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为什么人们对玩手机如此上瘾?

 汕头能率 2015-07-22

原文来自 Quora,已获得答主授权,内容仅代表答主观点。
译文由晓然翻译组原创,转载前请与我们联系。
译者:CB叉 校对:Breeze, Betty, Kiki, 老白


Why are people so addicted to their cell phones/smart phones?
为什么人们对玩手机如此上瘾?

Arpan Roy

你的大脑里有一种神经递质叫做多巴胺,它就是手机依赖症的元凶。

在回答这个问题之前,我先坦白,我并不是一个生物学家,许多以下将提及的东西是我通过阅读其他专家的观点而获得的。请允许我在开始时附上他们提供的资料。

Why We’re All Addicted to Texts, Twitter and Google
Want To Hook Users? Drive Them Crazy. (An Intro to Variable Rewards) – Nir and Far
Kent C. Berridge and Terry E. Robinson, What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?: Brain Research Reviews, 28, 1998. 309–369.
(译者注:以上是答主提供的部分原文链接和他所引用的文章信息)

然而,因为我是一个很喜欢将概念视觉化的人,所以我决定用以下图片来更快更有效地阐述整个原理。

多巴胺这种让人愉悦的物质是我们脑中的一种神经递质,虽然它对于神经和身体机能的作用更为重要,但它在寻求奖励行为中也扮演了重要的角色。

多巴胺促使你去寻求被奖励的快感,比如食物、性爱、毒品(对于部分人来说)。当你在体验新事物,或者最重要的、在你期待新事物的时候,你的多巴胺水平会提高,这将刺激你进一步寻求这些奖励。

这整个机制从进化的角度看来是极妙的,它曾使人类去探索寻求新的经历。如果没有多巴胺,我们或许会无所事事地赖在沙发上,没有兴致去尝试生活中的任何新事物。

就像威尔伯纳德(Will Berard)说的那样,如果没有互联网及大众传媒的参与,智能手机自身并没有什么吸引力。但一旦他们之间产生了联系,智能手机就会让人产生三种不同性质的愉悦。

#1 搜索新事物带来的激励

我们不仅对普通的生理快感上瘾,同时我们还渴望新的信息。与其他事物不同,仅仅是阅读或者学习新东西也会让你多巴胺泛滥。你之所以现在正在阅读这篇文章,以及像Quora和IFLS这样的网站之所以这么受欢迎,就是这个原因。

#2 自我认同带来的激励

另一个让多巴胺水平上升的奖励机制是被人确认及喜爱。每当别人给你脸书上的照片点了赞,或者对我来说,为我的答案投票,我就会产生愉悦感,此时多巴胺就会在我大脑里奔涌,促使我写更多的东西。

#3 归属感带来的激励

我们都希望在较大的组织中被认可并得到一种归属感。而智能手机和大众传媒利用见面组、讨论论坛、脸书聊天室及其他即时消息群组使其成为可能。

下次你的手机振动的时候,当你心里期待着自己的社交平台上有新的验证消息或是新闻短讯而伸手去拿时,你的多巴胺水平就在你产生期待的同时上升了。一旦你在这些方面得到了一定激励,你继续寻求这些快感的习惯便形成了。简单来说,你基本上已经依赖上你的手机,并一遍遍地期待新的刺激。

我一般把一些科普文章都放在我的 Medium 博客中
Curious Robot
或关注以下脸书账号,我在其中分享有趣的科学小知识。
Curious Robot

小贴士
1.现在点击下面这行小三角,可以直接查看英文版了
2.拖到文末可以参与评论
3.如果有什么有趣、有用的Quora题目,可以发给我们。


点击这里直接查看「英文版」

Arpan Roy


A Neurotransmitter In Your Brain Called Dopamine is The Cause Of Your Cell Phone or Smart Phone Addiction.

Before, I start answering this question,let me confess that I am not a biologist and many of the things mentioned below is what I found reading from other experts. Let me start by crediting them first.
Why We're All Addicted to Texts, Twitter and Google
Want To Hook Users? Drive Them Crazy. (An Intro to Variable Rewards) – Nir and Far
Kent C. Berridge and Terry E. Robinson, What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?: Brain Research Reviews, 28, 1998. 309–369.

However, since I am a very visual person I decided to create the figures below to convey the idea faster and more effectively.

Dopamine a 'feel good chemical' is a neurotransmitter in our brain which although critical for more mental and physical functions plays an important role is reward seeking behaviour.

Dopamine motivates you to seek pleasure giving rewards like food,sex and some cases drugs. When you are experiencing something new or most importantly, anticipating something new dopamine levels rise motivating you further.

All this is great from evolutionary point of view, where humans have gone out and searched for new experiences. Perhaps without dopamine, we would just lie on a sofa unmotivated almost trying to achieve nothing new in life.

Smartphones are not by themselves addictive without the presence of the internet or social media like Will Berard rightfully mentioned. But once connected they provide three different pathways of pleasure.

#1 Rewards of Hunt

Not only are we addicted to plain old physical pleasure but hunting for new information or just reading and learning new stuff provides a dopamine rush unlike others. This is the very reason you are reading this article right now and sites like Quora or IFLS are so popular.

#2 Rewards of Self

Another reward pathway for a dopamine rush is being validated and liked by others. Every time someone likes your Facebook photos or in my case up votes this answer I will derive pleasure and dopamine will rush into my brain causing me to write more stuff.

#3 Rewards of Tribe

We all want a feeling of belonging to a larger group and being accepted. Smartphone and social media allows this by being part of meetup groups, discussion forums, Facebook chat groups and other instant messaging groups.

Next time your phone buzzes, while you reach for it anticipating a new validation on your social media or a news snippet, your dopamine levels rise in anticipation. Once you have been properly rewarded with such information a new pleasure seeking habit it formed. In simple terms you are basically hooked to your phone and would wait in anticipation of rewards again and again.

I usually curate answers about popular science article on my Medium BlogCurious Robot
Alternatively you can follow the Facebook Page
Curious Robot
where I share interesting science snippets.




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