句子结构及成分专题

yuanylch 2016-01-28

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句子结构及成分专题

第一部分考点精讲精练 1
第1讲相关概念
考点1. 词性的英文缩写
考点2. 及物动词和不及物动词
考点3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词
考点4. 谓语和非谓语
考点5. 主动关系和被动关系
考点6. 逻辑上的主谓关系
考点7. 复合结构
考点8. 没有人称和数的变化
第2讲句子成分
考点1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号
考点2. 主语
写作专练1. 正确运用主语的各种形式
考点3. 谓语
考点4. 表语
考点5. 宾语
考点6. 宾语补足语
考点7. 主补
考点8. 定语
写作专练2. 用活形容词短语做后置定语：
考点9. 状语
写作专练3. 正确安排并列状语的顺序
写作专练4. 注意频度副词的位置
考点10. 同位语
第3讲简单句的五种基本结构 7
考点1. 基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）
考点2. 基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
写作专练
考点3. 基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
考点4. 基本句型四：ＳＶＯＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
写作专练
考点5. 基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
考点6. there be 句型

写作专练

正确运用两个“有”there be与have
第4讲简单句、并列句和复合句

考点1. 简单句
        考点2. 并列句
        考点3. 复合句
        考点4. 两个主谓结构时，要用连接词，变为并列句或复合句，或把逗号改为分号

第二部分专题过关测试
第三部分写作能力提升

写作专练1. 正确运用主语的各种形式
写作专练2. 用活形容词短语做后置定语
写作专练3. 正确安排并列状语的顺序
写作专练4. 注意频度副词的位置
写作专练5. 不要忘了使用系动词
写作专练6. 用活双宾语句式
写作专练7. 正确运用两个“有” there be与have

第四章句子结构及成分

第一部分考点精讲精练

第1讲相关概念

考点1. 词性的英文缩写
         在英语学习中，词性的掌握是非常的重要的。如果我们在记单词的时候只是把它们的拼写记下来而没有把它相应的词性记下来的话，我们就不能正确的使用它们，那么无论是写作还是口语表达中就都会犯错误，所以背单词的同时也要把他们的词性记准记牢。
缩写字母  原词           代表词性
n.       noun             名词
v.       verb            动词
vt.      transitive verb  及物动词
vi.      intransitive verb 不及物动词
modal v   modal verb      情态动词
aux. v.   auxiliary verb   助动词
adj.      adjective         形容词
adv.      adverb           副词
num.      numeral           数词
interj.   interjection     感叹词
pron.    pronoun           代词
prep.    preposition        介词
art.    article             冠词
conj     conjunction         连词

考点2. 及物动词和不及物动词

实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。
实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。
The door opened.
(open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)
He opened the door.
(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词)

注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。
① 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：
The meeting began at six. < vi.>
We began the meeting at six. < vt.>
② 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：
The man walked away.(walk不及物，意为“走”)
He walked the dog every day.( walk及物动词，“遛”)
She washes clothes at home. (wash及物动词，“洗”)
The clothes washes well.(wash不及物动词，“耐洗”)
③ 英语中一些词及物与不及物的划分可能与汉语不同。
He listens to the music every day.(listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)

练习1. 指出下列句中划线动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物填vt.，不及物填vi.
1. Most birds can fly.（   ）
2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( )
3. It happened yesterday.（）
4. My watch stopped.（）
5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. (   )
6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （）
7. Shall I begin at once?（）
8. She began working as a teacher after she left school.（）（）
9. When did they leave Beijing?（）
10. They left last week. （   ）
考点3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词
实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。

实义动词
指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：
He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词)
I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词）
I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词）

助动词
助动词的“助”，是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句和倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。
① 帮助构成时态的：
The boy is crying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词)
He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词)
I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。）
② 帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：
Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
He doesn’t have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
③ 帮助构成被动语态的
Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词)
The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词)
④ 帮助构成虚拟语气
If he had come yesterday, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)
⑤ 帮助构成倒装句的
So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.
(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词)
⑥ 帮助构成强调意义的
He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词)
因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。
一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。
1. He did his homework at seven o’clock.(did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词)
Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)
2. He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，had是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。)

练习2. 指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词：
1. Does (   ) he like ( ) swimming?
2. He does (   ) like ( ) swimming.
3. Where does(   ) he live ( )?
4. He does (   ) some washing after work.
5. He has (   ) had (   )supper already.
6. The bridge has(   ) been(   ) built(   ) now.
7. I have (   ) been (   )waiting(   ) for you all day.
8. He was (   ) struck (   )by a stone.

情态动词
情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：
He can swim across the river.(can的词义为“能够”)
You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)
I might leave tomorrow. （might的词义为“或许”）
【具体用法参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。】
考点4. 谓语和非谓语
在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to构成动词不定式，在后面加-ing构成动名词或现在分词，在后面加-ed构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。

练习3. 先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因：
1. Get up early is good for our health.
早起有利于我们的身体健康。
2. I want go home now.我现在想回家。
3. My favorite sport is play football.
我最喜爱的运动时踢足球。
4. There is a bird sings in the tree.
有一直鸟正在树上唱歌。
5. The boy sits over there likes singing.
坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。
6. The house was built last year has been sold out.
去年建的那座房子已经出售了。
7. The girls are singing over there are my classmates.
在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。
8. My parents wanted him work hard.
我父母亲想让他努力学习。
9. I remember saw him that day.
我记得那天看见过他。
10. I saw him walked into the building.
我看到他跑进那座建筑物。
考点5. 主动关系和被动关系
先看下面两个题：
1. ____ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale .
A. Tasted    B. Being tasted
C. Tasting   D. Having tasted
2. The food ____ delicious sells well.
A. smells    B. smelled
C. smelling   D. is smelling
一些同学分别选A和B。他们说，食物是被尝起来、被闻起来，和食物构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词。
这种说法是错误的。
非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系，不是从谁做了这个动作着眼，而是指“主动语态”和“被动语态”。
1. 主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boy －cry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。
2. 被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house built last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系
在上两题中，逻辑关系可以表达为：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 逻辑上food和taste、smell是一种主谓关系，是主动语态，因此填现在分词。答案为：C, C.
考点6. 逻辑上的主谓关系
在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说，“宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系”。一些同学对这句话不理解。如：
He asked me to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。
“me”是宾语，“me to lend him some money”意为“我借给他一些钱”，从意思上看，像一句话，“我”是主语，“借给他一些钱”是谓语部分，但在英语原句中，它们却不是真正的主谓关系。因此可以说：“逻辑上的主谓关系”，是指，从意思上看像主谓关系，而实际上不是。“to lend him some money”是宾语补足语。
练习4. 判断下列句中划线不是是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T，不是的填F)
1. I want him to come at once. ( )
2. He lent me some money. ( )
3. He made the boy cry again. ( )
4. The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )
5. Don’t leave the door open at night. ( )
考点7. 复合结构
在我们学习语法的过程中，我们可能会听说“复合宾语”，“动名词的复合结构”和“动词不定式的复合结构”。
实际上，这几个“复合”，都有“逻辑上的主谓关系”之意。如：
1. He invited us to come to the party.
(us是宾语，to come to the party是宾语补足语；宾语和宾语补足语合一起称为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。)
2. It’s important for us to learn English well.
(it是形式主语，真正的主语是for us to learn English well。“us”是“to learn English well”的逻辑主语，二者构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。for somebody to do something是动词不定式的复合结构。)
3. It’s very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me也是动词不定式的复合结构。与for somebody to do something的区别参看，you和to help me构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。）
4. Tom’s coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom迟到使我们老师生气。coming是动名词，Tom’s coming late是动名词的复合结构。Tom是coming late的逻辑主语，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。)
考点8. 没有人称和数的变化
先看下列三组句中have, do和be的变化形式
1. I have a book
He has a book.
They have a book
2. I enjoy watching TV.
You enjoy watching TV.
We enjoy watching TV.
3. He is sleeping.
I am sleeping.
They are sleeping.
“人称的变化”，是指：谓语动词用什么形式，受前面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数（表示一个人）， be在第一人称I后用am, 在you后用are, 在he后用is; do和have在一、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为does, has
“数”是指“单数和复数”，“数的变化”是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be要用为are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主语是第三人称单数，be用为is, do和have要用为does和has.

情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如：
He/I/We can swim.

第2讲句子成分

英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）
除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。

考点1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号
英语中划句子成分的符号
主语      在下面划一直线
谓语      在下面划曲线
宾语      在下面划双横线
定语      在下面划虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子， “钉”谐音为“定语” 的“定”）
状语      下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）
补语      上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）
同位语    上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位置基本相同
考点2. 主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。
可以作主语的词性或语法结构：
1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。
练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当
1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
2. We often speak English in class.
3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.
4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
5. Smoking does harm to the health.
6. The rich should help the poor.
7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.
9. That he isn’t at home is not true
练习2. 改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因
1. He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out.
2. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.
3. Beyond the mountains lie a small village.
4. Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.
5. Play basketball is my favorite sport.
6. Give up English is not an option.

写作专练1. 正确运用主语的各种形式（P12)

考点3. 谓语
谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning.
He reads newspapers every day.
2、复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
My sister is crying over there.
I have been waiting for you all the time.
I would stay at home all day.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：
We are students.
Your idea sounds great.
考点4. 表语
表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
练习3. 划出下列句中的表语，并说明有什么充当。
1. Our teacher of English is an American.
2. Is it yours?
3. The weather has turned cold.
4. The speech is exciting.
5. Three times seven is twenty one.
6. His job is to teach English.
7. His hobby（爱好）is playing football.
8. The machine must be under repairs.
9. The truth is that he has never been abroad.
考点5. 宾语
宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。

练习4. 划出下列句中的宾语, 并说明有什么充当。
1. They planed many trees yesterday.
2. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.
3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
4. I wanted to buy a car.
5. I enjoy listening to popular music.
6. I think（that）he is fit for his office.
考点6. 宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

练习5. 用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。
1. His father named him Dongming.
2. They painted their boat white.
3. Let the fresh air in.
4. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
5. We saw her entering the room.
6. We found everything in the lab in good order.
7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.
8. I want your homework done on time.
考点7. 主补
对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
考点8. 定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“…的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。
① 副词用作定语一般要后置。
People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)
He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）
② 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后
单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后
The next man is a scientist.
The man next to me is a scientist.
（我旁边的那个人）
③ 介词短语作定语时要后置
The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）
The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）
④ 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式做定语常后置
I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)
The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）
The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）
练习6. 口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是什么词性或结构充当。
1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.
3. We need a place twice larger than this one.
4. She carried a basket full of eggs.
5. It’s a book worth no more than one dollar.
6. It’s a city far from the coast.
7. He has money enough to buy a car.
8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.
10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.
11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you
12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home
13. There are many clothes to be washed.
14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.
15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.

写作专练2. 用活形容词短语做后置定语：（P13）

考点9. 状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
He writes carefully. He walks slowly.
(写地认真，走地慢，修饰动词用副词，作状语)
This material is environmentally friendly.
（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）
He runs very slowly.
（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，做状语）
Unfortunately, he lost all of his money.
（修饰整个句子用副词，做状语）

1. 几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式→地点→时间
一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。
如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.
I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.

写作专练3. 正确安排并列状语的顺序

2. 频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置
位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。
You can never tell what he will do.
He is often late.
He is always helping others.
He often came late.

写作专练4. 注意频度副词的位置（P13）

3. 状语按意义分类
在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步

练习7. 指出下列划线部分属于什么状语
1. How about meeting again at six?
2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.
3. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.
8. The boy needs a pen very much.
9. The boy really needs a pen.
10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
11. She works very hard though she is old.
12. I am taller than he is.
13. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.
14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.
15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.
考点10. 同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
It’s good to us students.

练习8. 选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语
1. The young man, ___ ,works in the office.
A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me
2. Our English teacher, ___ , often helps us with study.
A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs
C. Mrs. Wang's . D. of him
3. ___, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.
A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs

第3讲简单句的五种基本结构

英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型结构如下：

主语谓语

用符号表示为：
① ＳＶ（主＋谓）
② ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
③ ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
④ ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
⑤ ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）

主语（subject）   谓语（predicate）、
宾语（object）   定语（attribute）
状语(adverbial)   补语（complement）
表语（predicative）
考点1. 基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如:
It is raining now. (ＳＶ)
We've worked for 5 hours. (ＳＶ)
The meeting lasted half an hour. (ＳＶ)
Time flies. (ＳＶ)

练习1. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种
1. Dark clouds hung overhead. (       )
2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. (       )
3. He is smiling all over his face. (       )
4. I did well in English. (       )
5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. (   )
考点2. 基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
系动词主要是be. 但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。
I. 如何辨别系动词
有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。如：
① She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词)。
Look at the picture.(look不能换为be, look为实义动词。)
② He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能换为was, 是实义动词)。
The silk feels soft.(这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。)

练习2. 辨别下列粗体动词是系动词还是实义动词
1. The door stays open at night.
2. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.
3. The book still lies open on the desk.
4. What he said proved true..
5. He can’t proved his theory(理论).
II. 常见的系动词
① 状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。
② 持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。
This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
The food stays fresh in the fridge.
食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。
The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。
He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。
③ 表“像”系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
Something seems wrong. 好像出差了。
He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。
④ 感官系动词
感官系动词主要有look看起来，feel摸起来, smell闻起来, sound听起来, taste尝起来：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
⑤ 变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time.
她没多长时间就富了。
He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。
Eggs go bad easily in spring.鸡蛋夏天容易变坏。
His face went red.他的脸变红了。
What he had dreamt of came true.
他的梦想实现了。
Still waters run deep.静水流深。
⑥ 终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
His plan turned out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.
他预言的结果是错的。

练习3. 用下划线划出下列句中的系动词。
1. His advice proved right.
2. The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
3. The machine went wrong.
4. All these efforts seem in vain.
5. These words sound reasonable.
6. The room soon became crowded.
7. The days are getting longer and longer.
8. He fell ill yesterday.
9. Trees turn green in spring.
10. What you said sounds great.
III. 系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语
He is a student. (ＳＶＰ)
Your idea sounds great. (ＳＶＰ)
IV. 在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词。
要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独做谓语，要和系动词一起做谓语。
改错：
①Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.
②Your book on the desk.
答案及解析：
Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much.(句中没有谓语动词)
Your book is on the desk.（句中没有谓语动词）

写作专练5. 不要忘了使用系动词（P13）

考点3. 基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如，
She likes English.
We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.

练习4. 用下划线划出下列句中的宾语。
1. People all over the world speak English.
2. Jim cannot dress himself.
3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
4. He did not know what to say.
5. He just wanted to stay at home.
6. He practices speaking English every day.
考点4. 基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
如：He gave me a cup of tea. (ＳＶｏＯ)
强调间接宾语顺序为：
动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：
Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。
如：Bring it to me, please. (不能说 Bring me it, please。)

常跟双宾语的及物动词有：
（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell，wish, write等
（需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等
『一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, make』
He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.
= He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.
She bought John a book．= She bought a book for John.

练习5. 分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。
1. She ordered herself a new dress.
2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3. He brought you a dictionary.
4. He denies her nothing.
5. I showed him my pictures.
6. I gave my car a wash.
7. I told him that the bus was late.
8. He showed me how to run the machine.

写作专练6. 用活双宾语句式（P14）

考点5. 基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。

The war made him a soldier.（ＳＶＯＣ他成为一个士兵，构成逻辑上的主谓关系）
New methods make the job easy. （ＳＶＯＣ）
I often find him at work. （ＳＶＯＣ）
The teacher asked the students to close the windows. （ＳＶＯＣ）
I saw a cat running across the road.

练习6. 分析下列句子划分成分，在后面括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语
1. They appointed him manager. （         ）
2. They painted the door green. （         ）
3. He pushed the door open. （         ）
4. They found the house deserted. （         ）
5. What makes him think so? （         ）
6. We saw him out. （         ）
7. He asked me to come back soon. （         ）
8. I saw them getting on the bus. （         ）
9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （         ）
10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （         ）
11. We elected him monitor. （         ）
12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （         ）

考点6. there be 句型
此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。
1. be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和数的变化。
现在时   there is / are …
过去时   there was / were…
将来时   there will be…/ there is / are going to be...
完成时 there has / have been…
可能有 there might be...
肯定有 there must be …/ there must have been...
过去曾经有 there used to be …
似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be …
碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be …　
2. 可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。
此时还表示存在有，但表意要更具体一些。
Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
   There came a shout for "help".
   There exists no air on the moon.
There lies a book on the desk.
There stands a tree on the hill.

1.         a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.
A. It existed     B. There existed
C. They had     D. There had
2. ___ a beautiful palace ___ the foot of the hill.
A. There stand; at       B. There stands; under
C. Stands there; under   D. There stands; at
答案：B, D
3. there be 与have 的区别
there be … 某地有某物，某时有某事；
have 表示某人拥有某物。
改错：
1. There has a book on the desk.
2. There will have a meeting this evening.
答案：1.把has改为is; 2. 把have改为be。
提示：没有there have这种表示“有”的方法。

写作专练7. 正确运用两个“有”there be与have (P14 )

第4讲简单句、并列句和复合句

句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
考点1. 简单句
只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
（划线部分为并列谓语，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）
考点2. 并列句（参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）
由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟,逗号是不可以连接句子的，这一点和汉语不同。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous.
前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

① 表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
He not only stole my money, but he also took my watch away.
② 表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
③ 表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
④ 表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
考点3. 复合句
复合句含有两个或两个以上主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构作另一个的成分。（而并列句的两个主谓结构间是并列关系，而不是从属关系）。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句子就成为复合句了。
1. It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）
What he said is wrong.
（what he said,是一个主谓结构，he为主语，said为谓语，what是宾语。What he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构。What he said作主语，is wrong系表结构作谓语。因此，本句是复合句。What he said是名词性从句作主语）。
2. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）
The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.
（The boy is my brother.是一个主谓结构 who is wearing a hat也是一个主谓结构，作了前一个主谓结构中主语the boy的定语。因此本句是复合句。）
3. I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）
I was doing my homework when he came in.
（I was doing my homework是一个主谓结构，he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语。因此是复合句。

练习7. 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
11. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm.
12. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
13. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.
14. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat
15. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.
考点4. 两个主谓结构时，要用连接词，变为并列句或复合句，或把逗号改为分号
一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。直接用逗号连接的两个简单句是错误的。这是，我们有四种方法来改正这个错句：

1. 用and, so, but,等并列连词来构成并列句；
2. 把逗号改为分号；
3. 改为复合句；
4. 把一个主谓结构的谓语变成非谓语或去掉be，从而变成独立主格结构。（参看P错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）

I like English, my English is very good.×
I like English and my English is very good.√（并列句）
As I like English, my English is very good. √（含有原因状语从句的复合句）
I like English; my English is good. √（用分号）
I liking English, my English is very good. √ (把一个分句改为独立主格结构)
I have a house, its windows are very big. ×
I have a house and its windows are very big. √（并列句）
I have a house, whose windows are very big. √（含有定语从句的复合句）
I have a house; its windows are big. √ （用分号）
I have a house, its windows very big. √ (后面为独立主格结构)

练习8. 利用英语句子结构规律做下列各题：
1. Five people won the "China's green figure” award, a title __ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A. is given     B. was given
C. being given D. given
2. All the preparations for the task_____, and we're ready to start.
A. completed   B. complete
C. had been completed D. have been completed
3. 【2006辽宁】I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _____Chinese in the school, most _____were from Germany.
A. study; of whom     B. study; of them
C. studying; of them   D. studying; of whom
4. Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dress, ____ with smiles.
A. their faces are shining B. whose faces shining C. their faces shining
5. Many students _____ around, I explained the story into details.
A. stood         B. standing
C. to stand       D. were standing
6. I have five friends, some of ____ are businessmen.
A. that   B. whom   C. they   D. them
7. I have five friends, but none of___ are businessmen.
A. that   B. whom   C. they   D. them

第二部分专题过关测试

1. 改正下列句子的改错。
① Do exercise everyday is good for your health.
② That what he said isn’t true.
③ He came late made his teacher angry.
④ On the desk is two books.
⑤ Go to a key college is my dream.

2. 用划出下列句中的后置定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的
① There is nothing to do today.
② The smiling boy needs the pen bought by his mother.
③ There are five boys left.
④ Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
⑤ His rapid progress in English made us surprised.
⑥ The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.
⑦ He is not a man easy to deal with.
⑧ A typhoon swept across the area with heavy rains and winds as strong as 113 miles per hour.
⑨ Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
⑩ There is only one program worth watching today.

3. 用双横线分别划出下句中的间接宾语和直接宾语。
① I will bring you the book when I come next time.
② He asked the ruler why only the four rich men blew trumpets.
③ My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
④ She showed us many of her pictures.
⑤ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.

4. 分析下列句子成分，体会宾语与宾补之间的逻辑关系，并指出宾补是什么词性或结构充当。
① She found it difficult to do the work.
② They made him monitor of the class.
③ They pushed the door open.
④ Then suddenly I saw a man lying on the ground.
⑤ The old man asked us to sit down.
⑥ He noticed a man enter the room.
⑦ By speaking slowly, he made himself understood.
⑧ We want these trees planted soon.
⑨ I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.
⑩ I left the bag lying on the ground.

5. 用双下划线标出it所代表的真正宾语。
① The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.
② She made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
③ I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．
④ He made it known to his friends that he didn’t want to enter politics.
⑤ I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.

第三部分写作能力提升

写作专练1. 正确运用主语的各种形式（参看P4考点2 ）
1. 在我看来，早睡早起对我们的健康有好处。（in my opinion, get up early, go to bed early, do a lot of good to, our health.）

2. 被一所重点大学录取是我的梦想。（be admitted by a key college, my dream）

3. 他这次考试不及格使他不高兴。（fail the exam, make, upset）

4. 在那两座高楼之间，矗立着我们教学楼。（between the two tall buildings, stand, teaching building）

5. 我们现在正在学的知识对我们将来的生活和工作都很有帮助。（what we are learning now, be of great help to, our life and work, in the future）

写作专练2. 用活形容词短语做后置定语（参看P5考点8 ）
1. 你认识Tom旁边的那个人吗？（know, next to）

2. 尽早把他送到距你家最近的医院。（send…to, nearest to, as soon as possible）

3. 我们有一个能容下3000学生用餐的餐厅。（dining hall, large enough, hold）

写作专练3. 正确安排并列状语的顺序（参看P6 1 ）
1. 那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。（do his homework, in the classroom, carefully, at the moment）

2. 我们上周日在我们校园内载了很多树。（ plant lots of trees, in the schoolyard）

3. 他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。（perform incredibly well, speech contest）