普通人的智力水平(Jensen, 1998)。这个不寻常的案例揭示了语言在正常发育中的作用和智力潜在的生理基础。伊莎贝尔在出生后的6年间完成了神经元构建，使她具备了快速学习语言的能力，并使用这一能力赶上了她的同龄人。很明显，语言对于大脑发展和使用是必不可少的，但是它并不构建大脑，只是使它可以正常的行使功能。
Selection pressures
选择压力
Increasing intelligence has accompanied the development of higher order species and is especially obvious in primates. The factors that selected for intelligence presumably acted when higher intelligence was advantageous in sustaining successful reproduction cycles. Humans have been unusual among animal species in acting to alter their living conditions in order to survive, as opposed to conforming to the limitations established by various geographic ranges. When human species were unable to overcome natural forces, they perished, but some managed to survive by using their intelligence to store food and create tools, shelter, and protective garments to increase their survival odds. Consequently, variations in weather patterns, food supplies, and threats from animals and other humans most likely acted to kill fewer individuals with high intelligence than those with low intelligence.
高等生物的进化伴随着智力的增长，灵长类则尤其明显。当更高的智力在维持生育循环方面更有利时，智力的选择因素开始起作用。在动物中人类是不同寻常的，他们为了生存而改变环境，与适应既成事实的各种各样的地理范围限制完全相反。当人类不能驾驭自然之力时，他们就会灭亡，但是一些则通过使用他们的智慧存储食物，制造工具、房屋和衣服增加他们的生存几率。因此，在各种各样的气候环境中，获取食物，应对动物威胁和在人类冲突聪明的个体被杀的也比低智力的少。
Cold as an evolutionary driver
寒冷是进化的动力
Winter temperatures have been the focus of much research with respect to the differentiation of intelligence among various human population groups. As people migrated into colder regions, they faced numerous cognitive challenges with respect to planning for winter food needs, developing warm clothing and shelter, hunting under adverse conditions, etc. The presumption is that when migrating groups failed to deal with winter adversity they did not live to continue the struggle. This severe culling of people favored those with higher intelligence.
在研究不同人类族群的智力差异时，冬季的温度是集中研究的对象。当人类向寒冷的地区迁徙时，他们面临着更多的认知挑战，比如规划冬季的实物需求，发展保暖的衣物和住所，在恶劣的条件下狩猎等等。假定不能够应对恶劣冬季的移民将不能生存以继续他们的挑战。严厉的淘汰有利于高智力群体。
Beals, et al. (1984) examined 122 population groups on every continent and found a correlation of +.62 between cranial capacity and distance from the equator. One argument concerning the reason for the cranial capacity increase in colder climates is that the larger brainiv was necessary to enhance survival under the extreme pressure of cold winters (Jensen, 1998). If this is the actual driver, it may be only an accommodation to higher intelligence, rather than a cause of it. There is a notable exception to the relationship between brain size and intelligence. Arctic peoples have the largest mean brain size of any population group, but have a mean IQ of 91. Lynn (1987, 2006), Rushton (2005) and others credit the cold climate for the large brain volume; Lynn reasoned that the small population size of the Arctic Peoples greatly reduced their chances for other mutations necessary for higher intelligence. This exception and a small difference between mean brain volumes between Australian Aborigines (IQ 62) and Bushmen (IQ 54), relative to sub-Saharan Africans, demonstrated that all of the variance between population groups is not accounted for by brain volume; other biological differences are present and account for significant additional variance. Lynn (2006) presented the following to illustrate the relationships between winter temperatures, brain size, and intelligence:
Beals等人(1984)调查了每个大陆上共122个人群，并找出了颅骨容量与赤道距离的关联，一个关于气候越冷脑容量越大的原因的解释是在严酷冬天的生存压力下，更大的大脑对于生存下去是至关重要的(Jensen, 1998)。如果这是真正的驱动力，那也仅仅是高智商的适应性调节，而不是根本原因。有一个脑容量与智力相关性的例外例子。北极圈内的居民有着最大的脑容量，但是平均智商只有91。Lynn (1987, 2006), Rushton (2005)和其他人也都相信寒冷的气候意味着更大的脑容量。Lynn推测北极区的居民因为种群数量太小，这样极大的减小了产生高智力所必须的突变的机会。这个例外以及澳大利亚土著(IQ 62)与布希曼人(IQ 54)的比较，考虑到非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南人口脑容量与平均脑容量之间的微小差异，显示了不同人群间的所有差异并不能都归因于脑容量；其他的生物学差异是存在的，并解释了其他的重大差异。 Lynn (2006)提出了如下内容，展示了冬季温度、脑容量与智力的关系：
degrees C degrees C cc
Winter Temp Wurm Temp Brain size IQ
冬季气温 武木期气温 脑容量 智商
Arctic peoples北极区人 -15 -20 1,443 91
East Asians 东亚 -7 -12 1,416 105
Europeans 欧洲 0 -5 1,369 99
Native Americans 美洲原住民 7 5 1,366 86
S. Asian and N. Africans 南亚 北非 12 7 1,293 84
Wurm Temp = coldest winter monthly temperatures during the main Wurm glaciation, from approximately 28,000 to 10,000 YBP.
武木期温度=主要的武木冰川期间的冬季月最低温度，大约2.8万到1万年前。
In warm climates, the relationship between IQ and temperatures becomes irregular. For example, the population groups in sub-Saharan Africa show mean IQ differences, but these are not consistent with the mean temperatures in the associated geographical areas. This is consistent with the expectation that temperature does not act as an evolutionary driver in relatively warm areas, where early man survived by foraging. It is cold that is lethal and which places a premium on cognitive ability.
在温暖的气候里，智商与温度的关系不再那么清晰。例如，撒哈拉以南的人口的平均智商是不同的，但与相关地理区域的平均温度无关。在相对温暖的地区，温度就不再是进化动力了，那的先民们通过觅食就能生存。寒冷天气是致命的，额外促进了认知能力。
A very strong marker for winter temperatures is skin color. Templer and Arikawa (2006) found that skin color (darkness) correlated at r = -0.85 between winter high temperatures and r = -0.75 with winter low temperatures (both at p < 0.001). The authors do not suggest that skin color is directly related to intelligence, although Jensen pointed out that the data may be a reflection of pleiotropy acting as at least a partial cause. In an earlier study, Jensen (1973) found a correlation of -0.20 between skin color and IQ on a within-group basis. Despite not attempting to imply causation, Templer and Arikawa did present the corresponding correlations between IQ and various other parameters. It is important to note that the correlations are on a nation by nation basis (129 countries), not on an individual basis:
冬季温度的显著标记是肤色。Templer 和 Arikawa (2006)发现肤色（深色）与冬季高气温的相关性为r = -0.85，与冬季低气温的相关性为r = -0.75（两个的P都小于0.001）。专家不建议肤色与智商直接相关，虽然Jensen指出数据可能是基因多效性的反射，至少在局部起作用。在早期的研究中，Jensen (1973)发现在一个基础群体内智商与肤色的相关度为-0.20。尽管不去试着暗示因果关系，Templer 和 Arikawa确实指出了智商和其他多种因素之间的相关性。需要注意这个相关性是基于国家的（129个国家），不是基于个体，这很重要。
correlation with IQ
智商相关性
Skin color 肤色 -0.90
Real GDP per capita 人均国内生产总值 0.74
Celsius temperature
摄氏度
winter high 冬季高 -0.74
winter low 冬季低 -0.63
summer high 夏季高 -0.30
summer low 夏季低 -0.31
Intelligence of Mongoloidsv
蒙古人种的智商
Various sources (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994; Lynn 1987, 2006; Jensen 1998; etc.) have reported estimates of mean Mongoloid intelligence at 3vi to 5 pointsvii above that of Caucasoids (European and of European descent). The early achievements of Mongoloids, especially in China, are well documented; one good example is Murray’s (2003) review of Chinese early accomplishments in mathematics, astronomy, invention, maritime expeditions, medicine, architecture, art, literature, and philosophy. The early start of Chinese culture was followed by various starts and stops that are similar to those seen in European history. The early appearance of advanced civilization in China is exactly what would be expected on the basis of the relatively high intelligence of the people.
各种资料来源(Herrnstein & Murray, 1994; Lynn 1987, 2006; Jensen 1998; 等等。)都显示了蒙古人种的平均智商比高加索白人高3到5个点。蒙古人种的早期记录，尤其是在中国，被完好的保存着；一个好的例子是Murray’s (2003)对中国早期在数学、天文、发明、航海探索、医药、建筑、艺术、文学和哲学成就的讨论。中华文明有多个起源，与欧洲的历史相似。中国先进文明的早期表象确实被认为是建立在相对高智商人群的基础上。
The Mongoloid intelligence advantage is due to high spatial ability, which offsets a low verbal ability. During the Wurm glaciation, Mongoloids were trapped between ice advancing from the Himalayas in the south and from the Arctic in the north. The severe cold acted as a strong survival filter, leaving subsequent generations physically and mentally changed in ways that reduced body heat loss and enhanced hunting skills and shelter building and other tasks that were necessary to survival.
蒙古人种优越的智力在于高的空间能力（译注：空间想象能力是指通过想象去思考事物的具体形状、位置。想的与事实是否一致，就是空间想象能力的体现。），以弥补低的语言能力。在武木冰河期，蒙古人被困在其南面推进中的喜马拉雅冰河和其北面的北极冰河之间。严寒成为强大的生存过滤器，存活下来的后代在体能和智力都向这个方向演变，更少的体温损失，增强狩猎技能，建造房屋和其他生存必须的任务方面。
Lynn (1987)的研究显示蒙古人种的语言能力差4点和空间能力高6点（相对于高加索人种）。他继续讨论可能的进化压力，这些都可以解释这一特性。他推测在最后的冰河期（武木期），蒙古人种大量的依赖狩猎生存（就像爱斯基摩人的行为）。为了生存而进行的狩猎活动增强了空间能力，起到增进这一能力的进化压力的作用。Lynn推测空间想象能力的增加可能是以语言能力为代价的，从字面上看是取代了大脑的语言中心论。他也指出，空间能力也有性别差异，男性更加优秀，可能是由于男性作为猎人的缘故。
Lynn (1987)
Comment: The explanation offered by Lynn for the Mongoloid intelligence profile is obviously an idea that is difficult to prove. Since he published that idea in 1987, I asked him (in 2004) if there had been any work that confirmed or disproved the hypothesis. He said that there was nothing new, but was content that the idea was still reasonable. Interestingly, he did not mention the possibility of investigating the spatial and verbal abilities of Mongoloids via brain imaging.
Lynn (1987)
评论：Lynn对于蒙古智力特点的解释显然是很难证明的。自从他在1987年发表以来，我在2004年问他，是否有任何成果确认或反证这一假设。他说没有任何新进展，但令人满意的是这理论依然是合理的。有趣的是，他没有提及通过脑影像来研究蒙古人种空间和语言能力的可能性。
Intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews
德系犹太人的智力
Ashkenazi Jews from Western Europe and the United Statesviii have the highest mean IQ of any population group. Various sources cite slightly different numbers, but Lynn’s (2006) estimate of a 10 point advantage relative to the British mean is probably accurate, to within a point or two. This advantage is concentrated in verbal and math, while the group is lower in visual-spatial ability (essentially the reverse of the Mongoloid profile). The very high rate of accomplishment among Ashkenazi Jews has been documented repeatedly. One example:
在西欧和美国的德系犹太人有所有族群里最高的智商。各种资料引用了略有不同的数据，但Lynn’s (2006)估计对于英国的平均值有10点的优势可能是精确的，误差在1、2点以内。这个优势集中在语言和数学，而在视觉空间能力上则比较低（本质上来讲与蒙古人种正好相反）。德系犹太人的高成就被反复大书特书。举个例子：
“During the last three decades, Jews have made up 50% of the top two hundred intellectuals, 40 percent of American Nobel Prize Winners in science and economics, 20 percent of professors at the leading universities, 21 percent of high level civil servants, 40 percent of partners in the leading law firms in New York and Washington, 26% of the reporters, editors, and executives of the major print and broadcast media, 59 percent of the directors, writers, and producers of the fifty top-grossing motion pictures from 1965 to 1982, and 58 percent of directors, writers, and producers in two or more primetime television series.” [Lipset and Raab (2005) pp 26-27]
“最近的30年间，犹太人占前200名顶级知识分子的50%，美国科学与经济诺贝尔奖得主的40%，高等学府教授的20%，高级公务员的21%，纽约和华盛顿高端律师事务所合伙人的40%，记者、编辑、广播媒体和主要出版物高管的26%， 1965年到1982年最卖座的55部电影的制片人、导演、作者的59%，一个或更多黄金时段电视剧的导演、作者、制片人的58%”。 [Lipset 和 Raab (2005)](译注：犹太人对话语权可怕的统治力)
The question naturally arises as to what accounts for this high mean. Weather is presumably not a factor, since there was no northward geographical separation relative to lower IQ groups with whom they lived. Several hypotheses have been argued: (1) the intentional practice of eugenics, (2) persecution, (3) genetic drift, and (4) a history of city life, as opposed to farming.
很自然会提出这样的问题，什么导致其占如此高的比例？想来气候应该不是原因，因为和他们生活在一起的低智商群体并没有趋北地理隔离现象。有几个可能和假设被提出：（1）刻意的优生传统，（2）遭受的迫害（3）基因漂变（4）长期都市生活，而不是务农。
Item 1 – Various sources have cited the relative isolation of the Ashkenazi population group. The group has had a history of less reproductive mixing with other groups than is typical of other population groups, especially those found in Europe. MacDonald (1994), for example, sees a closed breeding group, separated from others on religious grounds, and extrapolates that this history was largely responsible for the emergence of a high group intelligence. He uses the same argument, but applied as less isolation to explain the failure of Sephardic Jews to evolve along the Ashkenazi line.
项1—很多的信息源都提到德系犹太人群的相对隔离。在漫长的历史中，这个种群很少像其他种群那样与别的种群交叉繁殖，尤其是在欧洲。例如，麦克唐纳德（1994），仔细研究了由于宗教原因而与其他族群隔离的近血源群体，推断这一经历很可能是高智商群体产生的原因。他使用同样的理论来解释不隔离的西班牙系犹太人的失败。
The problem with this hypotheses is that too little genetic mixing, over a long time period, is likely to reduce the probability of the population group gaining advantageous genes. Lynn (2006) argued that there has always been at least some inter-marriage outside of the group and that even a relatively small amount of exogamy is sufficient to introduce desirable non-Jewish genes into the breeding group. If this is correct, it may imply that there is an optimal range of mixing and that the Ashkenazi history falls in that range.
这一理论的问题是太少的基因混合，在长期来看，很可能会减少获得优秀基因的概率。Lynn (2006)指出，其实一直是有一些异族通婚的，即使相对数量很少，也足以使得非犹太基因进入这个群体。如果这一理论正确，那就意味着有一个最优的混血比例，而犹太人正好落在这一范围内。
Part of the eugenics hypotheses is that Jews encouraged the brightest to have more children and discouraged duller individuals from retaining the Ashkenazi identity. While the argument may be correct and may be a contributing factor, it is very difficult to build a strong case that this is the primary driver of high intelligence among Ashkenazi Jews.
优生学假设之一是犹太人鼓励最聪明的人有更多的孩子，笨蛋不能保持犹太人的身份。理论可能是正确的，并起了部分作用，但是没有强有力的案例能说明这是德系犹太人高智商的主要驱动力。
Item 2 – It is common knowledge that Jews have been persecuted in various parts of the world for a very long time, up to and including the present. The argument that persecution was an evolutionary driver is quite similar to the winter temperature argument that is generally applied to Europeans and East Asians. If smarter individuals had a higher probability of successful reproduction than others, the end effect is the same for both weather and persecution. In that regard, this hypothesis is particularly strong.
项2—众所周知，犹太人在世界很多地方被长期迫害，一直到近现代。迫害在进化动力方面起的作用与冬季的温度类似，这一点普遍适用于欧洲人和东亚人。如果聪明的个体有更高的几率成功繁衍后代，作用的结果就与天气和迫害类似。就这一点而言，这一假设是特别有力的。
Item 3 – Genetic drift is a driver of genetic composition when a small group is isolated and has a randomly selected set of genes. This may happen when a large fraction of the initial group is killed, or when a small subset of the initial group is geographically separated from the others. When an isolated group grows in numbers, the genes that were not present, as a matter of chance, will be lost, while those that were present will characterize the group as long as it remains isolated. No mutations are required, but a genetic bottleneck of sorts has to have occurred.
项—3当某个小群体被隔离时，基因漂变成为基因组合的驱动力，随机的选择基因片段。当大部分原始族群被杀时或一小部分因为地理因素被从原始族群中隔离出来时这种变化也可能发生。当隔离的群体数量增加时，有很大的机会那些没有被带出来的基因会丢失，那些带出来的基因则会塑造这个族群，只要保持隔离状态。没有必须的突变，但是各种族群遗传瓶颈效应将会出现。
This path also tends to increase inbreeding by amounts that are related to the size of the isolated group. Inbreeding has the potential of causing higher frequencies of recessive genetic diseases and is well documented as having a deleterious impact on intelligence (Jensen, 1998; Rushton and Jensen, 2005). If the genetic drift were accompanied by significant inbreeding, there would be opposing forces that might prevent the large magnitude IQ gains that have happened.
这一途径也会导致大量同系繁殖，同系繁殖的规模和被隔离的族群人数有关。同系繁殖有引起更频繁的隐性遗传疾病的风险，对于智力的影响也是有害的(Jensen, 1998; Rushton 和 Jensen, 2005)。如果遗传漂变伴随明显的同系繁殖，将会对大量高智商的产生起反作用。
Item 4 – This “city life” hypotheses argues that Ashkenazi Jews found themselves living in cities and performing jobs that were more mentally taxing than was typical of other groups which included large groups involved in farming and herding. It contends that this sustained history led Ashkenazi Jews to evolve in the direction of the intelligence requirements of their city jobs (mostly money lending – see Arkin, 1975). During the near famine conditions of the 10th and 11th centuries, Jews did not suffer and lived at the level of lower nobility (Roth, 2002).
项4—“城市生活”这一假设指出，德系犹太人发现他们自己生活在城里，做着比包括农民和牧民在内的其他群体更多的脑力劳动。德系犹太人朝着符合城市生活的智力要求进化（大部分从事借贷也，见Arkin，1975）。在10和11世纪的饥荒期间，犹太人并没有受苦，过着低等贵族水平的生活(Roth, 2002)。
This hypothesis is argued by Cochran, et al. (2005a) along with an attempt to link various genetic diseases that are found among Ashkenazi Jews to the genes that cause high intelligence. The “city life” idea has to meet the same requirements as any other evolutionary explanation—that it contributed to a higher probability of achieving successful reproduction. It could well do that, or at least contribute to it. This line of reasoning is opposite to the weather and persecution hypotheses in that it is a positive contributor, while the other two are literally killers.
这一假设是由Cochran等人提出的(2005)，试图将德系犹太人群中的遗传病和高智商的基因联系起来。“城市生活”这一点与其他对进化的解释面临同样的前提条件----必须有助于获得更高的遗传几率。就一点来讲它是起作用了，至少是有影响的。这一推理与气候和迫害假设相反，因为它是正面作用，而其他两项则从字面也可以看出来是通过减少人口来起作用。
One weakness of the “city life” explanation is that is assumes that there is a direction of causation from task to intelligence. If high intelligence was already present in a given group, that group might be expected to gravitate towards work that was complementary of the ability. That case applies in contemporary free markets, in which bright people are attracted to the challenges and rewards of high IQ jobs. But the situation that brought Ashkenazi Jews into money lending was directly related to their group status as non-Christians. They benefited from the Christian prohibition against usury. In short, there was a demand for lending, but no supply. This presents a somewhat different motivation for entry into a business area; it was not a matching of intellectual ability to a challenging occupation, but one of adapting to a social niche that was created by dictate. So, the job as a filter may have some credibility. Weinryb (1972) makes a case that wealthy Jews had a very high level of reproductive success, with large families, as well as a high standard of living (possibly contributing to a higher survival rate for their children).
城市生活之一解释的一个问题是假设工作与智力有因果关系，如果高智商在指定的群体中已经出现，那么这个群体可能去做与这一能力相称的工作。这一理论适用于当代的自由市场，聪明人做有挑战性和高报酬的高智商工作。但是使德系犹太人从事借债工作的直接原因是他们的非基督徒身份。他们从基督徒禁止的高利贷行业获利。总之，是有借债的要求，但是没有人提供这项服务。这说明进入商业领域的动机有点不同。这与聪明人从事有挑战的行业这一理论不一致，他们只是为了适应强制的社会生态。工作作为过滤器还是可信的。Weinryb (1972)做了一项研究，富有的犹太人有很高的生育率，和大家庭，生活水平也高（这一点使他们的孩子成活率较高）。
Intelligence of Caucasoids
高加索白人的智力
The major sub-groups among Caucasoids are Europeans, South Asians, and North Africans. These groups were described by anthropologists and were later confirmed by analysis of their genetic markers (Cavalli-Sforza, et al., 1994). These three major groups evolved higher intelligence as a function of their latitude: Europeans, IQ 100; South Asians, IQ 90; and North Africans, IQ 85. [Lynn (2006) gives the most detailed account, to date, of the global distribution of intelligence.]
高加索白人的主要亚种群是欧洲人，南亚人和北非人。人类学家定义了这一群体，又被最新的基因标记确认(Cavalli-Sforza, et al., 1994)。这三个主要族群依照纬度原则进化出了更高的智商：欧洲人智商是100；南亚人智商是90；北非人智商是85。[Lynn (2006)给出了详细的清单，和迄今为止的全球智商分布图。]
Much of the advancement in human civilization from the time of the Roman Empire to the past century has come from Caucasian groups, with increasing concentration in Europe. Sporre (1990) shows the progress of works of art, architecture, and science from the relatively barren paleolithic period to the present. The first large contributions appeared in early Egypt, spreading northward about 3,000 YBP and then flourishing in Europe for centuries. For whatever reasons, the largest number of significant developments no longer came from China, but were from Europeix and especially from four countries: Italy, France, England, and Germany. Murray (2003) attributes the flourishing of accomplishment to cultural and structural richness of principles, craft, and tools that was self-sustaining. Lynn (2006) speculated that this difference was the result of higher social conformity in East Asian countries. Such shifts in centers of innovation and creativity are related to the mean intelligence of the groups in question, but mostly in a necessary but not sufficient sense. Other factors, such as governmental structure (relative freedom to create, or pressure to comply with policy), the influence of religion, war, and general prosperity account for significant parts of what is seen historically as innovation and creativity.
很多的先进人类文明，从罗马帝国到后来的几个世纪，都来自高加索白人种群，多集中在欧洲。Sporre (1990)展示了艺术、建筑和科学从相对落后的旧石器时代到现代的发展进程。古埃及做出了第一个大的贡献，3000年前开始向北传递，并在欧洲盛行了几个世纪。无论什么原因，大多数重要发展不再来自中国，而是来自欧洲，特别是自四个国家：意大利、法国、英格兰和德国。Murray (2003)把这些成就归因于文化和丰富的建筑原则，精工细作和自力更生的工具。Lynn (2006)推测，这些不同是东亚国家较高的社会从众性导致的结果。我们现在讨论的平均智力对于创新来讲是必要条件，但不是充分条件。其他的因素，例如政府结构（创新的相对自由，或者强迫墨守成规），地区影响，战争，和大体上的繁荣，从历史上看都是创新的重要部分。
Intelligence of Negroids
黑人的智力
The populations that remained in Africa differentiated themselves geographically and genetically, as can be easily seen by comparing various sub-groups, such as Masai to Pygmies. Despite various between-group differences found among Negroids, none were subjected to the highly selective pressures of extreme cold and did not develop heat conserving body forms, large crania, or elevated intelligence. Lynn (2006) estimated that the mean IQ of sub-Saharan Africans is 67. Subgroups within this geographic area have reached various IQs that are associated with their breeding groups. Among the lowest of these, the Kalahari Bushmen have a mean IQ of 54 and have a slightly smaller brain size than other sub-Saharan Africans. Pygmies similarly have lower intelligence (IQ 54) than the other Negroid groups. Both Bushmen and Pygmies have lived as hunter-gatherers throughout their history.
非洲的人口从地理上和遗传学上本身就有很大的不同，通过对比各种亚群体就可以发现这一点，例如马赛人和俾格米人。尽管各个黑人种群之间存在差异，但都没有经受极端寒冷的高选择压力的考验，没有发展出保存体温的形式，大颅骨和高智力。Lynn (2006)估计南沙哈拉沙漠以南的非洲人的平均智商是67。在这一区域内，亚群体有不同的智商，而智商与族群血源有关。其中最低智商之一的是布希曼人，平均智商只有54，脑容量明显小于其他撒哈拉以南的非洲人。俾格米人也与其相似，智商也是54，比其他黑人都低。布希曼人和俾格米人自古以来就是靠集体狩猎生存的。
r-K strategies
r-K策略
（译注：ridical-Keep，r策略也就是激进策略，是机会主义者，很容易出现“突然的爆发和猛烈的破产”；K策略是保守策略，是保守主义者，当生存环境发生灾变时，很难迅速恢复，如果再有竞争者抑制，就可能趋向灭绝。---度娘）
As animal species evolved and increased in complexity, the various species adopted different survival strategies, based on a trade-off between reproduction rates and survival rates. [E. O. Wilson (1975) first proposed what is now known as r-K Life History Theory.] This trade-off constitutes a spectrum that, at the extreme r-strategy end (considering vertebrates) is typified by fish and reptiles. These species survive by producing huge numbers of offspring, providing little or no care for them, and numerically overcoming the odds that all of them will be eaten or lost to the elements. At the opposite extreme, the K-strategy end, reproduction rates are very low, often consisting of one individual per reproductive cycle, but with a high survival rate that is enhanced by intense parental care and protection. The K-strategy is seen in vertebrates, where extreme examples include large mammals and primates. The terms r and K are taken from the equation for population growth:
正如物种进化并变得越来越复杂，基于繁殖率和生存率之间的权衡，不同的物种采取不同的生存策略。[E. O. Wilson (1975) 首次提出r-K生命史论]这些权衡就构成了一部图谱，在r策略的极端典型是鱼类和爬行类（只考虑脊椎动物）。（译注：如果考虑所有动物那么采取最极端激进策略的是昆虫）。这些物种通过生育大量的后代来生存，很少或者不照顾后代，庞大的数量弥补了被吃掉或自然因素死亡的可能性。另一个极端是K策略，繁殖率非常低，每次甚至只生一个，但是有很高的存活率，完善的养育和保护增加了存活率。K策略在脊椎动物中很常见，极端的例子包括大型哺乳动物和灵长类。r 和 K在下面的人口增长方程中。
dN / dt = rN (K – N) / K
N = 人口规模
K = 环境承载能力
r = 人口增长率
There does not appear to be a direct evolutionary driver associated with r-K theory, but Rushton has shown that it offers insight on how group traits evolved, when applied at the sub-species level. He applied Jensen’s default hypothesisx to humans (an extreme example of the K-strategy) and found that the factors that operate over the entire spectrum of r-K are found between races and that the between-species traits are predictive of racial trait differences. Since his extension of r-K theory was limited to humans (a K selected species), he called the application “Differential K Theory” (Rushton, 2004).
Rushton (2004) examined traits of 234 mammalian species and found (via principal component analysis) a single life history factor, with the following loadings:
r-K理论并没有显现出直接的进化动力，但是Rushton指出，当应用在亚种群上时，这个理论显示了种群特性是如何形成的。他使用了Jensen对人类的假设（典型的极端K策略），在r-K图谱中发现了那些人类种族之间起作用的因素，人种之间差别的预测也适用于物种之间。因此他扩展了被限制在人类上的r-K理论（一个K策略的物种），他把这种应用叫做“差别K理论”(Rushton, 2004)。
Rushton (2004)测试了234种哺乳动物，发现了（主成分分析）一个个单一的生命历程因素，如下表：
brain weight 脑重量 .85
longevity 寿命 .91
gestation time 妊娠时间 .86
birth weight 新生儿重量 .62
litter size 产子数量 -.54
age at first mating 首次交配年龄 .73
duration of lactation 哺乳时间 .67
body weight 体重 .61
body length 体长 .63
These same factors appear at the sub-species (race) level in humans. In each case, the ordering of the item being measured is such that Caucasoids lie between Mongoloids and Negroids. If there was any chance involved, at least some of the factors should align differently. They do not. Examples of ordered variables (Caucasoid values always lying between the two other races) from Table 1, Rushton (1995):
同样的因素也出现在人类的亚种群里。同样测量了这些项目，高加索白人在蒙古人和黑人之间。如果有机会改进，至少这些因素中的一些应该调整。例如下面的例子，Rushton (1995):
· Brain size — all forms of measurement
· 脑尺寸—所有形式的测量
· Intelligence
· 智力
· Decision times — chronometric measurements
· 判断力—精确测定
· Maturation rate — gestation, skeletal development, motor development, dental development, and age in reproduction measures
· 成熟率—妊娠期，骨骼发育，运动发育，牙齿发育，生育年龄
· Personality measures — examples: aggressiveness, cautiousness, dominance, impulsivity, self-concept, etc.
· 性格—例如：攻击性，谨慎，支配性，冲动，自我认识等等。
· Social measures — marital stability, law abidingness, and mental health
· 社会—婚姻稳定性，遵纪守法，心理健康
· Reproductive effort — twinning, hormone levels, sex characteristics, permissive attitudes
· 生育—双胞胎，技术水平，性别特征，宽容度
Differential K Theory simply shows that the ordering of variables at the sub-species level can be predicted by the application of the degree to which each group is K-selected. It suggests that the evolution of racial groups was not random on a trait by trait basis, but instead followed the same general patterns seen between species.
差异K理论仅仅显示了亚物种变量的排序，能够预测每个K选择种群。这表明物种的进化不是随机的基于特性到特性的变化，相反的是遵循一个相同的模式。
Since Differential K Theory identifies different reproductive strategies on a within-group basis, the question might be raises as to which strategy is most effective. Arguing from one point of view, the population sizes of China and Japan (at various points in time) might imply that the more K-selective strategy has been dominant. But present population trends have favored less K-selective groups, especially as a result of very low fecundity in industrialized nations. Lynn and Harvey (2007) found a significant global dysgenic effect, such that the world correlation of IQ and fertility is – 0.73. This has resulted in an estimated loss of about .86 IQ points over the past half centuryxi and is expected to produce a larger decline of 1.28 points over the next fifty years. The estimates from Lynn and Harvey suggest that global IQ is declining because the more r-selected population groups are increasing in numbers, while the more K-selected groups are declining; in a Darwinian sense, r-selection wins. When Lynn delivered a paper on this subject in 2007 (International Society for Intelligence Research, annual conference), he pointed to the rapid declines in fertility throughout Europe, standing at well below replacement level. Fertility in the United States stands at the replacement level.
差异K理论区分种群内在不同的繁殖策略，问题就是哪个策略是最有效的。一种观点是，以中国和日本的人口规模（在各个时间点上）可能意味着偏K选择策略是占统治地位的。但是目前的人口趋势可能对较少K选择的族群有利，特别是低生育率的工业国家。Lynn 和 Harvey (2007)发现了一个对全人类不利的现象，全世界智商和生育力的相关性是-0.73。在过去的半个世纪，估计已经导致了智商损失0.86个点，在下一个50年预计会进一步下降1.28个点。Lynn 和 Harvey的研究指出全球智商下降是因为r选择策略的人口族群大量繁殖，而K选择策略的族群正在下降；按照达尔文原理，r选择胜利了。Lynn在2007年就这一研究方向发表了论文（国际社会智商研究和年度会议），他指出全欧洲的生育率正在下降，持续维持在更替水平以下。美国的生育率则刚好在更替水平上。
Robust body
强壮的身体
Among the ordered, between-group, factors in the list above are longevity and brain size. These, and some other factors, have emerged from the study of human intelligence, all connecting the more robust body to higher intelligence. General health, body symmetry, height, grip strength, and vital capacity all correlate positively with IQ.xii Some of these correlates (height, for example) are believed to be entirely the result of selective mating.xiii Others are presumably intrinsic genetic factors that are in some way related to a robust body. A negative trait explanation might be offered, which would be that the presence of deleterious genes cause multiple disruptive consequences to the body. This latter explanation is more likely to fit at the low end of the intelligence distribution and would be less effective in explaining the correlation over the full distribution of intelligence.
寿命和脑容量以及其他的因素在人类智力的研究中已有所体现，所有的都把身体更强壮与更聪明联系起来。大体健康，身体对称，身高，握力和肺活量都确实和智商相关。这些关系中的一些是交配选择的结果（例如身高）。其他因素则和身体强壮相关的遗传因素有关。有人提出一种负面特性解释，负面特性指有害基因的存在引起身体的多种破坏。这种新解释更可能在适合智力分布中智力差的那一部分族群。在解释全部智力分布方面没有效果。
One of the particularly interesting demonstrations of the robust body concept is the finding that more intelligent individuals have more symmetric bodies. The measurement used is known as “fluctuating asymmetry” (FA). It is derived by measuring finger length, and dimensions at the ankle, wrists, etc. where there is little fatty tissue. Increasing FA means more body asymmetry.xiv Bates (2007) found FA correlations with IQ for two groups: -0.41 and -0.29; these are within the general range of other FA studies. Furlow et al. (1997) and Prokosch et al. (2005) both hypothesized that the variance in g is a consequence of the variance in a general fitness throughout the body and brain.
强壮的身体这一概念的一个有趣的现象是越聪明的个体，身体就越对称。测量的方法叫做“波动不对称性”，简称FA。通过测量手指长度，踝关节，手腕等等脂肪很少的地方。不对称性值越大，意味着越不对称。Bates (2007)发现不对称性与智商有两组相关系数：-0.41 和 -0.29；其他的FA研究也大概在这个范围内。Furlow 等人 (1997) 和 Prokosch 等人 (2005)假设g的变化是身体和大脑总体健康状况变化的结果。（译注：g因素理论：general facts，分析被试者的各类测验成绩时，发现有一个因素与各类工作均有关，称为普通智力因素（G）；但有些人数学测验成绩较好，而语文测验成绩较差；另一些人则相反。他认为这些差别或特长提示另一种因素的存在，即特殊智力因素（S）。）
The presumption is that FA serves as an indicator of the degree of developmental instability in the individual. Developmental instability would reasonably stand to also account for some of the other physical correlates to intelligence, such as measures of strength, general health, longevity, etc. As of 2008, the causal relationship between FA and g has not been established. Thoma et al. (2005) found that FA and brain volume both correlated with g, but that they did not correlate with each other and Johnson et al. (2008) did not find a correlation between FA and g. Consequently, it is not possible to establish probable causation at this time. The thing that can be concluded is that multiple fitness related variables show correlations with intelligence. Whether greater fitness (per these variables) has played a role as an evolutionary driver (in the Darwinian sense) must remain speculative.
我们推测可能不对称性反映了个体的发育基础不稳定度。发育的不稳定度合理的解释了其他与智力相关的身体部分，例如力量，总体的健康，身高等。2008年起，不对称性与g之间的因果关系还没有被建立起来。Thoma 等人 (2005)发现不对称性和脑容量合起来与g相关。但是彼此之间没有相关性，Johnson 等人 (2008)没有发现不对称性与g相关。因此，现在不可能建立因果关系。能够推断出来的就是与多重健康指标相关的变量与智力有关。是否越健康就越能扮演进化驱动者的角色这一点依然仅仅是推测。
Conclusions
结论
Intelligence increased throughout millions of years of evolution, showing increasing presence as animals became more biologically complex. This process is most apparent in brain size and the brain size to body size ratio. As various hominid species appeared, the same process of increasing brain size continued. Today human brain size remains predictive of intelligence for all population groups.
在百万年的进化历程中，智力得到了增长，并且在持续增长，正如动物在生物学上变得越来越复杂。这一过程最显著的就是大脑尺寸以及大脑占身体的比重。从各种原始人种群出现开始，脑容量增长这一进程始终在持续。今天人类大脑的尺寸依然可以预测所有人群的智力。
Although there were presumably numerous evolutionary filters that influenced the development of human intelligence along slightly different lines, winter weather stands out as the most salient single force, as is seen in the strong correlation between winter temperatures and the intelligence of various indigenous populations.
虽然可以推测有很多进化过滤器影响了人类智力的发展，使其走上了明显不同的进化之路，冬季是最明显的一支力量，可以看到，冬季的温度与各个土著族群的智力之间有很强的相关性。
The factors that caused different developmental paths in separate races, follow the same r-K reproductive strategy that is found throughout the animal kingdom. The absence of exceptions to this process suggest an orderly relationship between races, as they adapted to various local environmental conditions. This underlying factor was mediated in large part by the severe demands of weather and other survival related environmental conditions.
引起各个种族走上不同的发展道路的因素都遵循同样的r-K繁殖策略理论，这在整个动物王国中都可以发现。在这一过程中没有例外，显示出了种族之间的排序关系，正如他们适应了各种各样不同的环境条件。这一最优先的潜在因素在很大程度上通过严酷的气候和其他生死攸关的环境条件表现出来。
论坛地址：http://www./bbs/thread-233670-1-1.html Modern man appeared somewhere around 200,000 – 150,000 YBP as an already highly developed product of evolution.i From that point, he experienced evolutionary forces that further refined, enhanced, and diversified his mental prowess. The following discussion is a review of some aspects of this remarkable product of evolution.
作为高度进化的产物，现代人出现在20万年到15万年前。从那一刻起，进化的驱动力使得人类的智力更加精细，强大和多样化。下面我们来回顾一下这一非凡的进化产物。
The nature of work in fields such as archeology, paleontology, and anthropology is to collect evidence, organize it, analyze it, and to then offer explanations that fit the findings. When the evidence is thin or misunderstood, attempts to explain it will be nothing more than incorrect, educated guesses. But as more and more is understood about the input information and the science behind these items, the explanations become more convincing. In the case of the evolution of human intelligence, a good bit is known about the sequence of species appearance, from early life forms through hominids. Intelligence has been studied for about a century and has benefited greatly from recent technologies, such as those used for brain imaging and electroencephalography (used to record brain activity in the form of electrical potentials). The knowledge base and availability of experimental options is, however, sparse enough that most of the explanations that can be offered are at least open to alternative formulations. With that in mind, this text will explore the explanations offered by some of the most eminent researchers in the field.
这些学科的本质，例如考古学、古生物学和人类学，是收集证据，组织证据，分析证据，然后提出一个合理的解释。当证据不足或被曲解时，试图去解释它只会得到错误和所谓有根据的猜测。但是随着了解的信息越来越多以及科学的发展，这些解释变得越来越有说服力。至于人类智力的进化，长期以来我们把它作为一系列物种的表象来了解，从早期的生命形态到原始人类。智力已经被研究了大约一个世纪，这项研究也得益于现代科技，例如脑成像和脑电图（用电势构成来记录脑活动）。但是，这些知识的基础和实验可行性是不够充分的，至少现有的大部分解释都有存在另一种构想的可能性。基于这一点，这篇文章将要探讨在这一领域最杰出的研究者所提出的一些解释。
Intelligence developing in various species
不同物种的智力发展
Any quick review of the evolution of animals immediately reveals a pattern of increasing complexity and intelligence. On a between species basis, lower life forms (invertebrates) display the least sophisticated intelligence with increasing mental development in vertebrates, especially in birds and mammals. In some regards, animal intelligence can be shown to be increasing over time, with gains when species of greater complexity have appeared.
随便观察一下动物的进化就会发现这样一个模式，动物们变得越来越复杂和聪明。以不同的物种为基础，越低等的生命构成（无脊椎动物）相对于脊椎动物显示了更低的智力，特别是鸟类和哺乳动物。从某些方面来说，动物的智力显示出随时间的推移越来越高，并伴随着更加复杂的物种的出现而进一步提高。
Scientists have attempted to apply some order to the development of brainpower by looking at between-species brain size. As a rule, the species with the larger brain has more intelligent behavior, but not always. Small monkeys, for example, are more intelligent than typical grazing animals, but the monkeys have smaller brains. In order to correct for the body size differences, some researchers have opted to use the encephalization quotient (EQ), which is the ratio of brain size to body size.
科学家试图通过观察不同物种的脑容量来定义智力的发展水平。一般来说，拥有更大大脑的物种的行为更加聪明，但也不全是。例如小猴子，比典型的食草动物更加聪明，但是猴子的大脑更小。为了修正体型差异，一些研究人员使用脑化商数（EQ）（译注：简称脑商，不是情商的EQ），就是大脑尺寸和体型尺寸的比例。
When only primates are being considered, total brain size gives a good indication of cognitive ability. Deaner, et al. (2007) found that neither EQ nor neocortex measures were superior predictors of intelligence. This finding is not so surprising, since a wide range of animal species were not considered. As an example of the comparisons that have been considered, the following is from Jerrison (1973):
当只考虑灵长类的时候，总脑量很好的显示了认知能力。Deaner等人在2007年发现无论是EQ还是大脑皮质测量都不能很好地预测智力。这一发现并不奇怪，因为还有大量的物种没有被考虑进来。已经有这样一个比较的例子，下面的数据来自于Jerrison（1973）：
EQ
--
Chimp (male): 2.48 (56.7 kg body weight, 440 g brain weight)
Chimp (female): 2.17 (44.0 kg body weight, 325 g brain weight)
Gorilla (male): 1.53 (172.4 kg body weight, 570 g brain weight)
Gorilla (female): 1.76 (90.7 kg body weight, 426 g brain weight)
Human (male): 7.79 (55.5 kg body weight, 1361 g brain weight)
Human (female): 7.39 (51.5 kg body weight, 1228 g brain weight)
脑商
--
黑猩猩 (雄): 2.48 (56.7 公斤 , 440 克脑重)
黑猩猩(雌): 2.17 (44.0公斤, 325克脑重)
大猩猩 (雄): 1.53 (172.4公斤, 570克脑重)
大猩猩(雌): 1.76 (90.7公斤, 426克脑重)
人类 (男): 7.79 (55.5公斤, 1361克脑重)
(女): 7.39 (51.5公斤, 1228克脑重)
Hamilton (1935) selected rats for maze experiments, breeding bright and dull strains for 12 generations. The 12th generation maze bright and dull rats had brain weights that differed by 2.5 standard deviations. This experiment is a sort of accelerated test of evolutionary change, showing the dramatic association between brain size and cognitive ability.
Hamilton (1935)选择老鼠做迷宫实验，聪明的和笨的各繁育12代。在第12代笨的与聪明的老鼠脑重之间的差距是2.5个标准差。这一试验属于一系列的加速进化实验，显示了脑容量和认知能力之间明显的联系。
EQ has become the measurement of choice for comparisons between species, but the correction for body mass does not work well at the extremes. Very large animals, such as the manatee and rhinoceros, have EQs that are obviously misleading. The opposite happens among small species. Whales and elephants have brains that are multiples of the size of the human brain, hence the desire to correct for body size. But based on body size, the mouse has a much larger portion of its total weight accounted for by the brain.
脑商已经变成物种比较时可选的测量方法，但是在极端条件下体重修正的效果并不好。例如非常大的动物，像海牛或犀牛，它们的脑商就会产生误导。相反的也发生在非常小的物种之间。鲸鱼和大象的大脑是人类的几倍，因此需要体型修正。但是基于体型修正，老鼠的大脑所占的比重就大得多了。
Lynn (2006) compiled EQs for living and extinct species, normalized against average living mammals. The following is taken from his larger list:
Lynn (2006)编译了现存的和已灭绝的物种的脑商表，标准化了现存物种的平均值。下面是从他的大表中摘出的：
EQ
--
Fish and reptiles .05
Average mammals 1.00
First birds 0.10 150 MYA
Average birds .75
First monkeys 1.00 30 MYA
Squirrel 2.80
Rhesus 2.10
Baboon 2.40
Gorilla 2.00
Orangutan 2.40
Chimpanzee 2.60
Homo habilis 4.30 4.3 MYA
Homo erectus 5.00 0.7 MYA
Homo sapiens 7.50
脑商
--
鱼和爬行类 .05
哺乳类平均 1.00
早期鸟类 0.10 150 百万年前
鸟类平均 .75
早期猴子 1.00 30百万年前
松鼠 2.80
恒河猴 2.10
狒狒 2.40
大猩猩 2.00
红毛猩猩 2.40
黑猩猩 2.60
能人 4.30 4.3百万年前
直立人 5.00 0.7百万年前
智人 7.50
[Anyone who has tried to keep squirrels out of a bird feeder can appreciate their high EQ. Whether it accurately places them relative to other species or not, the little critters are ingenious.]
任何试图将松鼠挡在喂鸟器外面的人都会领略它们的高脑商。不管它们相对于其它物种的排位如何，这些小东西都是相当机灵的。
The extinct species from the list (birds, monkeys, and hominids) had smaller EQs than their later counterparts. This is consistent with the general trend seen in many branches of the evolutionary tree.
Lee (2007) has compiled a list of species and estimated their rank order standing with respect to man. The list below includes only familiar species and their most recent common ancestor with man, as estimated by Goodman et al. (1999).
表中已经灭绝的物种（鸟、猴子和原始人）比他们的继任者的脑商更小。这与我们看到的进化树的许多分支的总体趋势是一致的。
Lee (2007)编了一个物种表，估算了各个物种相对与人类的排位。下表中仅仅包含了人们熟悉的动物，他们与人类有最近的共同祖先，正如Goodman等人估算的那样(1999)。
物种 g* MRCA**
Human人 1
Orangutan红毛星星 2 14
Chimpanzee黑猩猩 3 6
Spider Monkey蜘蛛猴 4 40
Gorilla大猩猩 5 7
Gibbon长臂猿 12 18
Baboon狒狒 14 25
Ruffed Lemur白颈狐猴 17 63
Bush Baby夜猴 21 63
Squirrel Monkey松鼠猴 22 40
* g is used here to signify general mental ability rank, relative to man
g是相对与人类的总排名
** most recent common ancestor with man (millions of years ago)
与人类最近的共同祖先（百万年前）
The above list shows the expected link between human intelligence and that of other primates and demonstrates the relatively wide range of dates for the most recent ancestors. The brain did not develop only by increasing size; it reconfigured, such that significant increases in relative size can be seen in the frontal and parietal lobes. The frontal lobes are associated with speech and gesture; the parietal cortex increased in size at the time more sophisticated tool use began (Geary, 2004).
上表显示了人类智力与其他灵长类之间的联系，显示了与最近祖先之间的时间跨度相当广。大脑并没有仅仅是在变大；可以在额叶和顶叶看到显著的增加。额叶和语言与手势有关；顶叶皮层的增加是因为复杂工具的使用开始了(Geary, 2004)。
Hominid EQ started to increase about 1 million YBP and reached a state of linear increase, starting about 500,000 YBP, peaking about 35,000 to 20,000 YBP (Geary, 2004). The decline in EQ after that point (3 to 4%) may be due to a change in selection pressures, or to brain development that was not volume dependent.
原始人的脑商在100万年以前开始增加，50万年以前达到线性增加的状态，3.5万到2万年以前达到顶峰(Geary, 2004)。在此之后脑商减小了3 到 4%，可能是由于选择压力改变，或者不再大量依赖大脑的发育。
Modern man
现代人
The date of the origin of modern man (Homo sapiens sapiens) has been frequently revised to accommodate new discoveries, dating, and understanding. It was once believed that modern man first appeared about 30,000 YBP,ii but each new number has pushed that date further back. It is common to see 200,000 YBP cited in various sources today; some put the date at 250,000 or more YBP.
现代人（晚期智人）的起源时间被经常修正去适应新的发现，年代测定和理解。一度认为现代人首次出现在3万年前，但是新的数字不断的刷新，时期不断的往前推。今天依据各种来源普遍认为是20万年前；有些把这一时期推到25万年前，或更久。
Homo sapiens began to migrate northward, out of Africa, around 100,000 YBP. Migration branched in many directions, carrying humans to most regions of the globe. The details of the migration are relatively unimportant to the discussion of intelligence, except for the branch that took some Homo sapiens west to what is now Europe, and others east to what is now Asia. Over the course of the following years, humans who settled in various locations faced a variety of selection pressures, resulting in adaptive changes that affected the body as well as the brain.
智人向北迁徙，离开非洲，大约10万年前。向很多不同的方向迁徙，把人类散布到全球的大部分地区。迁徙的细节对于智力的讨论不是很重要，除了方向，他们向西来到今天欧洲所在地，其他的向东来到今天的亚洲。过去了很多年，定居在不同地区的人类面临着不同的选择压力，这导致了适应性的改变，（这些改变）即作用于身体也作用于大脑。
The human brain evolved in both size and complexity. It is three times the size of the chimpanzee brain, but has only a 25% advantage in the number of neurons. Human brains have, however, much higher numbers of synapses and interconnecting branches (Jensen, 1998).
人类的大脑包括两个方面的进化，尺寸和复杂度。人类的大脑有黑猩猩大脑的三倍大，但是在神经元数量上只领先25%。但是人类大脑有更多的元轴突和互相的连接(Jensen, 1998)。
Modern man may have experienced unusually beneficial mutations that boosted intellectual output on two occasions. The first was around the time of the cultural explosion around 35,000 to 40,000 YBP. The second may have been an ASPM variant, which is about 6,000 years old and is limited to European populations. ASPM is a gene that is a major determinant of brain size. It may or may not have boosted intelligence, but it appeared at a time of increased complexity in at least some population groupsiii (Cochran G. and Harpending, J., 2005b). In a recent study, Bates et al. (2008) examined four brain size related genes (ASPM, MCPH1, CDK5RAP2, and BRCA1) and found no connection with intelligence or language, perhaps implying that brain complexity (degree of arborization) is the dominant factor.
现代人可能经历了不同寻常的有益的突变，有两次促进了智力的发展。第一次是文化爆炸式发展时期，大约3.5万年到4万年前。第二次是ASPM突变，大约6000年前，但仅限于欧洲人口。ASPM是决定大脑尺寸的主要基因。ASPM是否会促进智力还不一定，但是至少给某些人一个增加大脑复杂性的机会（Cochran G. 和 Harpending, J., 2005）。Bates等人（2008）研究了四个与大脑尺寸有关的基因（ASPM, MCPH1, CDK5RAP2, 和 BRCA1），发现和智力、语言无关，这可能暗示大脑复杂性（树突程度）才是决定性因素。
Language
语言
It is difficult to define the role played by language in the development of human species, or to determine the role language may have played in the evolution of human intelligence. It is obvious that many animal species communicate with each other and that such communication is frequently an aid to survival. Animal communication can serve as a way to warn others of danger, to identify a food source, to assemble a scattered family, and to coordinate migration. But in humans, language became complex, as the brain evolved, allowing the transfer of specific information for group control, planning, and the transfer of learning. The role played by language as an evolutionary factor is probably indirect, for example as a means of enhancing survival by group efforts, as a superior teaching tool, and as a general aid towards the accumulation of survival related knowledge.
在人类的发展过程中，语言所起的作用是难以定义的，也很难确定语言在人类智力进化中所扮演的角色。很明显，许多物种都可以彼此交流，而这种交流对生存至关重要。动物的交流可以作为一种警告其他同伴有危险、标明食物地点、组成松散的家庭和协同迁徙的方式。但是对于人类，语言变得非常复杂，因为发达的大脑，使得可以传输特别的信息，例如团队控制，计划和知识传递。语言作为进化因素可能扮演了间接的角色，例如作为通过团队合作增加生存几率的手段，作为优秀的教育工具，作为有助于与生存有关的知识的累积。
The anthropological record shows that as man passed through time, he acquired language, developed it into various increasingly complex forms, and invented means of writing his thoughts. In parallel with this, he devised the related vehicles of art and music and developed those into increasingly complex forms. In the least advanced population groups, much of this simply did not happen.
人类学的研究表明，在人类的漫长发展过程中，获得了语言能力，并把它的形式发展得越来越复杂，并发明了把他们的思想书写下来的手段。与此同时，人类发明了艺术和音乐，并把这些在形式上发展的越来越复杂。只有少数的先进人群发展出这些，在多数人群这些不会发生。
There are relatively few records of individuals who were denied language during maturation, but at least one well documented. It is known as the case of Isabel. From birth to age six, she lived, locked in an attic with her deaf-mute mother. She received food and shelter, but no language and no mental stimulation (not a single toy). When she was found and tested, her mental age was 1 year and 7 months (IQ of about 30). Over the interval from age 6 to 8, she caught up with her age peers and reached a mental age of 8. Thereafter, she matured at the same rate as her age peers and maintained a normal intelligence throughout her life (Jensen, 1998). This unusual case demonstrated both the role of language in normal development and the underlying physiological basis of intelligence. Isabel developed the neural structures during the first six years, that enabled her to rapidly learn language and to use it to catch up to her age peers. Clearly, language is essential to the development of and use of the brain, but it is not the thing that forms the brain, such that it can function normally.
很少有在发育过程中不接受语言学习的案例。但是至少有一个是记录在案的，就是著名的伊莎贝尔案例。从出生到6岁，她与她的聋哑母亲生活在封闭的阁楼里。她获得食物和被褥，但是没有语言和智力刺激（没有任何玩具）。当她被发现并接受测试时，她的心理年龄只相当于1年零7个月（IQ大约30）。从6岁到8岁，她赶上了她的同龄人，她的心理年龄达到8岁。从次以后，她和她的同龄人同步长大成人，她一生都达到了普通人的智力水平(Jensen, 1998)。这个不寻常的案例揭示了语言在正常发育中的作用和智力潜在的生理基础。伊莎贝尔在出生后的6年间完成了神经元构建，使她具备了快速学习语言的能力，并使用这一能力赶上了她的同龄人。很明显，语言对于大脑发展和使用是必不可少的，但是它并不构建大脑，只是使它可以正常的行使功能。
Selection pressures
选择压力
Increasing intelligence has accompanied the development of higher order species and is especially obvious in primates. The factors that selected for intelligence presumably acted when higher intelligence was advantageous in sustaining successful reproduction cycles. Humans have been unusual among animal species in acting to alter their living conditions in order to survive, as opposed to conforming to the limitations established by various geographic ranges. When human species were unable to overcome natural forces, they perished, but some managed to survive by using their intelligence to store food and create tools, shelter, and protective garments to increase their survival odds. Consequently, variations in weather patterns, food supplies, and threats from animals and other humans most likely acted to kill fewer individuals with high intelligence than those with low intelligence.
高等生物的进化伴随着智力的增长，灵长类则尤其明显。当更高的智力在维持生育循环方面更有利时，智力的选择因素开始起作用。在动物中人类是不同寻常的，他们为了生存而改变环境，与适应既成事实的各种各样的地理范围限制完全相反。当人类不能驾驭自然之力时，他们就会灭亡，但是一些则通过使用他们的智慧存储食物，制造工具、房屋和衣服增加他们的生存几率。因此，在各种各样的气候环境中，获取食物，应对动物威胁和在人类冲突聪明的个体被杀的也比低智力的少。
Cold as an evolutionary driver
寒冷是进化的动力
Winter temperatures have been the focus of much research with respect to the differentiation of intelligence among various human population groups. As people migrated into colder regions, they faced numerous cognitive challenges with respect to planning for winter food needs, developing warm clothing and shelter, hunting under adverse conditions, etc. The presumption is that when migrating groups failed to deal with winter adversity they did not live to continue the struggle. This severe culling of people favored those with higher intelligence.
在研究不同人类族群的智力差异时，冬季的温度是集中研究的对象。当人类向寒冷的地区迁徙时，他们面临着更多的认知挑战，比如规划冬季的实物需求，发展保暖的衣物和住所，在恶劣的条件下狩猎等等。假定不能够应对恶劣冬季的移民将不能生存以继续他们的挑战。严厉的淘汰有利于高智力群体。
Beals, et al. (1984) examined 122 population groups on every continent and found a correlation of +.62 between cranial capacity and distance from the equator. One argument concerning the reason for the cranial capacity increase in colder climates is that the larger brainiv was necessary to enhance survival under the extreme pressure of cold winters (Jensen, 1998). If this is the actual driver, it may be only an accommodation to higher intelligence, rather than a cause of it. There is a notable exception to the relationship between brain size and intelligence. Arctic peoples have the largest mean brain size of any population group, but have a mean IQ of 91. Lynn (1987, 2006), Rushton (2005) and others credit the cold climate for the large brain volume; Lynn reasoned that the small population size of the Arctic Peoples greatly reduced their chances for other mutations necessary for higher intelligence. This exception and a small difference between mean brain volumes between Australian Aborigines (IQ 62) and Bushmen (IQ 54), relative to sub-Saharan Africans, demonstrated that all of the variance between population groups is not accounted for by brain volume; other biological differences are present and account for significant additional variance. Lynn (2006) presented the following to illustrate the relationships between winter temperatures, brain size, and intelligence:
Beals等人(1984)调查了每个大陆上共122个人群，并找出了颅骨容量与赤道距离的关联，一个关于气候越冷脑容量越大的原因的解释是在严酷冬天的生存压力下，更大的大脑对于生存下去是至关重要的(Jensen, 1998)。如果这是真正的驱动力，那也仅仅是高智商的适应性调节，而不是根本原因。有一个脑容量与智力相关性的例外例子。北极圈内的居民有着最大的脑容量，但是平均智商只有91。Lynn (1987, 2006), Rushton (2005)和其他人也都相信寒冷的气候意味着更大的脑容量。Lynn推测北极区的居民因为种群数量太小，这样极大的减小了产生高智力所必须的突变的机会。这个例外以及澳大利亚土著(IQ 62)与布希曼人(IQ 54)的比较，考虑到非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南人口脑容量与平均脑容量之间的微小差异，显示了不同人群间的所有差异并不能都归因于脑容量；其他的生物学差异是存在的，并解释了其他的重大差异。 Lynn (2006)提出了如下内容，展示了冬季温度、脑容量与智力的关系：
degrees C degrees C cc
Winter Temp Wurm Temp Brain size IQ
冬季气温 武木期气温 脑容量 智商
Arctic peoples北极区人 -15 -20 1,443 91
East Asians 东亚 -7 -12 1,416 105
Europeans 欧洲 0 -5 1,369 99
Native Americans 美洲原住民 7 5 1,366 86
S. Asian and N. Africans 南亚 北非 12 7 1,293 84
Wurm Temp = coldest winter monthly temperatures during the main Wurm glaciation, from approximately 28,000 to 10,000 YBP.
武木期温度=主要的武木冰川期间的冬季月最低温度，大约2.8万到1万年前。
In warm climates, the relationship between IQ and temperatures becomes irregular. For example, the population groups in sub-Saharan Africa show mean IQ differences, but these are not consistent with the mean temperatures in the associated geographical areas. This is consistent with the expectation that temperature does not act as an evolutionary driver in relatively warm areas, where early man survived by foraging. It is cold that is lethal and which places a premium on cognitive ability.
在温暖的气候里，智商与温度的关系不再那么清晰。例如，撒哈拉以南的人口的平均智商是不同的，但与相关地理区域的平均温度无关。在相对温暖的地区，温度就不再是进化动力了，那的先民们通过觅食就能生存。寒冷天气是致命的，额外促进了认知能力。
A very strong marker for winter temperatures is skin color. Templer and Arikawa (2006) found that skin color (darkness) correlated at r = -0.85 between winter high temperatures and r = -0.75 with winter low temperatures (both at p < 0.001). The authors do not suggest that skin color is directly related to intelligence, although Jensen pointed out that the data may be a reflection of pleiotropy acting as at least a partial cause. In an earlier study, Jensen (1973) found a correlation of -0.20 between skin color and IQ on a within-group basis. Despite not attempting to imply causation, Templer and Arikawa did present the corresponding correlations between IQ and various other parameters. It is important to note that the correlations are on a nation by nation basis (129 countries), not on an individual basis:
冬季温度的显著标记是肤色。Templer 和 Arikawa (2006)发现肤色（深色）与冬季高气温的相关性为r = -0.85，与冬季低气温的相关性为r = -0.75（两个的P都小于0.001）。专家不建议肤色与智商直接相关，虽然Jensen指出数据可能是基因多效性的反射，至少在局部起作用。在早期的研究中，Jensen (1973)发现在一个基础群体内智商与肤色的相关度为-0.20。尽管不去试着暗示因果关系，Templer 和 Arikawa确实指出了智商和其他多种因素之间的相关性。需要注意这个相关性是基于国家的（129个国家），不是基于个体，这很重要。
correlation with IQ
智商相关性
Skin color 肤色 -0.90
Real GDP per capita 人均国内生产总值 0.74
Celsius temperature
摄氏度
winter high 冬季高 -0.74
winter low 冬季低 -0.63
summer high 夏季高 -0.30
summer low 夏季低 -0.31
Intelligence of Mongoloidsv
蒙古人种的智商
Various sources (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994; Lynn 1987, 2006; Jensen 1998; etc.) have reported estimates of mean Mongoloid intelligence at 3vi to 5 pointsvii above that of Caucasoids (European and of European descent). The early achievements of Mongoloids, especially in China, are well documented; one good example is Murray’s (2003) review of Chinese early accomplishments in mathematics, astronomy, invention, maritime expeditions, medicine, architecture, art, literature, and philosophy. The early start of Chinese culture was followed by various starts and stops that are similar to those seen in European history. The early appearance of advanced civilization in China is exactly what would be expected on the basis of the relatively high intelligence of the people.
各种资料来源(Herrnstein & Murray, 1994; Lynn 1987, 2006; Jensen 1998; 等等。)都显示了蒙古人种的平均智商比高加索白人高3到5个点。蒙古人种的早期记录，尤其是在中国，被完好的保存着；一个好的例子是Murray’s (2003)对中国早期在数学、天文、发明、航海探索、医药、建筑、艺术、文学和哲学成就的讨论。中华文明有多个起源，与欧洲的历史相似。中国先进文明的早期表象确实被认为是建立在相对高智商人群的基础上。
The Mongoloid intelligence advantage is due to high spatial ability, which offsets a low verbal ability. During the Wurm glaciation, Mongoloids were trapped between ice advancing from the Himalayas in the south and from the Arctic in the north. The severe cold acted as a strong survival filter, leaving subsequent generations physically and mentally changed in ways that reduced body heat loss and enhanced hunting skills and shelter building and other tasks that were necessary to survival.
蒙古人种优越的智力在于高的空间能力（译注：空间想象能力是指通过想象去思考事物的具体形状、位置。想的与事实是否一致，就是空间想象能力的体现。），以弥补低的语言能力。在武木冰河期，蒙古人被困在其南面推进中的喜马拉雅冰河和其北面的北极冰河之间。严寒成为强大的生存过滤器，存活下来的后代在体能和智力都向这个方向演变，更少的体温损失，增强狩猎技能，建造房屋和其他生存必须的任务方面。
Lynn (1987) shows a depression of about 4 points in verbal and an advantage of about 6 points in spatial abilities (relative to Caucasoids). He then proceeds to discuss possible evolutionary pressures which could account for this profile. He reasons that during the last ice age (Wurm), Mongoloids must have lived largely as hunters (in the manner of Eskimos). The hunting for survival put a premium on spatial abilities, acting as an evolutionary pressure, favoring that ability. Lynn speculated that the increase in spatial abilities may have taken place at the expense of verbal abilities, literally displacing portions of the verbal centers in the brain. He also pointed out that there is a sex difference in spatial ability, favoring males, presumably due to the usual role of the male as hunter.
Lynn (1987)的研究显示蒙古人种的语言能力差4点和空间能力高6点（相对于高加索人种）。他继续讨论可能的进化压力，这些都可以解释这一特性。他推测在最后的冰河期（武木期），蒙古人种大量的依赖狩猎生存（就像爱斯基摩人的行为）。为了生存而进行的狩猎活动增强了空间能力，起到增进这一能力的进化压力的作用。Lynn推测空间想象能力的增加可能是以语言能力为代价的，从字面上看是取代了大脑的语言中心论。他也指出，空间能力也有性别差异，男性更加优秀，可能是由于男性作为猎人的缘故。
Lynn (1987)
Comment: The explanation offered by Lynn for the Mongoloid intelligence profile is obviously an idea that is difficult to prove. Since he published that idea in 1987, I asked him (in 2004) if there had been any work that confirmed or disproved the hypothesis. He said that there was nothing new, but was content that the idea was still reasonable. Interestingly, he did not mention the possibility of investigating the spatial and verbal abilities of Mongoloids via brain imaging.
Lynn (1987)
评论：Lynn对于蒙古智力特点的解释显然是很难证明的。自从他在1987年发表以来，我在2004年问他，是否有任何成果确认或反证这一假设。他说没有任何新进展，但令人满意的是这理论依然是合理的。有趣的是，他没有提及通过脑影像来研究蒙古人种空间和语言能力的可能性。
Intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews
德系犹太人的智力
Ashkenazi Jews from Western Europe and the United Statesviii have the highest mean IQ of any population group. Various sources cite slightly different numbers, but Lynn’s (2006) estimate of a 10 point advantage relative to the British mean is probably accurate, to within a point or two. This advantage is concentrated in verbal and math, while the group is lower in visual-spatial ability (essentially the reverse of the Mongoloid profile). The very high rate of accomplishment among Ashkenazi Jews has been documented repeatedly. One example:
在西欧和美国的德系犹太人有所有族群里最高的智商。各种资料引用了略有不同的数据，但Lynn’s (2006)估计对于英国的平均值有10点的优势可能是精确的，误差在1、2点以内。这个优势集中在语言和数学，而在视觉空间能力上则比较低（本质上来讲与蒙古人种正好相反）。德系犹太人的高成就被反复大书特书。举个例子：
“During the last three decades, Jews have made up 50% of the top two hundred intellectuals, 40 percent of American Nobel Prize Winners in science and economics, 20 percent of professors at the leading universities, 21 percent of high level civil servants, 40 percent of partners in the leading law firms in New York and Washington, 26% of the reporters, editors, and executives of the major print and broadcast media, 59 percent of the directors, writers, and producers of the fifty top-grossing motion pictures from 1965 to 1982, and 58 percent of directors, writers, and producers in two or more primetime television series.” [Lipset and Raab (2005) pp 26-27]
“最近的30年间，犹太人占前200名顶级知识分子的50%，美国科学与经济诺贝尔奖得主的40%，高等学府教授的20%，高级公务员的21%，纽约和华盛顿高端律师事务所合伙人的40%，记者、编辑、广播媒体和主要出版物高管的26%， 1965年到1982年最卖座的55部电影的制片人、导演、作者的59%，一个或更多黄金时段电视剧的导演、作者、制片人的58%”。 [Lipset 和 Raab (2005)](译注：犹太人对话语权可怕的统治力)
The question naturally arises as to what accounts for this high mean. Weather is presumably not a factor, since there was no northward geographical separation relative to lower IQ groups with whom they lived. Several hypotheses have been argued: (1) the intentional practice of eugenics, (2) persecution, (3) genetic drift, and (4) a history of city life, as opposed to farming.
很自然会提出这样的问题，什么导致其占如此高的比例？想来气候应该不是原因，因为和他们生活在一起的低智商群体并没有趋北地理隔离现象。有几个可能和假设被提出：（1）刻意的优生传统，（2）遭受的迫害（3）基因漂变（4）长期都市生活，而不是务农。
Item 1 – Various sources have cited the relative isolation of the Ashkenazi population group. The group has had a history of less reproductive mixing with other groups than is typical of other population groups, especially those found in Europe. MacDonald (1994), for example, sees a closed breeding group, separated from others on religious grounds, and extrapolates that this history was largely responsible for the emergence of a high group intelligence. He uses the same argument, but applied as less isolation to explain the failure of Sephardic Jews to evolve along the Ashkenazi line.
项1—很多的信息源都提到德系犹太人群的相对隔离。在漫长的历史中，这个种群很少像其他种群那样与别的种群交叉繁殖，尤其是在欧洲。例如，麦克唐纳德（1994），仔细研究了由于宗教原因而与其他族群隔离的近血源群体，推断这一经历很可能是高智商群体产生的原因。他使用同样的理论来解释不隔离的西班牙系犹太人的失败。
The problem with this hypotheses is that too little genetic mixing, over a long time period, is likely to reduce the probability of the population group gaining advantageous genes. Lynn (2006) argued that there has always been at least some inter-marriage outside of the group and that even a relatively small amount of exogamy is sufficient to introduce desirable non-Jewish genes into the breeding group. If this is correct, it may imply that there is an optimal range of mixing and that the Ashkenazi history falls in that range.
这一理论的问题是太少的基因混合，在长期来看，很可能会减少获得优秀基因的概率。Lynn (2006)指出，其实一直是有一些异族通婚的，即使相对数量很少，也足以使得非犹太基因进入这个群体。如果这一理论正确，那就意味着有一个最优的混血比例，而犹太人正好落在这一范围内。
Part of the eugenics hypotheses is that Jews encouraged the brightest to have more children and discouraged duller individuals from retaining the Ashkenazi identity. While the argument may be correct and may be a contributing factor, it is very difficult to build a strong case that this is the primary driver of high intelligence among Ashkenazi Jews.
优生学假设之一是犹太人鼓励最聪明的人有更多的孩子，笨蛋不能保持犹太人的身份。理论可能是正确的，并起了部分作用，但是没有强有力的案例能说明这是德系犹太人高智商的主要驱动力。
Item 2 – It is common knowledge that Jews have been persecuted in various parts of the world for a very long time, up to and including the present. The argument that persecution was an evolutionary driver is quite similar to the winter temperature argument that is generally applied to Europeans and East Asians. If smarter individuals had a higher probability of successful reproduction than others, the end effect is the same for both weather and persecution. In that regard, this hypothesis is particularly strong.
项2—众所周知，犹太人在世界很多地方被长期迫害，一直到近现代。迫害在进化动力方面起的作用与冬季的温度类似，这一点普遍适用于欧洲人和东亚人。如果聪明的个体有更高的几率成功繁衍后代，作用的结果就与天气和迫害类似。就这一点而言，这一假设是特别有力的。
Item 3 – Genetic drift is a driver of genetic composition when a small group is isolated and has a randomly selected set of genes. This may happen when a large fraction of the initial group is killed, or when a small subset of the initial group is geographically separated from the others. When an isolated group grows in numbers, the genes that were not present, as a matter of chance, will be lost, while those that were present will characterize the group as long as it remains isolated. No mutations are required, but a genetic bottleneck of sorts has to have occurred.
项—3当某个小群体被隔离时，基因漂变成为基因组合的驱动力，随机的选择基因片段。当大部分原始族群被杀时或一小部分因为地理因素被从原始族群中隔离出来时这种变化也可能发生。当隔离的群体数量增加时，有很大的机会那些没有被带出来的基因会丢失，那些带出来的基因则会塑造这个族群，只要保持隔离状态。没有必须的突变，但是各种族群遗传瓶颈效应将会出现。
This path also tends to increase inbreeding by amounts that are related to the size of the isolated group. Inbreeding has the potential of causing higher frequencies of recessive genetic diseases and is well documented as having a deleterious impact on intelligence (Jensen, 1998; Rushton and Jensen, 2005). If the genetic drift were accompanied by significant inbreeding, there would be opposing forces that might prevent the large magnitude IQ gains that have happened.
这一途径也会导致大量同系繁殖，同系繁殖的规模和被隔离的族群人数有关。同系繁殖有引起更频繁的隐性遗传疾病的风险，对于智力的影响也是有害的(Jensen, 1998; Rushton 和 Jensen, 2005)。如果遗传漂变伴随明显的同系繁殖，将会对大量高智商的产生起反作用。
Item 4 – This “city life” hypotheses argues that Ashkenazi Jews found themselves living in cities and performing jobs that were more mentally taxing than was typical of other groups which included large groups involved in farming and herding. It contends that this sustained history led Ashkenazi Jews to evolve in the direction of the intelligence requirements of their city jobs (mostly money lending – see Arkin, 1975). During the near famine conditions of the 10th and 11th centuries, Jews did not suffer and lived at the level of lower nobility (Roth, 2002).
项4—“城市生活”这一假设指出，德系犹太人发现他们自己生活在城里，做着比包括农民和牧民在内的其他群体更多的脑力劳动。德系犹太人朝着符合城市生活的智力要求进化（大部分从事借贷也，见Arkin，1975）。在10和11世纪的饥荒期间，犹太人并没有受苦，过着低等贵族水平的生活(Roth, 2002)。
This hypothesis is argued by Cochran, et al. (2005a) along with an attempt to link various genetic diseases that are found among Ashkenazi Jews to the genes that cause high intelligence. The “city life” idea has to meet the same requirements as any other evolutionary explanation—that it contributed to a higher probability of achieving successful reproduction. It could well do that, or at least contribute to it. This line of reasoning is opposite to the weather and persecution hypotheses in that it is a positive contributor, while the other two are literally killers.
这一假设是由Cochran等人提出的(2005)，试图将德系犹太人群中的遗传病和高智商的基因联系起来。“城市生活”这一点与其他对进化的解释面临同样的前提条件----必须有助于获得更高的遗传几率。就一点来讲它是起作用了，至少是有影响的。这一推理与气候和迫害假设相反，因为它是正面作用，而其他两项则从字面也可以看出来是通过减少人口来起作用。
One weakness of the “city life” explanation is that is assumes that there is a direction of causation from task to intelligence. If high intelligence was already present in a given group, that group might be expected to gravitate towards work that was complementary of the ability. That case applies in contemporary free markets, in which bright people are attracted to the challenges and rewards of high IQ jobs. But the situation that brought Ashkenazi Jews into money lending was directly related to their group status as non-Christians. They benefited from the Christian prohibition against usury. In short, there was a demand for lending, but no supply. This presents a somewhat different motivation for entry into a business area; it was not a matching of intellectual ability to a challenging occupation, but one of adapting to a social niche that was created by dictate. So, the job as a filter may have some credibility. Weinryb (1972) makes a case that wealthy Jews had a very high level of reproductive success, with large families, as well as a high standard of living (possibly contributing to a higher survival rate for their children).
城市生活之一解释的一个问题是假设工作与智力有因果关系，如果高智商在指定的群体中已经出现，那么这个群体可能去做与这一能力相称的工作。这一理论适用于当代的自由市场，聪明人做有挑战性和高报酬的高智商工作。但是使德系犹太人从事借债工作的直接原因是他们的非基督徒身份。他们从基督徒禁止的高利贷行业获利。总之，是有借债的要求，但是没有人提供这项服务。这说明进入商业领域的动机有点不同。这与聪明人从事有挑战的行业这一理论不一致，他们只是为了适应强制的社会生态。工作作为过滤器还是可信的。Weinryb (1972)做了一项研究，富有的犹太人有很高的生育率，和大家庭，生活水平也高（这一点使他们的孩子成活率较高）。
Intelligence of Caucasoids
高加索白人的智力
The major sub-groups among Caucasoids are Europeans, South Asians, and North Africans. These groups were described by anthropologists and were later confirmed by analysis of their genetic markers (Cavalli-Sforza, et al., 1994). These three major groups evolved higher intelligence as a function of their latitude: Europeans, IQ 100; South Asians, IQ 90; and North Africans, IQ 85. [Lynn (2006) gives the most detailed account, to date, of the global distribution of intelligence.]
高加索白人的主要亚种群是欧洲人，南亚人和北非人。人类学家定义了这一群体，又被最新的基因标记确认(Cavalli-Sforza, et al., 1994)。这三个主要族群依照纬度原则进化出了更高的智商：欧洲人智商是100；南亚人智商是90；北非人智商是85。[Lynn (2006)给出了详细的清单，和迄今为止的全球智商分布图。]
Much of the advancement in human civilization from the time of the Roman Empire to the past century has come from Caucasian groups, with increasing concentration in Europe. Sporre (1990) shows the progress of works of art, architecture, and science from the relatively barren paleolithic period to the present. The first large contributions appeared in early Egypt, spreading northward about 3,000 YBP and then flourishing in Europe for centuries. For whatever reasons, the largest number of significant developments no longer came from China, but were from Europeix and especially from four countries: Italy, France, England, and Germany. Murray (2003) attributes the flourishing of accomplishment to cultural and structural richness of principles, craft, and tools that was self-sustaining. Lynn (2006) speculated that this difference was the result of higher social conformity in East Asian countries. Such shifts in centers of innovation and creativity are related to the mean intelligence of the groups in question, but mostly in a necessary but not sufficient sense. Other factors, such as governmental structure (relative freedom to create, or pressure to comply with policy), the influence of religion, war, and general prosperity account for significant parts of what is seen historically as innovation and creativity.
很多的先进人类文明，从罗马帝国到后来的几个世纪，都来自高加索白人种群，多集中在欧洲。Sporre (1990)展示了艺术、建筑和科学从相对落后的旧石器时代到现代的发展进程。古埃及做出了第一个大的贡献，3000年前开始向北传递，并在欧洲盛行了几个世纪。无论什么原因，大多数重要发展不再来自中国，而是来自欧洲，特别是自四个国家：意大利、法国、英格兰和德国。Murray (2003)把这些成就归因于文化和丰富的建筑原则，精工细作和自力更生的工具。Lynn (2006)推测，这些不同是东亚国家较高的社会从众性导致的结果。我们现在讨论的平均智力对于创新来讲是必要条件，但不是充分条件。其他的因素，例如政府结构（创新的相对自由，或者强迫墨守成规），地区影响，战争，和大体上的繁荣，从历史上看都是创新的重要部分。
Intelligence of Negroids
黑人的智力
The populations that remained in Africa differentiated themselves geographically and genetically, as can be easily seen by comparing various sub-groups, such as Masai to Pygmies. Despite various between-group differences found among Negroids, none were subjected to the highly selective pressures of extreme cold and did not develop heat conserving body forms, large crania, or elevated intelligence. Lynn (2006) estimated that the mean IQ of sub-Saharan Africans is 67. Subgroups within this geographic area have reached various IQs that are associated with their breeding groups. Among the lowest of these, the Kalahari Bushmen have a mean IQ of 54 and have a slightly smaller brain size than other sub-Saharan Africans. Pygmies similarly have lower intelligence (IQ 54) than the other Negroid groups. Both Bushmen and Pygmies have lived as hunter-gatherers throughout their history.
非洲的人口从地理上和遗传学上本身就有很大的不同，通过对比各种亚群体就可以发现这一点，例如马赛人和俾格米人。尽管各个黑人种群之间存在差异，但都没有经受极端寒冷的高选择压力的考验，没有发展出保存体温的形式，大颅骨和高智力。Lynn (2006)估计南沙哈拉沙漠以南的非洲人的平均智商是67。在这一区域内，亚群体有不同的智商，而智商与族群血源有关。其中最低智商之一的是布希曼人，平均智商只有54，脑容量明显小于其他撒哈拉以南的非洲人。俾格米人也与其相似，智商也是54，比其他黑人都低。布希曼人和俾格米人自古以来就是靠集体狩猎生存的。
r-K strategies
r-K策略
（译注：ridical-Keep，r策略也就是激进策略，是机会主义者，很容易出现“突然的爆发和猛烈的破产”；K策略是保守策略，是保守主义者，当生存环境发生灾变时，很难迅速恢复，如果再有竞争者抑制，就可能趋向灭绝。---度娘）
As animal species evolved and increased in complexity, the various species adopted different survival strategies, based on a trade-off between reproduction rates and survival rates. [E. O. Wilson (1975) first proposed what is now known as r-K Life History Theory.] This trade-off constitutes a spectrum that, at the extreme r-strategy end (considering vertebrates) is typified by fish and reptiles. These species survive by producing huge numbers of offspring, providing little or no care for them, and numerically overcoming the odds that all of them will be eaten or lost to the elements. At the opposite extreme, the K-strategy end, reproduction rates are very low, often consisting of one individual per reproductive cycle, but with a high survival rate that is enhanced by intense parental care and protection. The K-strategy is seen in vertebrates, where extreme examples include large mammals and primates. The terms r and K are taken from the equation for population growth:
正如物种进化并变得越来越复杂，基于繁殖率和生存率之间的权衡，不同的物种采取不同的生存策略。[E. O. Wilson (1975) 首次提出r-K生命史论]这些权衡就构成了一部图谱，在r策略的极端典型是鱼类和爬行类（只考虑脊椎动物）。（译注：如果考虑所有动物那么采取最极端激进策略的是昆虫）。这些物种通过生育大量的后代来生存，很少或者不照顾后代，庞大的数量弥补了被吃掉或自然因素死亡的可能性。另一个极端是K策略，繁殖率非常低，每次甚至只生一个，但是有很高的存活率，完善的养育和保护增加了存活率。K策略在脊椎动物中很常见，极端的例子包括大型哺乳动物和灵长类。r 和 K在下面的人口增长方程中。
dN / dt = rN (K – N) / K
N = 人口规模
K = 环境承载能力
r = 人口增长率
There does not appear to be a direct evolutionary driver associated with r-K theory, but Rushton has shown that it offers insight on how group traits evolved, when applied at the sub-species level. He applied Jensen’s default hypothesisx to humans (an extreme example of the K-strategy) and found that the factors that operate over the entire spectrum of r-K are found between races and that the between-species traits are predictive of racial trait differences. Since his extension of r-K theory was limited to humans (a K selected species), he called the application “Differential K Theory” (Rushton, 2004).
Rushton (2004) examined traits of 234 mammalian species and found (via principal component analysis) a single life history factor, with the following loadings:
r-K理论并没有显现出直接的进化动力，但是Rushton指出，当应用在亚种群上时，这个理论显示了种群特性是如何形成的。他使用了Jensen对人类的假设（典型的极端K策略），在r-K图谱中发现了那些人类种族之间起作用的因素，人种之间差别的预测也适用于物种之间。因此他扩展了被限制在人类上的r-K理论（一个K策略的物种），他把这种应用叫做“差别K理论”(Rushton, 2004)。
Rushton (2004)测试了234种哺乳动物，发现了（主成分分析）一个个单一的生命历程因素，如下表：
brain weight 脑重量 .85
longevity 寿命 .91
gestation time 妊娠时间 .86
birth weight 新生儿重量 .62
litter size 产子数量 -.54
age at first mating 首次交配年龄 .73
duration of lactation 哺乳时间 .67
body weight 体重 .61
body length 体长 .63
These same factors appear at the sub-species (race) level in humans. In each case, the ordering of the item being measured is such that Caucasoids lie between Mongoloids and Negroids. If there was any chance involved, at least some of the factors should align differently. They do not. Examples of ordered variables (Caucasoid values always lying between the two other races) from Table 1, Rushton (1995):
同样的因素也出现在人类的亚种群里。同样测量了这些项目，高加索白人在蒙古人和黑人之间。如果有机会改进，至少这些因素中的一些应该调整。例如下面的例子，Rushton (1995):
· Brain size — all forms of measurement
· 脑尺寸—所有形式的测量
· Intelligence
· 智力
· Decision times — chronometric measurements
· 判断力—精确测定
· Maturation rate — gestation, skeletal development, motor development, dental development, and age in reproduction measures
· 成熟率—妊娠期，骨骼发育，运动发育，牙齿发育，生育年龄
· Personality measures — examples: aggressiveness, cautiousness, dominance, impulsivity, self-concept, etc.
· 性格—例如：攻击性，谨慎，支配性，冲动，自我认识等等。
· Social measures — marital stability, law abidingness, and mental health
· 社会—婚姻稳定性，遵纪守法，心理健康
· Reproductive effort — twinning, hormone levels, sex characteristics, permissive attitudes
· 生育—双胞胎，技术水平，性别特征，宽容度
Differential K Theory simply shows that the ordering of variables at the sub-species level can be predicted by the application of the degree to which each group is K-selected. It suggests that the evolution of racial groups was not random on a trait by trait basis, but instead followed the same general patterns seen between species.
差异K理论仅仅显示了亚物种变量的排序，能够预测每个K选择种群。这表明物种的进化不是随机的基于特性到特性的变化，相反的是遵循一个相同的模式。
Since Differential K Theory identifies different reproductive strategies on a within-group basis, the question might be raises as to which strategy is most effective. Arguing from one point of view, the population sizes of China and Japan (at various points in time) might imply that the more K-selective strategy has been dominant. But present population trends have favored less K-selective groups, especially as a result of very low fecundity in industrialized nations. Lynn and Harvey (2007) found a significant global dysgenic effect, such that the world correlation of IQ and fertility is – 0.73. This has resulted in an estimated loss of about .86 IQ points over the past half centuryxi and is expected to produce a larger decline of 1.28 points over the next fifty years. The estimates from Lynn and Harvey suggest that global IQ is declining because the more r-selected population groups are increasing in numbers, while the more K-selected groups are declining; in a Darwinian sense, r-selection wins. When Lynn delivered a paper on this subject in 2007 (International Society for Intelligence Research, annual conference), he pointed to the rapid declines in fertility throughout Europe, standing at well below replacement level. Fertility in the United States stands at the replacement level.
差异K理论区分种群内在不同的繁殖策略，问题就是哪个策略是最有效的。一种观点是，以中国和日本的人口规模（在各个时间点上）可能意味着偏K选择策略是占统治地位的。但是目前的人口趋势可能对较少K选择的族群有利，特别是低生育率的工业国家。Lynn 和 Harvey (2007)发现了一个对全人类不利的现象，全世界智商和生育力的相关性是-0.73。在过去的半个世纪，估计已经导致了智商损失0.86个点，在下一个50年预计会进一步下降1.28个点。Lynn 和 Harvey的研究指出全球智商下降是因为r选择策略的人口族群大量繁殖，而K选择策略的族群正在下降；按照达尔文原理，r选择胜利了。Lynn在2007年就这一研究方向发表了论文（国际社会智商研究和年度会议），他指出全欧洲的生育率正在下降，持续维持在更替水平以下。美国的生育率则刚好在更替水平上。
Robust body
强壮的身体
Among the ordered, between-group, factors in the list above are longevity and brain size. These, and some other factors, have emerged from the study of human intelligence, all connecting the more robust body to higher intelligence. General health, body symmetry, height, grip strength, and vital capacity all correlate positively with IQ.xii Some of these correlates (height, for example) are believed to be entirely the result of selective mating.xiii Others are presumably intrinsic genetic factors that are in some way related to a robust body. A negative trait explanation might be offered, which would be that the presence of deleterious genes cause multiple disruptive consequences to the body. This latter explanation is more likely to fit at the low end of the intelligence distribution and would be less effective in explaining the correlation over the full distribution of intelligence.
寿命和脑容量以及其他的因素在人类智力的研究中已有所体现，所有的都把身体更强壮与更聪明联系起来。大体健康，身体对称，身高，握力和肺活量都确实和智商相关。这些关系中的一些是交配选择的结果（例如身高）。其他因素则和身体强壮相关的遗传因素有关。有人提出一种负面特性解释，负面特性指有害基因的存在引起身体的多种破坏。这种新解释更可能在适合智力分布中智力差的那一部分族群。在解释全部智力分布方面没有效果。
One of the particularly interesting demonstrations of the robust body concept is the finding that more intelligent individuals have more symmetric bodies. The measurement used is known as “fluctuating asymmetry” (FA). It is derived by measuring finger length, and dimensions at the ankle, wrists, etc. where there is little fatty tissue. Increasing FA means more body asymmetry.xiv Bates (2007) found FA correlations with IQ for two groups: -0.41 and -0.29; these are within the general range of other FA studies. Furlow et al. (1997) and Prokosch et al. (2005) both hypothesized that the variance in g is a consequence of the variance in a general fitness throughout the body and brain.
强壮的身体这一概念的一个有趣的现象是越聪明的个体，身体就越对称。测量的方法叫做“波动不对称性”，简称FA。通过测量手指长度，踝关节，手腕等等脂肪很少的地方。不对称性值越大，意味着越不对称。Bates (2007)发现不对称性与智商有两组相关系数：-0.41 和 -0.29；其他的FA研究也大概在这个范围内。Furlow 等人 (1997) 和 Prokosch 等人 (2005)假设g的变化是身体和大脑总体健康状况变化的结果。（译注：g因素理论：general facts，分析被试者的各类测验成绩时，发现有一个因素与各类工作均有关，称为普通智力因素（G）；但有些人数学测验成绩较好，而语文测验成绩较差；另一些人则相反。他认为这些差别或特长提示另一种因素的存在，即特殊智力因素（S）。）
The presumption is that FA serves as an indicator of the degree of developmental instability in the individual. Developmental instability would reasonably stand to also account for some of the other physical correlates to intelligence, such as measures of strength, general health, longevity, etc. As of 2008, the causal relationship between FA and g has not been established. Thoma et al. (2005) found that FA and brain volume both correlated with g, but that they did not correlate with each other and Johnson et al. (2008) did not find a correlation between FA and g. Consequently, it is not possible to establish probable causation at this time. The thing that can be concluded is that multiple fitness related variables show correlations with intelligence. Whether greater fitness (per these variables) has played a role as an evolutionary driver (in the Darwinian sense) must remain speculative.
我们推测可能不对称性反映了个体的发育基础不稳定度。发育的不稳定度合理的解释了其他与智力相关的身体部分，例如力量，总体的健康，身高等。2008年起，不对称性与g之间的因果关系还没有被建立起来。Thoma 等人 (2005)发现不对称性和脑容量合起来与g相关。但是彼此之间没有相关性，Johnson 等人 (2008)没有发现不对称性与g相关。因此，现在不可能建立因果关系。能够推断出来的就是与多重健康指标相关的变量与智力有关。是否越健康就越能扮演进化驱动者的角色这一点依然仅仅是推测。
Conclusions
结论
Intelligence increased throughout millions of years of evolution, showing increasing presence as animals became more biologically complex. This process is most apparent in brain size and the brain size to body size ratio. As various hominid species appeared, the same process of increasing brain size continued. Today human brain size remains predictive of intelligence for all population groups.
在百万年的进化历程中，智力得到了增长，并且在持续增长，正如动物在生物学上变得越来越复杂。这一过程最显著的就是大脑尺寸以及大脑占身体的比重。从各种原始人种群出现开始，脑容量增长这一进程始终在持续。今天人类大脑的尺寸依然可以预测所有人群的智力。
Although there were presumably numerous evolutionary filters that influenced the development of human intelligence along slightly different lines, winter weather stands out as the most salient single force, as is seen in the strong correlation between winter temperatures and the intelligence of various indigenous populations.
虽然可以推测有很多进化过滤器影响了人类智力的发展，使其走上了明显不同的进化之路，冬季是最明显的一支力量，可以看到，冬季的温度与各个土著族群的智力之间有很强的相关性。
The factors that caused different developmental paths in separate races, follow the same r-K reproductive strategy that is found throughout the animal kingdom. The absence of exceptions to this process suggest an orderly relationship between races, as they adapted to various local environmental conditions. This underlying factor was mediated in large part by the severe demands of weather and other survival related environmental conditions.
引起各个种族走上不同的发展道路的因素都遵循同样的r-K繁殖策略理论，这在整个动物王国中都可以发现。在这一过程中没有例外，显示出了种族之间的排序关系，正如他们适应了各种各样不同的环境条件。这一最优先的潜在因素在很大程度上通过严酷的气候和其他生死攸关的环境条件表现出来。
