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高考英语语法填空解题技巧与练习(1)

 mxb08 2015-05-13


本文章内容导读

一、动词(谓语/非谓语)

二、名词

三、代词

四、冠词

五、介词

六、连词(从属连词/并列连词)

七、情态动词

八、形容词/副词

九、挖掉表示起承转合的副词或副词性短语

十、词形变化或者词性变化

十一、特殊句型(或固定短语)

十二、定语从句的引导词.

十三、状语从句

十四、名词性从句

十五、 时态、语态

十六、 非谓语动词和独立主格结构

十七、 倒装语序、主谓一致关系、强调结构及其他

语法填空的考查范围:

1 语境(上下文);

2 语法:

动词(时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语形式)、名词、代词、冠词、介词、连词 固定搭配、情态动词、复合句、形容词和副词的比较级最高级及构词法、倒装等。

语法填空的能力要求:

1.阅读/理解语篇的能力

2.分析句子结构的能力

3.熟练运用语法的能力

4.单词拼写能力和逻辑推理能力等,对中下层考生来说,难度较大。

重点复习:掌握句子的基本结构

首先,我们必须熟练掌握简单句的基本句型结构:

1)主语+谓语(+宾语+宾补)

2)主语+系动词+表语

其次,我们要充分了解充当各个句子成分的典型词类:

1)充当主语或宾语的典型词类是名词或代词。此外,还有动名词、不定式短语等。

2)充当谓语的一定是动词。

3)充当补语或表语的典型词类是形容词。

4)在名词前作定语的典型词类是形容词或形容词性物主代词。

5)作状语的典型词类是副词。

再次,我们还要掌握句子的扩展结构:两个或几个简单句之间若不用句号或分号,就必须要用连词,否则,句子的结构就不完整。连词主要有以下四类:

1)用and,but,or,while(而,却),when(就在这个时候)等构成并列句。

2)用if,unless,before,after,until,although,though,as,since,because,so,so that等构成含状语从句的复合句(这里要注意区分一下复杂句和复合句,复合句是包含在复杂句这个概念里面的,在下文的基础写作部分有提到)。

3)用who,which,that,when,where,why等构成含定语从句的复合句。(这里要提醒考生的是往往不给任何提示的空就是填连词或关系词的,但也须结合句子结构来分析。)

4)用that,if/whether(是否),wh-等构成含名词性从句的复合句。

解题方法:用句子结构分析法巧解语法填空.分析句子的结构对解答语法填空题很有帮助。在解答语法填空题时,分析句子结构可以迅速确定所要填的词语的词类或大致方向,若再结合语境就可以很快得出具体的词语或词形,结合语境方面要特别注意短文的时态和上下文中的一些提示。

如: 阅读下面短文,根据上下文填入适当的词语,或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空,并将答案填写在答题卡上标号的相应位置。

The Internet has become part of young people’s life. ____1____ report shows that 38% of students often use the Internet . Most of them get _____2____ (use) information on the Internet ____3____ use the Internet to help in their studies. But many students don’t use it _____4____ a good way. Some play games too much, some visit websites ____5____ shouldn’t look at. So bad things may happen ____6___ students spend too much time on the Internet.

_____7____ is important for students to use the Internet properly. Now we have a textbook, _____8____ uses many examples to teach students some good ways to use the Internet. It gives useful advice.

Some students also make ____9____ on the Internet. But if you want to have a face-to-face ____10_____ (meet) with your online friends, let your parents know and meet in a proper place.

1. A .从下文中可以看出这是一个报道表明,前文还没有出现,无须特指.考查冠词的用法.

2. useful. 提示词use有名词和动词的词性,在这里是要一个形容词修饰imformation.考察词性的判定和转化。

3. and. 从这个句子要表达的意思来看get 和 use是并列的谓语动词。

4. in . 固定搭配,in a way 表示用某种方法。

5. they. 这是一个省略了that/which 的定语从句,从句子成分来看,此句缺乏主语,是用来修饰websites,而关系代词在定语从句种作宾语,故省略,填they来作从句中的主语。

6. if .从上一句话承接下来的一个结果,但用了情态动词may,此空应该填连词来引导一个条件状语从句。

7. It. 形式主语it代替真正的主语-不定式to use the Internet.

8. which. 通过句子分析法可以知道这是一个非限制性的定语从句。

9. friends. 由语境,下文中online friends推断出make friends 这个短语。

10. meeting . 提示词meet虽有名词词性,但have a meeting是习惯搭配。

下面是一些基本语法的解析,结合以往的一些单项选择考题作为理解之用(加深对基础语法的理解,对各个部分都有指导作用):

一、动词(谓语/非谓语)

给出动词的原形,根据句子结构的需要给出其适当的形式。填动词形式,首先抓住主谓结构,确定主句,剩下的部分,如有连词,则是句子,仍然有主谓结构,否则就用非谓语;是谓语就思考时态,语态,主谓一致,是非谓语就看主动被动,有否先后关系。

动词及动词短语辨析

主要考查的知识点:每年必考的考点,主要从以下几个角度来命题:

1) 惯性用法。测试语境中动词的词义辨析;测试一些习惯用语中的动词;测试一些系动词。

2)下列动词组成的短语:break,carry,come,get,give,go,look,pick,send,set,take,turn。英语词组的深层含义挖掘、多种含义拓宽也是当今考题的一个热点。每年的高考英语科考试大纲中虽列出了单词和词组,但并未注明其具体的含义,这就给命题者留下了自由的伸缩空间。所以在复习时,不能拘泥于其在教材上的含义,要大胆地对其深层含义进行挖掘。如:go out便可挖掘出以下含义:出去;出国;发出去;贴出去;出去参加社交活动;离家出去工作;压塌;(火)熄灭;过时;死去;消失;辞职;下台;结束;罢工等。(在完形填空中多加注意)

【例17】Two or three years ago this kind of glass es was a favorite with the children,but now it _______ .

A. has gone over B. has gone out C. goes by D. is going down

【答案】B 【解析】go out在这是“过时”之意。答案选 B。

【例18】They’ve _______ us £150,000 for the house. Shall we take it?

A. provided B. supplied C. shown D. offered

【答案】D

【解析】解答本题时不能只依据表面意思来选择。provide表示“提供”之意,但常构成 provide sb. with sth.(提供某人某物)或 provide sth.for sb.(提供某物给某人);supply也表示“提供”之意,但常构成:supply sb. with sth. 或 supply sth.to sb;show 意为“带路,给某人看”,不合句意;offer常用为:offer sb. sth.(提供某物给某人)。所以答案是 D。

【例19】To everybody’s surprise,the fashionable young lady _______ to be a thief.

A. found out B. proved out C. putout D. turned out

【答案】D 【解析】find out表示“打听,查明”;prove out搭配错误;putout表示“扑灭,熄灭”;turn out表示“证明是,结果是”。故答案为 D。

练习:

1. … Ms Chen (teach) me English since Junior 1, and to show my appreciation I decided to get her a present. (广州一模)

2. … I was certain she would like it because I (tell) by my classmates that she loved hot food. (广州一模)

3. … The exam, which was originally to be held in our classroom,__________ (change) to the library at the last minute. .(广州二模)

4. I had to leave work to take him to the hospital because he __________ (break) his finger. (深二模)

5. The child, Nicole Hobson, (take) by her mother to Children's Memorial Hospital about 11 p.m., Wednesday to check …(汕头二模)

6. A transit spokesman said the driver should (make) radio call to the control center for help. (汕头二模)

7. An official from the Ministry of Education said that China follows an educational policy that (encourage) students to study abroad. (茂名二模)

8. One of them was a visitor, saying he wouldn’t have been there if he ______ (watch)the weather forecast the day before. (梅州二模)

9. We must also consider the reaction of the person (receive) the gift. (广州一模)

10 … With the problem (solve), I felt proud of my achievement. .(广州二模)

11 … I then noticed that I had just 10 minutes left_________ (complete) the rest. .(广州二模)

12. There, (place) neatly beside the empty dish ,were two nickels and five pennies—her tip! (深一模)

13. ( compare) with the previous year, the number of students who went abroad for study was increased by 15 ,000, or a rise of 13%. (茂名二模)

14. Storms swept along New Mexico's border with Texas on Friday, ______(destroy) homes and other buildings and injuring…(梅州二模)

15.We must practise speaking and (write) the language whenever we can.

16.but it is not enough only (memorize) rules from a grammar book. (佛山一模)

17. The television viewer makes no choice and no judgment. He is completely passive and has everything ______ (present) to him without any effort on his part. (东莞一模)

Keys: 1. has taught / has been teaching /had taught /had been teaching 2. was told/ had been told 3. was changed 4. had broken 5. was being taken 6. have made 7. encourages 8. had watched 9. receiving 10. solved 11. to complete12. placed 13. compared 14. destroying 15. writing 16. to writing 17. presented

二、名词

主要考查的知识点:名词的用法,语境中词性的判断,词的转化。在语法填空题中常出现给一个提示词要求用它的正确形式填空,

重点复习:①掌握名词单复数的变化规律以及与相近语法的关系(名词单复数的使用受冠词、数词和主谓一致等语法的制约,因此复习名词单复数时,应注意分析名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语情况,还应注意主谓一致问题)。②熟悉、区别可数不可数(英语中有些名词有时为可数名词,而有时又是不可数名词,其区别由各自不同的用法而定,这是名词可数性用法的难点)。如:work 工作,不可数名词;著作 作品,可数;工厂 作坊,可数;工程 工事,可数。③掌握名词所有格的表示方法和名词作定语的用法,特别注意 else的所有格、双重所有格的用法。

【例1】The faces of four famous American presidents on Mount Rushmore can be seen from a _______ of 60 miles.

A. length B. distance C. way D. space

【答案】B【解析】本题考搭配,from at a distance of...从……的距离。选 B。

三、 代词

主要考查的知识点:不定代词和替代词的用法,It的用法和人称代词宾格。

复习重点:

①指代必须准确无误。②在使用人称代词、反身代词、物主代词这三类代词时,要注意它们在句中的人称、单复数及性别与所有格的一致性。③疑问代词的用法。④it,one,that是高考命题锁定的三个代词。

【例8】—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?

_______ way as you please.

A. Each B. Every C. Any D. Either

【答案】C 【解析】根据句中 three一词,可以相应的判断答语中应用表示三者的词,即在 A、B、C 中选择。另外,从语境上看,问者询问的是“我应该走哪条路可以到达乡村?”而从答话人的语气看,应是“哪条路(任何一条路)都可以”。故选 C。



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