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Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT n-HEXANE July 1999 美国卫生与人类服务部 美国毒性物质与疾病登记公共卫生服务 对正己烷的公共健康声明 1999年7月 简要版：http://www.atsdr./PHS/PHS.asp?id=391&tid=68 全文版：http://www.atsdr./ToxProfiles/tp113-c1-b.pdf
This Public Health Statement is the summary chapter from the Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane. It is one in a series of Public Health Statements about hazardous substances and their health effects. ... This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.
1.1 WHAT IS n-HEXANE?
1.1
Several consumer products contain n-hexane. For example, gasoline contains about 1–3% n-hexane. n-Hexane is also present in rubber cement. 几种消费用产品也含正己烷。例如，汽油含1-3%的正己烷。橡胶水泥也含正己烷。
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO n-HEXANE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?
1.2
n-Hexane enters the air, water, and soil during its manufacture and use. Wastes containing n-hexane are sometimes disposed of in landfills. n-Hexane can enter the environment from these landfills. n-Hexane also enters the environment from accidental spills during transport and leaks from storage containers. 正己烷生产于使用过程中进入空气、水于土壤。含正己烷的废弃物有时进入填埋场。正己烷可以从这些填埋场进入环境。正己烷也可以通过运输过程中的事故撒漏和从储存罐泄漏。
n-Hexane evaporates very easily into the air. Once in the air, n-hexane can react with oxygen and be broken down. n-Hexane released into the air is broken down in a few days. 正己烷挥发物很容易进入空气。一旦进入空气，正己烷与氧气反应分解。释放进入空气的正己烷几天之内就分解了。
If n-hexane is spilled into a lake or river, a very small portion will dissolve in the water, but most will float on the surface. The n-hexane will then evaporate into the air. The n-hexane dissolved in the water can be broken down by certain types of bacteria, although it is not known how long this takes. 正己烷如果泄漏到湖或者河中，很少量将溶解于水，但是大部分漂浮在水面上。正己烷将会发进入空气。溶解到水中的正己烷可以被数种微生物分解，尽管目前还不知道这样的过程有多长。
If n-hexane is spilled on the ground, much of it will evaporate into the air before it penetrates the soil. Any n-hexane that penetrated the soil would probably be broken down by bacteria. If n-hexane leaks from an underground storage tank, it will float on the groundwater, rather than mixing with it since n-hexane is lighter than water. 如果正己烷溅洒到地上，相当部分将在侵入土壤前挥发到空气中。侵入土壤的任何正己烷可能被微生物分解。如果正己烷从一个地下储罐泄漏，它将漂浮在地下水表面，而不是混入地下水中，因为正己烷比水轻。
n-Hexane is not stored or concentrated by plants, fish, or animals. 正己烷在植物、鱼或者动物中不会蓄积。
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO n-HEXANE?
1.3
Since gasoline contains n-hexane, almost everyone is exposed to small amounts of n-hexane in the air. The n-hexane in gasoline is released into the air at service stations and in automobile exhaust. Some people may also be exposed by spilling gasoline on their skin. The concentration of n-hexane in the air in Chicago was recently measured and contained 2 parts n-hexane per 1 billion parts air (2 ppb). 因为汽油含正己烷，几乎所有人暴露于空气中少量的正己烷。汽油中的正己烷在加油站与汽车排气中释放到空气中。芝加哥市空气中的正己烷浓度，最近检测函2 ppb浓度的正己烷。
n-Hexane has generally not been found in most foods or drinking water, so you are not likely to be exposed by eating or drinking. Because cooking oils are processed with solvents containing n-hexane, very small amounts may be present in these products. However, the amounts in cooking oil are too low to have any effect on people. 正己烷一般在大部分食品或饮水检测不到，所以你不大看来通过饮食或饮水暴露于正己烷。由于食用油用含正己烷的溶剂萃取加工，食用油产品中可能有很少量的正己烷。然而，食用油中的正己烷对人们造成任何影响的含量太低。
People living near hazardous waste sites containing n-hexane or near its manufacturing, processing, or storage facilities could potentially be exposed. Because of the chemical properties of n-hexane, the most likely way a person would be exposed is by breathing in air contaminated with n-hexane. A less likely way for a person to be exposed is by drinking contaminated private well water. 居住在含正己烷危险性废弃场的人们，或者居住在正己烷制造、加工，或者储存设施附近的人们，可能潜在暴露于正己烷。因为正己烷的化学性质，一个人暴露于正己烷的最可能方式是通过呼吸正己烷污染的空气。一个人暴露于正己烷的较少可能的方式是饮用收到正己烷污染的私人井水。
You may be exposed to n-hexane if you use products containing it at work. This exposure will mainly be by breathing in air containing n-hexane, but you can also be exposed through your skin by contact with substances containing n-hexane. 如果你工作中使用含正己烷的产品的话，你可能暴露于正己烷。这种暴露主要可能是通过呼吸含正己烷的空气，但是也可能通过接触含正己烷的物质通过皮肤暴露于正己烷。
Some occupational groups that may be exposed to n-hexane include refinery workers, shoe and footwear assembly workers, laboratory technicians, workers operating or repairing typesetting and printing machinery, construction workers, carpet layers, carpenters, auto mechanics and gas station employees, workers in plants manufacturing tires or inner tubes, and workers in air transport and air freight operations. Exposure can also occur in the home if products containing n-hexane are used without proper ventilation. 某些职业性群体可能暴露于正己烷，包括炼油厂工人、制鞋工人、实验室技术员、操作或者修理印刷机械、建筑工人、地毯铺设工人、木匠、汽车技师与加油站职工、轮胎或者内胎制造厂工人、航空运输操作工人。在家里，如果使用含正己烷的产品又缺乏适当通风，也可能暴露。
1.4 HOW CAN n-HEXANE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?
1.4
n-Hexane can enter your body through your lungs if it is in the air you breathe. It can also enter your body through your stomach and intestines if it is in your drinking water or food, or through your skin if you come into contact with it. 正己烷可以通过你的肺进入你的身体，如果你呼吸的空气中存在正己烷。它也可以通过你的肠胃进入你的身体，如果饮用的水或食物中存在正己烷，或者，如果你接触它，通过你的皮肤进入你的身体。
How much n-hexane enters your body depends on how long you are exposed and the amount to which you are exposed. 多少正己烷进入你的身体，取决于你多长时间暴露以及暴露于多大剂量正己烷。
Once you inhale n-hexane, it goes into your bloodstream and is carried to all the organs in your body. Enzymes in your liver break down n-hexane. 一旦吸入正己烷，它会进入你的血液循环被带到你身体内所有的器官。你的肝脏中的酶会分解正己烷。
If you are exposed to high concentrations of n-hexane over a long period, one of these breakdown products may cause damage to your nervous system. Most of these breakdown products leave your body in the urine within a day or two. n-Hexane and its breakdown products are not stored in your body. 如果你长期暴露于高浓度的正己烷，正己烷的一种分解物可能损伤你的神经系统。这些分解物的大部分在一天至两天内通过尿排出体外。正己烷及其分解物不储存在你的体内。
【译注：既然“正己烷及其分解物”对人类神经系统造成损伤，“正己烷及其分解物不储存在你体内”是自欺欺人，因为它们造成的损伤可能持久存在！】
1.5
1.5
Almost all the people known to have had their health affected by exposure to n-hexane used it at work. In the 1960s and early 1970s, several outbreaks of nerve disorders occurred among shoe workers in Japan and Italy. Doctors determined the disease was caused by the workers breathing air containing high concentrations of n-hexane. The n-hexane came from glues and solvents the workers used in assembling the shoes. In one group of workers in Japan, it was estimated that the workers who became ill had been breathing air containing 500–2,500 parts n-hexane per million parts air (500–2,500 ppm) for 8–14 hours a day for 6 months to several years. 几乎所有人士都指导在工作中使用暴露于正己烷影响他们的健康。上世纪60年代与70年代，日本与意大利制鞋工人中爆发过数起神经疾病。医生们确定工人们吸入高含量正己烷空气造成这种疾病。正己烷来自工人们装配鞋子工序中使用的粘结剂与溶剂。日本的一组工人们中，估计他们持续数年每年6个月每天8-14小时工作期间呼吸的空气中正己烷浓度高达500 - 2,500 ppm！
The first symptom that the affected workers had was a feeling of numbness in their feet and hands. This was followed by muscle weakness in the feet and lower legs. If exposure continued, the symptoms grew worse. In some workers, paralysis of the arms and legs developed. When the affected workers were examined by doctors, the nerves controlling the muscles in their arms and legs were found to be damaged. The medical term for this condition is "peripheral neuropathy" (peripheral means outside the brain and spinal cord; neuropathy means nerve damage). Fortunately, once the workers were removed from exposure to n-hexane they recovered within 6 months to a year, although some of the more severely affected did not fully recover for 1–2 years. 受正己烷影响的工人们首先感觉到的症状是他们的脚与手感到麻木。而后是脚与小腿肌肉虚弱。暴露如果继续，这些症状进一步加剧。某些工人中，四肢麻痹进一步发展。医生检查了受影响的工人，发现控制他们四肢肌肉的神经受损。这种状况的医学术语是“周围神经病变”（“周围”的意思是大脑和脊髓；“神经病变”意味着神经损伤）。幸运的是，这些工人安排到脱离正己烷暴露岗位后，他们的症状在6个月到1年内得到恢复，尽管某些更严重影响的工人1-2内没有充分恢复。
Poor ventilation of the work area was a major factor in all of these cases. Workers who became ill usually worked in their homes or in very small workshops. Since the 1970s, workplace ventilation has been improved and levels of n-hexane in the air have been lower. There have been very few cases of nerve damage from n-hexane since 1980. A few people have also suffered nerve damage from "sniffing" products containing n-hexane. Like cases in the workplace, the number of cases due to sniffing has fallen since the 1970s. 工作场所通风差所有这些情况中的一个主要因素。患病的工人通常在他们的家里或者很小工场中工作。上世纪70年代以来，工作场所通风改善，空气中正己烷水平降低了。80年代以来，发生的正己烷造成神经损伤的事件已经很少。仅少数人由于“闻”含正己烷产品而遭受神经损伤。像工作场所中吸入含正己烷空气的事件一样，由于“闻”含正己烷产品而遭受神经损伤的事件数量自70年代以来也下降。
It is not known if oral or skin exposure to n-hexane can cause these effects in people. There have been very few documented exposures to n-hexane by these routes in people. 不知道口服或者皮肤暴露于正己烷是否能在人类中造成这些影响。仅有很少文献对人类通过口服或者皮肤暴露于正己烷途径的记录。
To protect the public from the harmful effects of toxic chemicals and to find ways to treat people who have been harmed, scientists use many tests. 为了保护公众面授毒性化学品的危害性影响以及找到遭受危害人士的治疗方法，科学家们使用了许多试验。
One way to see if a chemical will hurt people is to learn how the chemical is absorbed, used, and released by the body; for some chemicals, animal testing may be necessary. Animal testing may also be used to identify health effects such as cancer or birth defects. Without laboratory animals, scientists would lose a basic method to get information needed to make wise decisions to protect public health. Scientists have the responsibility to treat research animals with care and compassion. Laws today protect the welfare of research animals, and scientists must comply with strict animal care guidelines. 看某种化学品是否对人类造成危害的一种方法是了解这种化学品如何被人体吸收、使用，与释放；都某些化学品，动物试验可能必要。动物试验也用来识别致癌或者致生育畸形这样的健康影响。没有实验室动物，科学家将丧失获得做出保护公众健康智慧决定必要信息的一种基本的方法。科学家有责任以关心和同情的态度保护实验动物。目前的法律保护研究动物的福利，科学家必须遵循严格的动物关心指导原则。
When rats are exposed to n-hexane in the air, they show signs of damage to their nervous systems very similar to those seen in people who became ill after workplace exposure. As in people, these effects in rats depend on the concentrations of n-hexane in air and how long exposure lasts. Studies in rats showed that a breakdown product of n-hexane (called 2,5-hexanedione) causes the nerve damage, not n-hexane itself. Testing for 2,5-hexanedione in the urine can be used to determine if a person has been exposed to potentially harmful amounts of n-hexane. Studies in rats also showed that n-hexane can cause nerve damage when given orally in very large doses. 老鼠暴露于空气中的正己烷，它们显示对他们神经系统造成损伤的症状，与人们在工作场所暴露于正己烷后患病的状况类似。与人类相同，对老鼠造成的这些影响取决于空气中正己烷的浓度以及暴露的期限。老鼠中的研究显示，造成神经损伤的是正己烷的分解物（称为：2,5-己二酮），而不是正己烷本身。测量尿样中的2,5-己二酮可以用来确定一个人是否曾经暴露于潜在危害性量的正己烷。老鼠中的研究同时显示，口服很大剂量正己烷也可以造成神经损伤。
At very high levels of n-hexane in air (1,000– 10,000 ppm), signs of damage to sperm-forming cells in male rats occurred. Damage to the lungs occurred in rabbits and mice. People have rarely been exposed to these high levels of n-hexane, so it is not known if these effects would occur in people. 在空气中很高水平正己烷情况下（1,000– 10,000 ppm），发生了对雄鼠精子产生细胞遭损伤的迹象。在兔子与小鼠中，发生了对肺部的损伤。人们极少暴露于如此高水平的正己烷，所以不知道这样的影响是否会发生在人中。
It is not known if exposure to n-hexane can affect fertility in people. Experiments done with animals that were fed or breathed in n-hexane did not show any effect on fertility. 也不知道暴露于正己烷是否影响人类的生育能力。对喂食或吸入正己烷的动物的实验没有显示对生育能力的任何影响。
There is no evidence that exposure to n-hexane increases the risk of cancer in people. No reliable information is available on whether n-hexane causes cancer in animals. In an animal experiment with commercial hexane (which contains n-hexane), an increase in liver cancer was found in female mice after exposure for 2 years. No increase was found in male mice or in rats of either sex. 没有证据显示暴露于正己烷增加人们中的癌症风险。也没有可靠信息显示正己烷是否在动物造成癌症。使用商业性正己烷（含正己烷）的一项动物实验中，暴露2年后发现增加了雌性小鼠中的肝癌。但是在雄性小鼠或者雌雄大鼠中没有发现这样的增加。
Commercial hexane is a mixture, and we do not know what parts of the mixture caused the cancer in the female mice. 商业性正己烷是一种混合物，我们不知道这种混合物中哪种部分造成雌性小鼠致癌。
n-Hexane has not been characterized for carcinogenicity by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 美国卫生与人类服务部（DHHS）、世界卫生组织国际癌症研究所（IARC）或者美国环保部（EPA）都没有将正己烷分类为致癌性。
1.6 HOW CAN n-HEXANE AFFECT CHILDREN?
1.6
This section discusses potential health effects from exposures during the period from conception to maturity at 18 years of age in humans. Potential effects on children resulting from exposures of the parents are also considered. 这节讨论妇女怀孕后到后代18岁成熟前期间暴露于正己烷的潜在健康影响。父母暴露于正己烷对儿童潜在影响的结果也予以考虑。
Harmful effects from exposure to n-hexane have mainly occurred in adults. This is because most known cases have occurred in workers. However, it is probable that if children were exposed to n-hexane at levels that cause harmful effects in adults, similar effects would occur. We do not know whether children differ from adults in their susceptibility to health effects from n-hexane exposure. Only a few animal studies have compared the effects of n-hexane between adults and young animals. In these studies, the young animals were somewhat less likely to have harmful effects on their nervous system from breathing n-hexane than the adults, but more likely to die from a large oral dose. 暴露于正己烷的危害性影响主要发生在成年人中。这是因为绝大部分已知案例发生在工人中。然而，也有可能，如果儿童暴露于在成年人中造成有害影响水平的正己烷，类似的影响也将发生。我们不知道儿童对于正己烷暴露的敏感性是否与成年人有差别。仅很少动物研究对正己烷对于成年动物与幼年动物的影响进行了比较。这样的研究中，幼年动物吸入正己烷对它们神经系统危害性影响似乎不如对成年动物那么严重，但是幼年动物更容易因大口服剂量死亡。
Experiments in rats and mice have shown little effect of n-hexane exposure on the development of the fetus. It is probable that n-hexane and its breakdown products can cross the placenta and also be excreted in breast milk, but no accurate measurements have been made in people. n-Hexane and its breakdown products have been detected in the fetus when pregnant rats were exposed to n-hexane. 大鼠与小鼠中的实验显示暴露于正己烷对胚胎发育仅造成较小影响。正己烷及其分解物有可能可以跨越胎盘，也可以在母乳中释放，但是在人中没有进行过这样的精确测量。怀孕大鼠暴露于正己烷时，在胚胎中曾经检测到正己烷及其分解物。
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO N-HEXANE?
1.7
If your doctor finds that you have been exposed to significant amounts of n-hexane, ask whether your children might also be exposed. Your doctor might need to ask your state public health department to investigate. 如果你的医生发现你已经被暴露于显著量的正己烷，询问你的孩子是否也可能暴露。你的医生可能必须要求你们州的公共卫生部门进行调查。
Certain products used in the home may contain n-hexane, for example, some quick-drying glues and cements used in hobbies. These products should be kept out of the reach of children and only used with proper ventilation. Always store household chemicals in their original, labeled containers. Never store household chemicals in containers children would find attractive to eat or drink from, such as old soda bottles. Keep your Poison Control Center's number by the phone. 家庭中使用的某些产品可能含正己烷，例如，业余爱好中使用的某些快干胶与快干水泥。这些产品应当置于孩子够不到的地方而且有适当通风。永远要将家用化学品储存在它们原先的带标识的容器中。永远不要将家用化学品储存在吸引孩子吃喝的容器中，例如苏打饮料瓶。将你们当地《中毒控制中心》的号码留在电话旁。
Sometimes older children sniff household chemicals in an attempt to get "high." Your children may be exposed to n-hexane by inhaling products containing it. Talk with your children about the dangers of sniffing chemicals. Sniffing products containing n-hexane has caused paralysis of the arms and legs in teenagers in the United States and Europe. 某些年纪大一些的孩子有时会故意闻可能让他们进入“兴奋态”的家用化学品。你的孩子如果吸入含正己烷的的产品就可能暴露于正己烷。应当向孩子告知闻化学品的危险。含正己烷的喷射产品曾经在美国与欧洲造成未成年人四肢麻痹。
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO N-HEXANE?
1.8
If you have been exposed to harmful amounts of n-hexane, the amount of one of its breakdown products (2,5-hexanedione) will probably be increased in your urine. Your doctor will have to send a sample to a specialized laboratory. This test can only detect n-hexane exposure occurring within 2–3 days before the test, since 2,5-hexanedione leaves the body within a few days after exposure. 如果你曾经暴露于危害性量的正己烷，其中一种分解物（2,5-己二酮）可能在你的尿样中升高。你的医生将需要将你的尿样发给一个专业化的实验室。这样的测试只能检测测试前2-3天暴露的正己烷，因为2,5-己二酮将在暴露后几天内排除体外。
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?
1.9
The federal
government develops regulations and recommendations to protect
public health. Regulations 联邦政府指定法规与推荐意见来保护公共健康。法规可以由法律强制执行。对毒性物质制定法规的联邦政府机构包括环境保护署（EPA）、职业安全性与卫生管理署（OSHA），与食品药物管理署（FDA）。
Recommendations provide valuable guidelines to protect public health but cannot be enforced by law. Federal organizations that develop recommendations for toxic substances include the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 推荐意见对保护公共健康提供有价值指导原则，但是不能获得法律强制执行。对毒性物质指定推荐建议的联邦组织包括毒性物质与疾病登记机构（ATSDR）与国家职业安全性与卫生研究所（NIOSH）。
Regulations and recommendations can be expressed in not-to-exceed levels in air, water, soil, or food that are usually based on levels that affect animals; then they are adjusted to help protect people. Sometimes these not-to-exceed levels differ among federal organizations because of different exposure times (an 8-hour workday or a 24-hour day), the use of different animal studies, or other factors. 法规与推荐意见可以表达为为通常基于影响动物的空气、水、土壤，或食物中“不要超过的量”；调整的这些值用于保护民众。不同联邦部门推荐的这些“不要超过的量”之间有时有差别，因为不同的暴露期限（一个8小时工作日或者一个24小时日），或者因为使用了不同的动物研究，或其他因素。
Recommendations and regulations are also periodically updated as more information becomes available. For the most current information, check with the federal agency or organization that provides it. Some regulations and recommendations for n-hexane include the following: 随着更多信息的获得，推荐意见与法规也会定期更新。对于最当前的信息，核对提供它们的联邦机构或者组织。对于正己烷的某些法规与推荐意见包括如下：
OSHA has set a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 500 ppm for n-hexane in workplace air. A court decision struck down a proposed PEL of 50 ppm. Damage to nerves has been found in people at 500 ppm. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends a Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 50 ppm. 职业安全性与卫生管理署（OSHA）对工作场所正己烷设立了500ppm的“允许暴露限制”（PEL）。一项法庭裁决驳回了50 ppm的一项“允许暴露限制”提议。在暴露于500 ppm正己烷的人们中发现对神经的损伤。《美国政府工业医务人员会议》（ACGIH）推荐50 ppm的“阈值限值”（TLV）。
Experiments in rats and mice have shown little effect of n-hexane exposure on the development of the fetus. It is probable that n-hexane and its breakdown products can cross the placenta and also be excreted in breast milk, but no accurate measurements have been made in people. n-Hexane and its breakdown products have been detected in the fetus when pregnant rats were exposed to n-hexane. 大鼠与小鼠中的实验显示暴露于正己烷对胚胎发育仅造成较小影响。正己烷及其分解物有可能可以跨越胎盘，也可以在母乳中释放，但是在人中没有进行过这样的精确测量。怀孕大鼠暴露于正己烷时，在胚胎中曾经检测到正己烷及其分解物。
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO N-HEXANE?
1.7
If your doctor finds that you have been exposed to significant amounts of n-hexane, ask whether your children might also be exposed. Your doctor might need to ask your state public health department to investigate. 如果你的医生发现你已经被暴露于显著量的正己烷，询问你的孩子是否也可能暴露。你的医生可能必须要求你们州的公共卫生部门进行调查。
Certain products used in the home may contain n-hexane, for example, some quick-drying glues and cements used in hobbies. These products should be kept out of the reach of children and only used with proper ventilation. Always store household chemicals in their original, labeled containers. Never store household chemicals in containers children would find attractive to eat or drink from, such as old soda bottles. Keep your Poison Control Center's number by the phone. 家庭中使用的某些产品可能含正己烷，例如，业余爱好中使用的某些快干胶与快干水泥。这些产品应当置于孩子够不到的地方而且有适当通风。永远要将家用化学品储存在它们原先的带标识的容器中。永远不要将家用化学品储存在吸引孩子吃喝的容器中，例如苏打饮料瓶。将你们当地《中毒控制中心》的号码留在电话旁。
Sometimes older children sniff household chemicals in an attempt to get "high." Your children may be exposed to n-hexane by inhaling products containing it. Talk with your children about the dangers of sniffing chemicals. Sniffing products containing n-hexane has caused paralysis of the arms and legs in teenagers in the United States and Europe. 某些年纪大一些的孩子有时会故意闻可能让他们进入“兴奋态”的家用化学品。你的孩子如果吸入含正己烷的的产品就可能暴露于正己烷。应当向孩子告知闻化学品的危险。含正己烷的喷射产品曾经在美国与欧洲造成未成年人四肢麻痹。
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO N-HEXANE?
1.8
If you have been exposed to harmful amounts of n-hexane, the amount of one of its breakdown products (2,5-hexanedione) will probably be increased in your urine. Your doctor will have to send a sample to a specialized laboratory. This test can only detect n-hexane exposure occurring within 2–3 days before the test, since 2,5-hexanedione leaves the body within a few days after exposure. 如果你曾经暴露于危害性量的正己烷，其中一种分解物（2,5-己二酮）可能在你的尿样中升高。你的医生将需要将你的尿样发给一个专业化的实验室。这样的测试只能检测测试前2-3天暴露的正己烷，因为2,5-己二酮将在暴露后几天内排除体外。
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?
1.9
The federal government develops regulations and recommendations to
protect public health.
Regulations 联邦政府指定法规与推荐意见来保护公共健康。法规可以由法律强制执行。对毒性物质制定法规的联邦政府机构包括环境保护署（EPA）、职业安全性与卫生管理署（OSHA），与食品药物管理署（FDA）。
Recommendations provide valuable guidelines to protect public health but cannot be enforced by law. Federal organizations that develop recommendations for toxic substances include the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 推荐意见对保护公共健康提供有价值指导原则，但是不能获得法律强制执行。对毒性物质指定推荐建议的联邦组织包括毒性物质与疾病登记机构（ATSDR）与国家职业安全性与卫生研究所（NIOSH）。
Regulations and recommendations can be expressed in not-to-exceed levels in air, water, soil, or food that are usually based on levels that affect animals; then they are adjusted to help protect people. Sometimes these not-to-exceed levels differ among federal organizations because of different exposure times (an 8-hour workday or a 24-hour day), the use of different animal studies, or other factors. 法规与推荐意见可以表达为为通常基于影响动物的空气、水、土壤，或食物中“不要超过的量”；调整的这些值用于保护民众。不同联邦部门推荐的这些“不要超过的量”之间有时有差别，因为不同的暴露期限（一个8小时工作日或者一个24小时日），或者因为使用了不同的动物研究，或其他因素。
Recommendations and regulations are also periodically updated as more information becomes available. For the most current information, check with the federal agency or organization that provides it. Some regulations and recommendations for n-hexane include the following: 随着更多信息的获得，推荐意见与法规也会定期更新。对于最当前的信息，核对提供它们的联邦机构或者组织。对于正己烷的某些法规与推荐意见包括如下：
OSHA has set a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 500 ppm for n-hexane in workplace air. A court decision struck down a proposed PEL of 50 ppm. Damage to nerves has been found in people at 500 ppm. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends a Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 50 ppm. 职业安全性与卫生管理署（OSHA）对工作场所正己烷设立了500ppm的“允许暴露限制”（PEL）。一项法庭裁决驳回了50 ppm的一项“允许暴露限制”提议。在暴露于500 ppm正己烷的人们中发现对神经的损伤。《美国政府工业医务人员会议》（ACGIH）推荐50 ppm的“阈值限值”（TLV）。 |
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