什么是设计思维？

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What is “Design Thinking”?
什么是设计思维？

Nina Khosla

「设计思维」是一种最先由产品设计公司IDEO提出的设计方法论。其由两部分组成——设计过程，以及设计价值。

1.观察：观察中最重要的就是寻找需求。设计师通过采访自己领域的用户以及观察他们的活动，来寻找需求。
2.理解：通过分析观察得来的数据，来理解用户更深层的动机、感受和价值观
3.明晰：明确你对问题的观点，并以此来指导你要设计什么样的东西。
4.想象：通过各种各样的头脑风暴技巧来想出新点子
5.雏形：把你的想法做成实物
6.检验：把你的设计雏形交给用户，通过他们的反馈来重新审视、修改调整你的设计雏形。

以下是我认为设计思维还包括的几个重要价值：

1.视觉化／感官化：设计师通过画图或者构建雏形来寻求新点子、精简原设计。
2.不断重复：汲取不同的创意，重复设计过程，建立、重建、再建设计雏形。
3.跨学科设计：设计思维和斯坦福机械工程部门的关系让它也融入了跨学科设计的概念，其强调不同领域专业人士之间的合作。（比如：T-shaped people T型人才，译者注：IDOE公司CEO提出的概念。T型人才既是通才，也是专才，可以从不同角度考虑问题）

设计思维众所周知的另一面就是头脑风暴，通常使用便利贴和白板来完成（把你所想的都列在白板上）。以下是设计师进行“头脑风暴”的一些基本规则。

1.海纳百川：这是设计师“头脑风暴”中最重要的一部分 （译者注：在“头脑风暴”过程中，不批评或者否认别人的意见，否则可能打击同伴的积极性）
2.量大于质：共同行动，而不要试图自己一次想出最好的点子。不管想到什么都提出来。
3.信马由缰：写下你所有的想法，就算有些主意不切实际。（你永远不知道什么会启发别人）
4.一次只一个人说话：不要尝试说服别人，说出你的点子，然后听听别人怎么说。
5.站在巨人（别人）的肩膀上，参考别人的想法。
6.热身：以一些小练习开头让大家的脑子转起来。
7.视觉化：画出来，不要写出来。（详见上述“视觉化”这一价值）
8.找到重心：你对事物的观点会在这时候派上用场。为你的“头脑风暴”找到重心，围绕这些重心去找灵感。

点击这里直接查看「英文版」

Nina Khosla

'Design Thinking' is a design methodology primarily branded by the product design firm IDEO. It consists of both a process and a set of values.

The process is generally defined to be:

1. Observe: This phase is dominated by 'needfinding,' a process by which designers go out and observe users participating in activities that inform the area in which you are designing. This can include just observing, or interviews.

2. Understand: Analysis of the data collected through observation, attempting to understand the user's deeper motivations, feelings and values.

3. Define: Define a point of view (POV) on the problem, that directs your understanding of what you are trying to design.

4. Ideate: This generally consists of a variety of brainstorming techniques to come up with new ideas.

5. Prototype: Build out ideas in a physical form.

6. Test: Bring your prototypes to users to get feedback to revise and adjust your prototypes.

'Design thinking' involves several key values, which I believe consist of the following:

1. Be visual/physical: design thinkers seek new ideas and refinement through making visual drawings, or physical prototypes. Often times, being visual allows design thinkers to communicate ideas faster and more vividly than words would do.

2. Iterate: Build on different ideas, go through the design stages more than once, prototype, prototype, prototype.

3. Be multidisciplinary: Design thinking's connections to the Stanford Mechnical Engineering department have pushed them to accept a multidisciplinary view of design, emphasizing collaboration between people with different types of expertise (see also: T-shaped people).

Another well-recognized image of design thinking is the brainstorm, complete with post-it notes and whiteboards. The list of 'brainstorming rules' often used by design thinkers is as follows:

1. Defer Judgement: This is the grand poo-bah of brainstorming rules in a design thinker's mind

2. Quantity over quality: Hand in hand, rather than try to come up with the BEST idea, just go for whatever comes to your mind.

3. Encourage wild ideas: Write down everything, even the wacky ideas that would never work (you never know what would spur someone else).

4. One conversation at a time: Don't talk over each other, read out your ideas, and listen to what others are saying.

5. Build on the ideas of others.

6. Warm-up: start with a small exercise to get people's minds working.

7. Visualize it. Don't write it, draw it. (see above in the 'be visual' value)

8. Provide focus: this is where the POV (point of view) becomes useful - by focusing your brainstorm to come up with good ideas.

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