【英语】完胜高考必备——特殊分词的用法梳理

特殊分词的用法梳理  

部分分词转化为形容词后，会失去动作感，仅表状态，用以描述特征或性质，可用作状语、表语、定语和补语。2014年高考英语新课标全国卷Ⅰ、新课标全国卷Ⅱ和广东卷的语法填空题均涉及了形容词化分词的用法。

一、状语  

非谓语动词作状语表状态时只能用过去分词形式，可用作方式、伴随、原因等状语，有两种呈现方式：

1.以过去分词或"从属连词+过去分词"形式呈现，常表伴随，位置可前可后。如：

Though surprised to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.

2.以"过去分词+介词短语"形式呈现。如：

Faced with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. 

Dressed in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.

二、表语  

置于系动词后，据转化程度，常见于以下三类结构：

1.主系表结构。此时的分词已完全转化为形容词，无动作感，表状态，用以描述主语的性质或特征，有别于被动语态。现在分词作表语时用来说明主语的特征或内容，所指与物相关，如interesting, exciting, boring, surprising等；过去分词可被very/much修饰，所指与人相关，如interested, excited, tired, surprised等。

调研：（2014·新课标全国卷Ⅱ）  There were many people waiting at the bus stop,  62（and）some of them looked very anxious and  63  (disappoint).

    【解析】disappointed。look disappointed是系表结构，表示"看起来感到失望"。  

2."系动词+过去分词(+介词)"型。此时的过去分词虽未完全转化为形容词，但已失去动作感，仅表状态，与主语构成主谓关系，如seated, lost, devoted, dressed, faced等。如：

Please remain seated until the plane completely stops. 

When I came in, they were absorbed in a heated discussion.

3."get+过去分词"型。此时的过去分词有些失去动作感，仅表示状态；有些表示被动，具有动作概念。前者常见表达有get caught/trapped/lost/hurt/changed等，而后者常见表达有get paid等。

调研：（2014·广东）  We got a little  25  (sunburn), but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind.

    【解析】sunburnt/sunburned。此处表示我们有点儿晒伤了。sunburnt/sunburned在此处是形容词作表语，表示"晒伤的"。

三、定语  

形容词化的现在分词作定语，多用来修饰事物；形容词化的过去分词作定语，多用来修饰人、人的声音或表情。

调研:（2014·新课标全国卷Ⅰ）  While there are  68  (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the  69(changes)  are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.

    【解析】amazing。考查形容词化分词作定语。本空在名词之前，应用形容词作定语。amazing"令人大为惊奇的"，修饰名词stories。

四、补语 

用于使役动词(make, leave, keep等)、感官动词(find, see, feel等)或心理情感类动词(expect, think, consider等)后作宾语补足语或主语补足语，依据指代对象的差异选用不同的分词形式。如：

I found myself lost and couldn’t sense the right direction.