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太全了!纯干货!英语语法超级归纳!不看后悔!(三)

 昵称35160985 2016-07-18


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七、非谓语动词


非谓语动词的语法功能

所能充当的成分

主语

表语

宾语

宾语补足语

定语

状语

V-ing形式

现在分词



动名词



不定式(to do)

过去分词(done)



注:现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分

generally speaking一般说来;frankly speaking坦白地说;judging from/by...根据……来判断;considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到……;

to tell you the truth说实话;seeing...考虑到……;supposing假设,如果;providing如果;given考虑到,鉴于;provided that如果

非谓语动词的形式变化

非谓语

形式

构成

时态

语态

复合结构

否定式

主动

被动

不定式

一般式

to do

to be done

for sb. to do sth.

of sb. to do sth.

在“to”前加not

或never

进行式

to have done

to have been done

完成式

to be doing

/

完成

进行式

to have been doing

/

动名词

一般式

doing

being done

sb.或sb’s doing

作主语要用

sb’s doing

在前加not

特别注意复合结构的否定式: 

sb’s not doing

sb’s not having done

完成式

having done

having been done

现在分词

与动名词变化形式相同


在前加not

在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个:一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词;二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。

一、谓语与非谓语的比较

非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如:他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He will come visit you,而是He will come to visit you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。

例:Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend,          up in no time.

A. to stand         B. standing        C. stood           D. would stand

分析:stood是与sat并列的谓语。


非谓语语法功能的比较                                                                                                                                                                                                 

做宾语的非谓语动词比较

情况

常用动词

只接不定式

做宾语的动词

hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen

只接动名词

做宾语的动词或短语

mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist

feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to

两者都可以

意义基本相同

begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)

need, want, require(主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)

意义相反

stop to do 停止手中所做的事,去做另一件事           stop doing 停止正在做的事

意义不同

remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生)

remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生)

go on to do(接着做另外一件事)

go on doing(接着做同一件事)

try to do(设法,努力去做,尽力)

try doing(试试去做,看有何结果)

mean to do(打算做,企图做)

mean doing (意思是,意味着)

can’t help (to) do(不能帮忙做)

can’t help doing(忍不住要做)

be considered to have done被认为已经做了

consider…to be认为是

consider doing考虑做某事

非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别

分  类

常见动词

与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念

例  句

不定式

ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage

主谓关系,强调动作将发生或已经完成

 

I asked to be sent to the countryside.

I heard him call me several times.

have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make

现在分词

notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel

主谓关系,强调动作正在进行,尚未完成

I found her listening to the radio.

过去分词

动宾关系,动作已经完成,多强调状态

We found the village greatly changed.

IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别

分  类

区  别

例  句

不定式

与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生

I have a lot of papers to type.

I have a lot of papers to be typed.

I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢)

动名词

通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的主谓关系

Shall we go to the swimming pool?

现在分词

与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生

the boiling water / the boiled water

the developing country/the developed country

the falling leaves/the fallen leaves

过去分词

与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成或只表示状态

注意:the bridge to be built 将建造的桥,  the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥





八、情态动词和虚拟语气


情态动词

I.情态动词基本用法

情态动词

用  法

否定式

疑问式

简答式

can

能力(体力,智力,技能)

允许或许可(口语中常用)

可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中)

can not / cannot /can’t do

Can…do…?

Yes,…can.

No,…can’t.

could

couldn’t do

may

可以(问句中表示请求)

可能,或许(表推测)

祝愿(用于倒装句中)

may not do

May…do…?

 

Yes,…may.

No,…mustn’t/can’t.

might

might not do

Might…do…?

Yes,…might

No,…might not.

must

必须,应该(表主观要求)

肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)

must not/mustn’t do

Must…do…?     to.

Yes,…must.

No,…needn’t/don’t have

have to

只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态和人称的变化)

don’t have to do

Do…have to do…?

Yes,…do. 

No,…don’t.

ought to

应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should)

ought not to/oughtn’t to do

Ought…to do…?

Yes,…ought.

No,…oughtn’t.

shall

用于一三人称征求对方意见

用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等

shall not/shan’t do

Shall…do…?

Yes,…shall. 

No,…shan’t.

should

应当,应该(表义务责任)

本该(含有责备意味)

should not/shouldn’t do

Should…do…?


will

意愿,决心

请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉

will not/won’t do

Will/Would…do…?

Yes,…will. 

No,…won’t.

would

would not/wouldn’t do

dare

敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)

dare not/daren’t do

Dare…do…?

Yes,…dare.

No,…daren’t.

need

需要,必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)

need not/needn’t do

Need…do…?

Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.

used to

过去常常(现在已不再)

used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do

didn’t use to do

Used…to do…?

Did…use to do…?

Yes,…used. 

No,…use(d)n’t.

Yes,…did. 

No,…didn’t.

II.情态动词的重点知识

表示“能力、许可”的can和may

表示能力的情态动词用can/could

A computer_____think for itself; it must be told what to do.

A.can’t        B.mustn’t     C.may not    D.might not

表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以,但在问句中用could…?或might…?以使口气委婉客气,其回答一定要用can或may,以使回答口气明确(must表示一定,必须,mustn’t表示禁止,不许可)。

①—Could I call you  by your first name?   —Yes, you______

A.will      B.could    C.may    D.might

②Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself.

A.won’t/can’t          B.mustn’t/may

C.shouldn’t/must       D.can’t/shouldn’t

在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力,而要用was/were able to。

The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but

everyone_____get out.

A.had to      B.would       C.could       D.was able to

表示“推断、判断”的can

may,must

在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。

Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.

A.must       B.may       C.can         D.will

而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性:

Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times.

在否定句中只能用can和may。所以can’t时用以代替mustn’t,语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。

Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short.

A.needn’t     B.can’t       C.should      D.may

在疑问句只能用can,不能用may和must。

He may be very busy now.       Can he be very busy now?

He must be very busy now.       Can he be very busy now?

need

need作为情态动词只有一种形式,只用于否定句和疑问句。


dare

dare作为情态动词用时有两种形式:dare和dared两个词形,除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外,还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。

If he dare come,I will kick him out.  I don’t know whether he

dare say.

注意:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.(否定句)

Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?(疑问句)

shall

用于第一人称:征求对方的意见。

What shall we do this evening?

用于第二、三人称:警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。

You shall fail if you don’t work harder. 警告

He shall have the book when I finish reading.允诺

He shall be punished.威胁

should

劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。

You should(ought to) go to class right away.  

I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble.

will/would

请求、建议,would比will委婉客气。

Would you pass me the book?

表示意志、愿望和决心。

I will never do that again.   

They asked us if we would do that again

would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。

During the vacation he would visit me every week

The wound would not heal.(伤口老是不能愈合)

would表示估计或猜想。

It would be about ten when he left home.   

What would she be doing there?

情态动词+have done的用法

could+have done:本可以做而实际上未能做。

You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.

cannot+ have done:表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。

He cannot have been to that town.

can+主语+ have done:表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定(用在疑问句中)。

Can he have got the book?

might(may)+ have done:对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。

He may not have finished the work.

If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.

must+ have done:对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。

其否定式为:cannot have done。

You must have seen the film.

You cannot have seen the film.

needn’t+ have done:本来不必要做的而实际上又做了。

You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain.

注意:didn’t need to(have to)do:

没有必要做而实际上也没有做

I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago.

should(ought to)+ have done:本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。

You should have started earlier, but you didn’t.

She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape,

for I worked to use it.

注意:He should have finished the work by now.(表推测)

虚拟语气

类   别

用   法

例   句

If引导的

条件从句

与现在事实相反

从句动词:过去式(be用were)

主句动词:should/would/could/might+do

If he were here, he would help us.

与过去事实相反

从句动词:had+done

主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+done

If I had been free,I would have visited you.

与将来事实相反

从句动词:过去式/should+动词原形/were+to do

主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形

If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.

省略if的虚拟条件句

将虚拟条件从句中的were,had,should放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装

①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up.

②Were I you,I would not do it.

③Had I been free,I would have visited you.

混合虚拟条件句

不同时间的虚拟:各遵守各的规则

①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.

②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now.

③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.

虚拟与陈述的混合:各遵守各的规则

①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t careful enough.

②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago.

含蓄虚拟

条件句

but for+名词表示虚拟条件

句子或主句中的谓语动词的形式视具体情况而定。这是考查考生应变能力的最佳试题。

---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble.

---You know we’re friends.

A. would get          B. must have got   

C. would have got      D. can’t have got

without+名词表示虚拟条件

Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold.

动词不定式表示虚拟条件

It would be only partly right to follow in this way.
如果用这种方式,仅仅对了一半。

现在分词表示虚拟条件

Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident.要是及时得知的话,我们也许能阻止这场事故。

过去分词表示虚拟条件

Given more attention, the tree could have grown better.
如果多留心的话,这树本来可以长的更好。

副词otherwise表示虚拟条件

I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you.我当时太忙,否则我就给你打电话了。

连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件

He _____fatter but he eats too little .

A. would become      B. would have become 

C. must become       D. must have become

其它

状语从句

as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或had+done或would/could/might+do。

注意:as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气:

当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时:

It sounds as if it is raining.听起来像是在下雨。
He talks as if he is drunk.从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。

①与现在事实相反

He talks as if he knew where she was.

②与过去事实相反

He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.

③与将来事实相反

He opened his mouth as if he would say something.

in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do

Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.

宾语从句

demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+do

He suggested that we not change our mind.

wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和should/would+do表示与现在,过去和将来情况相反

I wish I could be a pop singer.

I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month.

主语从句

在It is necessary / important / strange that…

It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等从句中,

谓语动词用should+do

It is strange that such a person should be our friends.

其它

句型中

It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+do

It’s high time that we left/should leave.

would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式

I would rather you stayed at home now.

If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈的愿望

If only our dream had come true!









九、句子的种类

按用途分

种  类

类   型

例   句

陈述句

肯定句

We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。

否定句

They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。

疑问句

一般疑问句

Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗?  

Haven’t you seen the film?  你没看过这部电影吗?

特殊疑问句

Who is the man? 这人是谁?

When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视?

What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么?

选择疑问句

Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡?哪种都行。

Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语?他学法语。

反意疑问句

They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场,是吗?

You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业,是吗?

祈使句

肯定句

Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。

否定句

Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心,我会帮助你的。

感叹句

what + 名词

What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!

What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀!

how + 形容词或副词

How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀!

How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀!

how +句子

How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀!

How + adj. + a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+n

How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊!

按结构分

种类

类型

例句

简单句

主+谓

They disappeared. 他们消失了。

主+谓+宾

He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。

We help each other. 我们互相帮助。

主+谓+间宾+直接宾

I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。

They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。

主+谓+宾+宾补

They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。

I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。

主+系+表

She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。

He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。

并列句

并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but,

Either you do it, or ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做,要么我请其他人来做。

 Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework. 汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。 

Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough. 

不是他们完不成任务,而是任务太重了。 

转折关系but,while(而,尽管)

nevertheless(然而;不过)

John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球,但他昨天没打。

选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or

We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点,否则会赶不上火车。

 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来,或者我到你那去。

因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so

We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里,因为天正在下雨。

He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.

他学习不努力,因此这次考试不及格。

复合句

由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体,从句是全句的一个成分,不能独立。

从句有:名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句)

状语从句

定语从句

(详细请看以下各节罗列的内容)

 



十、名词性从句


种类

关联词

例     句

说     明

 

 

 

that

That he will come and help you is certain.

他来帮助你是确实无疑的。

that在引导主语从句时不可省去

whether

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.

月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。

主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。

连接代词

who

what

which

whatever

What he wants to tell us is not clear.

他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。

Who will win the match is still unknown.

谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。

 

主语从句放在句首,句子常显得笨重,因此一般

连接副词

when

where

why

how

It is known to us how he became a writer.

我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。

Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。

把它移到句子后面,前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。

陈述意义

 

that

 

I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。

We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.

我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。

that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。

疑问意义

if

whether

I wonder whether he will come or not.

我想知道他来还是不来。

Everything depends on whether we have enough money.

一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。

I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting.

我不知道它是否有意思。

He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。

whether常与or not连用,不能用if代替。

作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。

从句是否定句时一般用if引导。

特殊疑问意义

who, whom,

which,whose,

what, when,

where, why,

how,whoever,

whatever,

whichever

Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么?

She always thinks of  how she can work well.

她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。

She will give whoever needs help a warm support.

凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。

宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。

注1

 

如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,将从句后置。

We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。

注2

think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句,要将从句中的否定形式,移到主句中。

We don’t think you are right. 我们认为你不对。

I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。

连词

that

whether

as if

The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough.

问题是他们不能很早到达这里。

It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。

在非正式的文体中that可以省去

 

 

 

 

 

表语从句位于主句系动词之后

连接代词

who

what

which

That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。

The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker.

问题是谁(你们哪一位)接着发言。

连接副词

when

where

why

how

This is where our problem lies.

这就是我们的问题所在。

That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.

那就是他为什么不到会的原因。

由连词that引导,不担任成分,也可有when, how, where等引导。

The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。

I have no idea when he will come back home.

我不知道他什么时候回来。

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.

他想到可能玛丽生病了。

He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.

他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。

同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容,常用的名词如:fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof, belief, story等。

特别注意what的双重功能:

①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.

(what为“所……的事”,相当于“the thing that…;all that…;everything that…”)

②After ________ seemed a very long time,I opened my eye and found myself in bed.(M ET'93)

A.what        B.when          C.that         D.which

(what相当于“the time that”,表示“……时间”)

③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now?

(what表示“……的人”,相当于“the person that…”)

④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world.

(what表示“……的地方”,相当于“the place that…”)

⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago

(what表示“……的数目”,相当于“the amount /number that…”)

 



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