2016年十项突破性医学进展趋势

kdy2000 2016-01-14

展开全文

1. Accelerated Vaccine Development

迅猛发展的流行病防御疫苗

Spurred by the 2014 African Ebola epidemic and bacterial meningococcal outbreaks in the U.S., vaccine development has accelerated at unprecedented rates. The most promising Ebola vaccine emerged in only 12 months and could be available for human use this year.

2014年非洲埃博拉疫情肆虐和美国脑膜炎球菌感染的流行，促使疫苗研发以前所未有的速度加速进行。仅12个月，最具潜力的埃博拉病毒疫苗就已经问世，而且今年有可能供人类使用。

2. Genomics-based Clinical Trials

基于基因组学的临床试验

Genetic profiling will fundamentally overhaul clinical trial speed, flexibility and access. Desperate patients with specific and deadly disease mutations will be directed more quickly to the most promising experimental treatments.

遗传特征分析将在根本上彻底改变临床试验的速度，适应性和参与利用；这将指导患有特异性和致命性疾病突变的绝望患者，更迅速地得到最有前途的实验性治疗。

3. Gene Editing Using CRISPR

利用CRISPR技术的基因编辑

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), which cheaply identify and remove defective genes from a DNA strand, are driving hope among genetic disease patients. This year, gene editing labs will continue to pioneer DNA alteration in human embryos.

成簇规律性间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)技术，可以廉价地识别和剔除DNA链上缺陷的基因；本技术正在为遗传疾病患者带来希望。今年，基因编辑实验室将继续开拓人类胚胎DNA的改造。

4. Naturally Controlled Artificial Limbs
自然控制的假肢
The potential for brain-machine interfaces (BMI) and computer-controlled prosthetics gained momentum with the discovery that neural signals associated with limb movement can be decoded electronically. Researchers have demonstrated that sensors implanted in the brain can direct artificial limbs, wheelchairs and full-body exoskeletons.

肢体运动相关性神经信号能够被电子解码的发现，使脑机介面(BMI)和计算机控制假肢的发展潜力势头增加；研究人员已经显示植入大脑的传感器可以直接地控制假肢，轮椅和全身外骨骼的运动。

5. Infectious Disease Prevention via Water Purification

通过水质净化预防传染病
New waste treatment plants affordably convert human waste to safe drinking water while simultaneously generating electricity, offering hope to 700 million people needlessly exposed to preventable infectious diseases.

新型废物处理厂在发电的同时，经济地把人类排泄物转化为安全的饮用水；为本不该暴露于可预防性传染病的7亿人带来希望。

6. Frictionless Remote Monitoring

和缓的遥感监测
Needle-free glucose monitoring and a bandage that reads sweat molecules to diagnose pregnancy are just two concepts that seamlessly place vital data in a patient's hands. For diabetics, this could lead to a skin-top biosensor that eliminates the need to monitor glucose levels traditionally.

无针式血糖监测以及能读取汗液分子进行妊娠诊断的绑带，这只是为患者不断地提供重要数据的两个设想。对于糖尿病患者，这可能会发展为取代传统血糖浓度监测的皮表生物传感器。

7. Cell-free Fetal DNA Testing

无细胞胎儿DNA检测
Cell-free Fetal DNA Testing, which predicts Down and Edwards' syndromes more accurately than standard blood tests and ultrasounds, could substantially allay expecting parents' fears about genetic abnormalities and diseases.

与标准血液测试和超声波比较，无细胞胎儿DNA检测能更准确地预测唐氏(Down)综合征和爱德华氏(Edwards)综合征；使期待孩子的父母大大减轻了对基因异常和遗传疾病的担忧。

8. Cancer Screening via Protein Biomarker Analysis

蛋白质生物标志物分析筛查癌症
Protein biomarker analysis, which generates real-time information on cancer's presence rather than examining genetic mutations, reportedly offers more accurate screenings and higher early detection rates by focusing on structural changes of certain proteins in the blood.

蛋白质生物标志物分析能够提供癌症存在的实时信息，而不是检查基因突变；通过着眼于血液中某些蛋白质的结构变化，据报道它能够供更准确的筛查和更高的早期检出率。

9. Neurovascular Stent Retrievers

神经血管支架取栓装置
These tiny, wire-caged devices inserted through a catheter and threaded through the bloodstream, eliminate blood clots more easily and quickly than traditional drug treatments, allowing speedier recoveries and improved chances of regaining independence.

这些微小的，经导管顺血流插入的丝笼状装置，能够比传统药物治疗更容易迅速地排除血栓，从而使恢复更迅速，并提高重获独立活动的机会。

10. First Treatment for HSDD

首款HSDD 治疗药物

In 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved flibanserin, the first medication to treat female hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), or loss of sexual desire in premenopausal women. The medication is not an aphrodisiac. It is intended to restore sexual desire in women with HSDD to a personal baseline.

2015年，美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准了第一个治疗女性性欲亢奋障碍(HSDD)的药物，氟班色林(flibanserin)。本药不是春药，其目的是使HSDD的女性性欲恢复到个体基线。

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