英语词汇的构成有一定的规律和法则,这种造词的方法我们叫做“构词法”。掌握一定的构词法知识,可以降低阅读中的生词量,使阅读更流畅。当然,构词法也能对我们的高考新题型语法填空产生极大的帮助,所以小编就为同学们整理了一些对我们答题有所帮助的常用构词法及解题技巧,希望能够对同学们有所帮助。 英语主要有三种构词法,即转化法、合成法和派生法。 1. 转化法就是把一个词从一种词类转化为另一种词类。如: You can water the flowers with dirty water. 你可以用脏水浇花。 说明:第一个water是动词(浇水),第二个water是名词(水) 2. 合成法就是把两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新词。如: Few people realized that dustmen were doing an important job. 很少有人意识到清洁工人的工作非常重要。 说明:dustman(清洁工)由dust和man两个单词合成,dustmen是其复数形式。 3. 派生法就是将一个单词附加前缀或后缀,变为一个新单词。前缀附加在单词前面,一般不改变原词的词类,但会引起词义的变化。后缀附加在单词后面,一般不改变原词的基本含义,但会引起词类的变化。如: We think it impossible to finish the work on time. 我们认为不可能按时完成这个任务。 说明:impossible就是在词根possible前面加上前缀im-后构成的一个派生词。词 根possible(可能的)和派生词impossible(不可能的)都是形容词,词类没变,词义变了。 My grandpa looks very healthy. 我爷爷看起来很健康。 说明:healthy就是在词根health后加上后缀-y构成的派生词。health(健康)是名词,healthy(健康的)是形容词,词义不变,词类变了。 在语法填空中,经常会用到构词法,且考查的重点是派生词。 如: (1)We drank together and talked ___38___ (merry) till far into the night (2)This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their___ 39 ___ (nature) course. 以上两题都是考查考生对派生法的掌握情况的,第(1)题中的drank和talked都是动词,修饰谓语动词作状语,应用副词,所以填merrily;(2)中的course是名词,在名词前作定语用形容词,所以填natural。 1. 常见前缀
2. 名词后缀
3 . 形容词后缀
4. 动词后缀
5. 副词后缀 -ly是最常见的副词后缀, 可以附加在形容词后,构成与原形容词意义相同的副词。如: slowly 缓慢地 happily高兴地 truly 真实地 wholly 全部地 simply 纯粹地 解答这类试题,首先要结合不同词类的不同用法来分析判断用哪种词类的词,然后再根据构词法将括号中的词改为所需要的词类。具体来说,须注意以下四点。 1. 动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词后一般接名词或动名词, 如果所给单词是其它词类, 就要将其改为名词, 并注意名词数的变化。 (1)Do you know the ______ (deep) of the river? (2)His _____ (careful) resulted in the terrible accident (3)He is one of the ______ (science) who support this theory. 答案:(1) depth (2) carelessness (3) scientists 2. 动词、介词后一般接名词或动名词, 如果所给单词为动词,就要看该动词是否有名词形式,如果有名词形式,就用其名词形式;如果该动词没有名词形式,就用其动名词。如: (1)Please pay ________ (attend) to your handwriting. (2) His _______ (arrive) made the situation worse. (3)The teacher was angry at my _________ (come) late. 答案:(1) attention (2) arrival (3) coming 3. 动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词时, 还要考虑副词级的变化。如: (1)The boy ran ______ (quick) to school. (2)“What’s that?” Father shouted ______ (angry). (3)The little girl is ______(extreme)eager to know the result of the exam。 (4). He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” ______ (height). 答案:(1) quickly (2) angrily (3) extremely (4) higher 4. 在名词前作定语,在系动词后做表语,以及作主语或宾语的补足语时,通常要用形容词 如果所需词为形容词时, 还要考虑形容词级的变化。 (1) What’s the ________ (width) river in the world? (2) The _______ (strength) we become, the more modest we should be. 答案:(1) widest (2) stronger 单句填空:用所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Mary was very ______ at the news, so she looked ______ at her husband, her eyes full of ______ (sad). 2. He ________football very well and he was one of the best ______ in yesterday’s football match. (play) 3. Look! How ________ Kate is laughing! She seems to be the ______ girl in the world (happy). 4. To our ______, the headmaster was very ______ with our report. (satisfy) 5. Edison was a great ________. During his life he had many ______. (invent) 6. I should ________ my task and make it ________ to finish it. (simple) 7. The boy having the ________ of being half starved ________, never to be seen again. (appear) 8. The police _____ the pot and ______ a plot against the President. (cover) 9. You are so _______ to help me. Thank you for your ________. (kindly) 10. Everything is becoming ____________ than before and many college students had to work to make some mone y for their college _____________. (expend) 语篇填空:用所给词的适当形式填空 A Rafting is an___1__ (excite) adventure. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience___2___(natural) . If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks. If you are looking for more___3___(excite), you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is___4___(adventure) and___5___(difficulty) than normal rafting. It is done on rivers and streams where the water moves___6___ (quick). You have to be___7___ (care) not to hit rocks, trees and other___8___ (dangerous). The name “Whitewater” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly. B Steve Jones is an___1___(environment) expert who tries to keep animals and plants from___2___(become) endangered. If we know more about what causes___3___ (danger), we may be able to take measures before it is too late. A species can become ___4___ (endanger) for___5___ (differ) reasons. Animals and plants must have a habitat or home, which is___6___ (comfort) and clean, and where there is enough food and other resources. Otherwise they can not live___7___ (comfortable). They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live___8___ (succeed) in their habitat. 【参考答案】 一、单句填空 1. sad, sadly, sadness 2. played, players 3. happily, happiest 4. satisfaction, satisfied 5. inventor; inventions 6. simplify, simpler/simple 7. appearance, disappeared 8. discovered, uncovered 9. kind, kindness 10. more expensive, expenses 二、语篇填空 A. 1. exciting 2. nature 3. excitement 4. adventurous 5. difficult 6. quickly 7. careful 8. dangers B. 1. environmental 2. becoming 3. endangerment 4. endangered 5. different 6. comfortable 7. comfortably 8. successfully |
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