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脑洞大开的青年怪才和不到500页的奇书《人类简史》(附视频)

 skysun000001 2016-05-29

“Despite the astonishing things that humans are capable of doing, we remain unsure of our goals and we seem to be as discontented as ever. We have advanced from canoes to galleys to steamships to space shuttles – but nobody knows where we’re going.”

“虽然现在人类已经拥有许多令人赞叹的能力,但我们仍然对目标感到迷茫,而且似乎也仍然总是感到不满。我们的交通工具已经从独木舟变成帆船、变成汽船、变成飞机,再变成航天飞机,但我们还是不知道自己该前往的目的地。”


Yuval Noah Harari, 'Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind'

尤瓦尔·赫拉利《人类简史:从动物到上帝》 



《人类简史》很火。




这本用不到500页写完人类繁衍发展两百多万年历史的奇书,引起了各界人士的强烈兴趣和讨论。



大家一边喊着“刷新三观”,一边又表示总能从书中读到点、读出点什么来。



互联网大佬们纷纷推荐这本书。脸书的扎克伯格把它列入年度书单;作者尤瓦尔·赫拉利去Google总部讲课;上TED分享的视频,有近两百万人观看。


推荐赫拉利TED演讲视频一则:


作为一本由以色列作者用希伯来语写得“大历史(Big history)”书,在历来接受翻译作品程度不高的英语世界,该书创出了亚马逊畅销榜上的奇迹。截至5月27日,英语版出版两年后,该书也高居亚马逊总书榜的第32位。


赫拉利是谁?




我们知道他生于1976年,26岁就华华丽丽地取得了牛津的历史博士。




为了让大家一睹这位怪才的风姿,上月他来北京时,出版社破天荒地安排了一场名曰“大集”作者秀(author’s shows)的知识分享,吸引了约2700名观众前来围观,还有14万人付了费守在电脑前看直播。

When he faced an audience of about 2,700 in Beijing Expo Theater in late April, Harari was like a rock star. The audience listened attentively through almost four hours to the very end, some of them reluctant to leave. There were 140,000 more who paid to watch his show live via streaming websites.




这场一直说说说的秀持续到了地铁公交收车时,奇怪的是,提前离场的人很少。而且面对赫拉利略全程高能英语show,现场大多数人没戴同传耳机(据会后交流,这情形让小编和赫拉利博士都感动不已)。




据当天的数据显示,全国有356万读者关注《人类简史》,其中68%为18-23岁的年轻人。


'It's my first time in China. I didn't expect and am much impressed by the young in the audience,' Harari tells China Daily. 


赫拉利说没想到中国的观众构成那么年轻。这话写《江城》的何伟(Peter Hessler)前几年来华时也说过。赫拉利说他以为受众会多是白发苍苍的老教授们,没想到在中国,爱读书、关心人类命运的,正好是能在将来make a change的年轻人们。




出版社的责编舒婷说,其实台下也坐了不少低调的大佬。


大佬们说,我们太习惯从细节出发的思考模式,《人类简史》提醒我们可以从高处来看待,看待历史、生活和我们自己。


The book dwells on human history over 2 million years, covering three key revolutions (cognitive, agricultural and scientific) and one phase of human unification.


该书没有复杂的年表和人物,旨在打通各学科的界限,讲述了人类发展史上的三大革命:认知革命、农业革命和科学革命





1

森林里有仙女


中山大学的李淼教授说,动物能相信“森林里有小白兔”,而只有人类能相信“森林里有仙女”。


Harari believes that Homo sapiens, our far ancestors, differed from other animals with the ability to tell and believe in fictional reality.


赫拉利认为,能够相信虚构的现实,是智人们(homo sapiens)能团结协作、从而得以进化为人类的要素。


'Money is a fictional story we're told, as well as empire, religion and more,' Harari says.


'We believe money, a piece of paper, can be exchanged for a real banana, but the chimpanzees won't.”


'In this sense, bankers are better storytellers than the Nobel literature winners.'


金钱、宗教、国家这些概念,都是人们虚构出来的故事,而人们选择相信这些故事。从这个层面讲,银行家比诺贝尔文学奖得主还会讲故事,他说。


小编一下就如释重负了,既然都是虚构的,嘿嘿,赚钱神马的,都是浮云都是浮云。


Wu Ningchuan from TMTPost.com even calls the book an Internet Bible, which is especially enlightening to internet business and startups.


'Internet business is about the ability to create and tell new stories, and the goal of making money through selling 'happiness' to users, as Harari states in his book,' Wu says.


说到讲故事,有没有一下子想到现在如火如荼的互联网经济?钛媒体有篇文章把《人类简史》称作“互联网圣经(an Internet Bible)”,简单说就是因为互联网企业的王道就是看看能不能讲出新的故事,让用户都买帐,还要用这个新的故事来塑造新的全球化秩序,以给用户提供无穷尽的“幸福感”。


什么提供搜索、电商等是第一代互联网商业模式,提供社交网络和移动互联网是第二代。而“交付幸福”,是第三代。



2

农业革命是场骗局

'History is complicated. To really understand, you need to look at it from many angles at the same time and use multiple measurements,' says Harari.


赫拉利说历史很复杂,他除了拥有简洁有逻辑的叙述归纳能力之外,他还经常采用多种考量方法以及变化角度来审视。



为了说明农业革命的真相,赫拉利采取了小麦的角度来看待这段历史,小麦表示很无辜,但是小麦被赫拉利塑造得阴险而狡猾,因为是它们操纵了当时的智人,让他们从每日忙于精心培育种植它们,忙个不停。


“农业革命所带来的,非但不是轻松生活的新时代,反而让农民过着比采集者更辛苦、更不满足的生活。(原先的)狩猎采集者的生活气是更为丰富多变,也更少会碰上饥饿和疾病的威胁。”赫拉利写道。



3

这碗鸡汤你干是不干?


He also devotes one chapter to the subject of happiness, arguing that we're not happier than our ancestors, as we're filled with more desires.


He says historians seldom look at people's inner desire for happiness, especially viewing from the long run of history. But his ideas have resonated with the Chinese readers' need for 'chicken soup' and soul exploration.


作为少数关注人类幸福的历史学家,赫拉利用了一章来讲人们是否感到幸福快乐。他认为,我们面临了更多选择的“自由”,却并没有比1800年前更快乐。


更多的自由让我们疏离社群、更加孤独;金钱会带来快乐,但仅在一定限度内;疾病会短期降低幸福感。而家庭和社群对快乐的影响大过金钱和健康。


“快乐在于客观条件和主观期望之间是否相符,”他说。



他还说历史书籍有一大空白,没有任何一本提到了社会结构的建立和瓦解以及科技的发明和传播,是如何为个人带来快乐或是痛苦的。他要求补上这一笔。


在我们看来,这一章完全是超好用的一碗“心灵鸡汤(chicken soup)”。


北大的高毅教授也说了,“如果作者能真心关切人类的命运,并且有充足的知识准备和理论修炼,这种写作就能达到一种胜境,它的产物也就不再是那种我们所习见的历史作品,而有可能是一种对历史和人生的彻悟。”



4

当你成为“无用之人”时,我们历史学家们还能谈论什么


“Within 30-40 years, most humans will have no job, being taken over by Artificial Intelligence. The biggest question in politics and economics in 21st century is what to do with all those masses of 'useless' people.”


I'm afraid there is not enough attention given to these issues by government and the public. Governments are very busy with traditional problems. 


赫拉利在跟《中国日报》专访的时候谈到了未来。他说再过个30、40年,大多数人类就没工作了,基本上全被人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)取代了,到时我们将面临的最大的社会问题就是如何处理、安置这么一大批的“无用之人”。


他认为现在的各国政府太忙于传统的政务,还没有充分意识到这一危机,并同时开始做好准备。




I'm not a pessimist.


I see the world has many good things. This is the first time in history that humankind has managed to overcome famine. We also see a substantial reduction in violence. Previously 10 percent of mortality was caused by human violence; today it is less than 1 percent.


说是这么说,他不承认自己对于未来是“悲观主义者”。人类历史进展到今天,我们消灭了大规模的饥荒,还大量降低了暴力的使用。赫拉利认为这是两大重要进步。


And it's the duty of historians and philosophers to understand present-day technology, think about them in broader terms, and warn people of their risks.


该是历史学家和哲学家挺身而出的时候了。他们应该摒弃往常对科学和科技的发怵,认真地了解新科技,并且警示全人类他们可能带给人类的困境。



讲了那么多干货,现在是八卦时间。



'Examples are to make it easier for the readers to understand and they need to be familiar to the reader,' he said.

赫拉利是位非常聪明的作者,他的每一个语种都重新调整了书中的例证,改成本土化的历史片断。


He is one of the rare and smart writers who would change seven to eight examples and offer a customized academic book to a different market.


'When I write Queen Elizabeth I as an example of powerful women to the English audience, I use the Empress Dowager at the end of the Qing Dynasty for the Chinese. Football in the English version for the UK market and basketball/baseball in the US,' he adds.


比如,将英文版中的伊丽莎白一世换成中文版的慈禧太后。就连美国的英文版和英国的之间也不一样。


但是,这本全球超级畅销书,一开始连续被五个以色列出版商拒绝。大家觉得这本书好超前。



Born in 1976 in a Jewish family to an engineer father and secretary mother, Harari is currently a history professor at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Harari specialized in medieval history and military history.

赫拉利生于1976年,现为耶路撒冷希伯来大学的历史系教授,他起初专注于中世纪史和军事史的研究。


'People don't make the most of the opportunities that their jobs offer them, they stopped being interested in the big questions of life,' he adds.


说到他如何在“大历史”方面取得成功,他说可能大家的工作或多或少有些自由度,但是“没有尽够最大的努力”。


'I was curious about big questions on why the world is the way it is and the deep forces that shape reality and our life, but didn't get satisfied with answers when young from parents and teachers. They seemed to be not interested in these questions,' he says.


'Most people when young ask those big questions, but by 20-something, they put these questions aside, and think about practical issues.' he says.


'In my case, I just did not do that and they continued to be very central for me, from 14 to now.'


“我从小就有很多关于历史深流的大问题,一直没得到答案。我相信很多人在小时候跟我有一样的疑惑,但是随着长大,大多数人都把这些疑问淡忘了,投入到了更实际的生活羁绊之中”,他说。


“我只不过从14岁到现在,都坚持没有把这些问题放到一边而已。”


欢迎点击中国日报关于《人类简史》的三篇系列报道,你会发现生活中的赫拉利是位素食者,每天花两小时冥想,还有位志同道合的伴侣。


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