|
在中国文化中，“五行”是万物之间不可或缺的基本元素。金、木、水、火、土合称五行。中国古代哲学家用五行理论来说明世界万物的形成及其相互关系。“五行”既强调整体概念，也强调每一元素的重要性及相互之间的关系。同样，在托福写作中至关重要的五种元素构成了托福写作中不可或缺的“五行”。且听笔者一一道来。 托福中的“五行”分别是要切题、有逻辑、有展开，连贯性，多样性。这五个要素相辅相成，缺一不可。 1有效阐明主题（effectively addresses the writing topic and task）审题是第一步，也是最为关键的一步。若是着急下笔，误解题目，哪怕文章逻辑清晰，表达流畅多样也会无济于事。审题一步错，会步步错，与高分背道而驰。以此题为例： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The rules that young people must follow and obey in today’s society are too strict. 考生可能会有如下思路： 观点：反对 disagree 分论点一：The young no longer can be confined by rules anymore for they have more opportunities to change a place to live or work. 分论点二：As society progress, people are more aware of the importance of education, thus they tend to be more insightful for the importance of freedom and democracy. 让步段 这样的思路看起来不错，主体段从两方面来论证年轻人并没有被严格的规则所束缚，一是因为从客观条件来讲，社会环境经济条件的改善，他们有更多机会来改善当前情况；二是因为从主观来讲，由于人们观念的扭转，年轻人主观上追求民主和自由，不被限制。 然而，这样的思路没有切题，在“歧途”上沉醉不知归路。由于题目中有个定语从句，有的考生就会含糊其辞地去理解题目。但事实上，这个题目不是讨论规则是否有用，不讨论如何影响年轻人，而是讨论电影是否值过于严格问题。所以紧抓焦点，随时关注自己要讨论的是什么。去掉定语从句，题目为“The rules are too strict.”这样来看，此题是事实类题目，论证是否规则太严格。当然，定语从句的内容也很重要，论证要联系“young people”。 若是反对，便要论证严格规则的必要性和重要性，从而证明规则不严格。 观点：反对Not too strict but necessarily strict to the young 分论点一：Fierce and intense competition requires young people to strictly follow the social rules and improve themselves. 分论点二：The nature of young people is rash, inconsiderate, lack of self-discipline, need to restrict or confine them: driving license, drinking and smoking, taking drugs, surfing in the net café, gambling. 由此可见，答题是务必要审清楚题目再下笔。否则，所有接下来的展开都是枉然。 2结构有条理（well-organized）文章一定要结构清晰，不可东一榔头西一棒槌。独立写作既要有文章的 “整体脉络” ，每一段也要有清晰的脉络。就整体脉络来讲，一篇托福作文分为三个部分：开头（introduction）；主体（body）；结尾（conclusion）。开头要引入话题，阐明观点。主题要针对观点进行论证和支撑。结尾对主题观点和分论点进行呼应。就主体段来讲，每一个论点都要有一个论据；每一个论据都要有一个例子；每一个例子都要有一个细节。简言之，主体段要言之有理且言之有据。 例如，针对外貌是否重要这一话题，反对观点的一个主体段如下： External appearances always lead to mistakes about a person‘s true character or abilities. (part 1) A plain-looking person can make great achievements. (part 2) Take Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest military leaders and statesmen in France, for example. (part 3) It is well known that Napoleon was very short. He was often laughed at by people around him for his small stature. However, after many years’ struggle, he finally became the Emperor of the French Empire and conquered larger parts of the Europe. (part 4)Napoleon is not a rare case. Actually innumerable famous historical figures were not good looking. Therefore we surely should not judge them by external appearance. (part 5) Part 1是论点，part 2 是论据，part 3 是例子，part 4 是细节，part 5 是总结。因此，段落的结构也很清晰。恰如托福独立写作的要求：use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. 要求看似简单，实则指出来不可或缺的几部分：opinion, reasons, examples. 文章要有整体结构，段落也要有清晰的脉络。 3论点充分展开（well-developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications and details）主体段的展开有多种方法，如例证法、因果论证法，对比论证法。展开的模式为：提出分论点---阐释分论点----给出例子----分析例子----总结例子或者为：提出分论点---阐释分论点----说理分析（因果、对比） ----总结。 例如：题目：人们应该和有共同点的人共事还是与有差异性的人共事。 People sharing a similar or even same career could communicate with each other more easily, and thus they influence positively each others wider and deeper.(提出分论点) To illustrate, colleagues can cooperate more effectively if they can relate to each other very well. Students would feel happier if their friends understand them and communicate with them without any barrier. (阐释分论点) Watson and Crick, for instance, might illustrate this point clearly. （给出例子）Watson and Crick are both molecular biologists, and they are not only partners but also good friends. With their combination of imagination, intelligence, and hard-working, they eventually co-discovered the structure of the DNA molecule: the double helix. Then, of course, they got the Noble Prize for this significant contribution to the entire human race. But if they worked alone on this complicated and huge project, I believe, the prevailing gene engineering might be a no more than a daydream. （分析例子）In this sense, people make friends with similar career could work highly effectively. (总结例子) 以如上所示的方法展开主体段，主体段会层层递进，论证有效地得以展开。 4保持连贯性（coherence and unity）要做到文章连贯，一方面是形式连贯，一方面是逻辑连贯。形式连贯是指句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间的逻辑关系要有具体的转承词体现，如表转折的However/Nonetheless/In contrast、表递进的in addition/what’s more/moreover/furthermore等。逻辑连贯是指内容上的相关和联系，万万不可论证与论点及观点不一致，造成“搬起石头砸自己的脚”。 5语言多样性 (syntactic variety)如果说写作的初级阶段还只是要求语法结构没有错误，用词基本正确，而写作的更高要求则不只是看你能否表达思想，而是要看你能否表达得更生动、耐读、有效、地道。显然，追求表达的变化(Variety)是托福高分作文所要求的。具体说来，表达的变化主要指词的变化和句子的变化以及修辞手段的运用。这就要求考生要积累同义替换词，好的表达及句式。 五行相生，只有每一要素都做得好，才能尽善尽美。托福写作中的这“五行”，哪怕不能做到尽善尽美，也要力争完美。然而，冰冻三尺非一日之寒，若想写出高分文章，平日要从这五个方面好好积累和练习。笔者蔡蔡祝考生在托福写作中“五行相生，妙笔生花”！ 想获得老师们一对一的微信在线答疑解惑么，快来加*国外小管家*为好友吧！ 2016新东方北美留学高峰论坛进行时…… |
|
|
