olfers, participating in the discussion forum, recommend that oneshould initiate the downswing lower body move with a right hiprotation movement (a hip squaring movement) where one rotates theright hip forward in the direction of the ball-target line. Whatthey don't realise is that it is very difficult to rotate the righthip forward at the start of the downswing when most of the bodyweight is situated over the right femoral head. Downhill skiersunderstand this point and that's why they use their ski poles tohelp unload the ipsilateral hip joint before they initiate a turn.Golfers don't have an accessory mechanical aid that can help themunload the right hip at the very start of the downswing. A secondimportant point that many beginner golfers don't appreciate is thatthe hip squaring action at the start of the downswing shouldn'tinvolve a movement of the right hip forward (towards theball-target line), but it should rather be a movement of the lefthip back towards the tush line (away from the ball-target line).Some online forum discussants suggest a totally different approach,and they recommend that the downswing hip movement should startwith a hip slide, rather than a hip rotation, but they don't alwaysunderstand what's the purpose of the hip slide and they thereforecannot definitively state 'how much the hips should slide'.Arguments therefore break out as to whether the hip slide shouldjust be a 'hip bump' or whether it should be a true 'hip slide'.All these issues about hip slide versus hip rotation, hip slideversus hip bump, are confusing issues and I hope that this reviewpaper offers beginner golfers a better understanding of the'correct' hip movements in the backswing and downswing.
我也相信很多新手高尔夫球手完全误解了髋部在高尔夫挥杆中的移动。我作为一个成员参加了多个在线高尔夫论坛的主题为“如何最佳地用髋关节运动启动下杆”经常出现的讨论。一些高尔夫球手参与论坛讨论时建议,启动身体下部移动，开始于一个右髋的旋转运动（髋回到方正的动作），向着球的目标线向前转动右髋。他们没有意识到的是，转动右髋向前在启动下杆是非常困难的，因为这时身体的大部分重量坐落在右股骨头。下坡滑雪运动员了解这一点，这就是为什么他们在转弯前用滑雪杖帮助卸载同侧髋关节的重量前。打高尔夫球的人没有辅助机械的援助，帮助他们卸载右髋关节在下挥杆开始的重量。第二点也很重要，许多高尔夫初学者没有认识到的一点是，髋回到方正的运动启动动作不是一个右髋向前运动（向着球目标线），但它应该是一个左髋向后回到臀垂线的运动（离开球靶线）。一些网上论坛讨论者提出一个完全不同的方法，他们建议时，髋关节运动应从髋部滑动，而不是一个髋关节的旋转，但他们并不总是了解髋关节滑的目的是什么，因此他们不能明确说明”臀部滑动多少”。于是引发争论是否髋滑动应该只是一个“髋部突前”或它是否应该成为一个真正的“髋滑动”。所有这些问题,髋部滑动h还是髋部的旋转，髋部滑动还是髋部突前，是非常让人困惑的问题，我希望本文提供给初学者打高尔夫球的人更好地理解“在击球时髋部正确的动作”。
The Backswing Hip Pivot
The backswing hip pivot movement can be defined as thebiomechanical right hip movement that occurs when a golfer pivotsover the right leg during the backswing.
上杆过程中的髋部旋转运动可以定义为: 生理结构方面的右胯运动,发生于高尔夫球手上杆时以右腿为转轴的旋转。
Why should a golfer pivot over the right leg during thebackswing?
为何上杆过程中，球手以右腿为轴心旋转？
Try the following experiment. Stand perfectly erect, and try andmaximally turn your shoulders perpendicularly around your erectspine - without moving your hips. You will soon discover that youcan only rotate your shoulders about 30-45 degrees if you don'tallow your hips to rotate. The reason is that the thoracic spineonly has a limited ability to tilt/rotate and this is a majorlimiting factor in the degree of shoulder rotation that can beachieved without pelvis rotation. The same degree of restrictedshoulder movement occurs when one bends over at at angle of 25-40degrees (the usual degree of bent-over spinal posture at address).In other words, a golfer has to rotate his hips to achieve anadequate shoulder turn. What represents an adequate shoulder turnfor a full golf swing?
试试下面的实验。完全直立，并最大限度地围绕脊柱转动你的肩膀--你的臀部不准移动。你很快就会发现，你只能转动你的肩膀约30-45度，如果你不让你的臀部旋转。原因是，胸椎只有有限的能力，倾斜或旋转，这是一个肩膀的旋转主要的限制因素，如果骨盆没有旋转。当一个人前倾25-40度角时，肩膀的运动程度遭遇相同的限制（瞄球时一般程度的弯曲脊柱姿势）。换句话说，一个球员需要旋转他的臀部，以达到足够的转肩幅度。那么什么是全挥杆中所谓的充分转肩？
Aaron Baddeley's end-backswing position - from reference number[1]
Note that Aaron Baddeley has rotated his shoulders about 90 degreesaround his upper spine, and that represents a good end-backswinggoal for a beginner golfer. There is no need to rotate one'sshoulders >90 degrees. Also, note that the clubshaft is at 90degrees to the left forearm, and that represents a 'fully loaded'club. Those are the two critical elements that a beginner golfermust try and achieve during the backswing of a full golfswing.
注意，亚伦巴德利的肩膀相对上脊柱转动约90度，那是一个初学者高尔夫挥杆很好的最终目标。不需要旋转你的肩膀>90度。同时，注意握把相对左前臂呈90度，代表一个“完全上膛”的球杆。这是一个初级高尔夫球手必须努力实现全挥杆击球过程中的两个关键要素。
Note that Aaron Baddeley has rotated his hips slightly in order toachieve a 90 degree shoulder rotation. The amount that one needs torotate the hips depend on one's degree of body flexibility. Agolfer who has an inflexible torso will have to turn his hips agreater amount in order to allow the shoulders to rotate 90 degreesaround the upper spine. One should limit the hip turn to thesmallest amount that allows a 90 degree shoulder rotation. Anover-rotation of the hips can predispose a golfer to over-swinging,which is a fault that plagues Phil Mickelson's driver swing. PhilMickelson recently changed his coach, and his new coach, ButchHarmon, is working on correcting Phil Mickelson's over-swingingproblem by getting him to limit his hip turn.
注意亚伦巴德利略微旋转他的髋部，以达到90度的转肩量。需要转髋的程度取决于一个人的身体的柔韧性。一个球手假如有僵直的躯干，将不得不将他的髋部转动更多以让肩膀旋转90度左右。一个球手在转肩90度情况下，尽可能限制转髋程度。过度转髋将导致过度上杆，这是一个困扰米克尔森的一号木挥杆的问题。米克尔森最近改变了他的教练，和他的新教练，布彻哈蒙，正在修正米克尔森的挥杆问题，让他限制他的髋部转动。
See this swing video -
http://www./watch?v=9BLex1mJ_JM&mode=related&search=How does a golfer limit the hip turn, and what represents anadequate hip turn?
那么球手如何限制转髋？如何知道髋部已经转动足够了？
It is important to appreciate thatone rotates the shoulders around a single, centralised axis - thespinal axis. However, there is no single centralised axis for thepelvis (hip) rotation because we have two legs, and the pelvis issuspended over the two legs. Therefore, during the backswing thepelvis has to rotate over the right hip socket, and during the latedownswing/followthrough the pelvis has to rotate over the left hipsocket. A golfer has no choice regarding the matter - human anatomydictates this reality and a golfer has to move his hips inconcordance with anatomical reality.
一个球手围绕一个单一的、中心的轴--脊柱，来转肩，是需要认识的一个重要概念。然而，对于骨盆来说，没有一个单一的中心的轴用于旋转，因为我们有两条腿，和骨盆悬在两条腿之上。因此，在上杆过程中，骨盆旋转于右髋股骨臼上，后期下杆时骨盆旋转在左髋股骨臼上。球手对此事没有选择--人体解剖学决定这一现实，球员在移动他的髋部必须遵从解剖学的现实。
Photo adopted from reference number [2]
Note that the femoral head articulates with the pelvis at the hipsocket joint (acetabulum). The acetabulum is a cup-shapeddepression in the side of the pelvis and the rounded femoral headswivels about in the shallow cup-shaped hip socket (acetabular)joint. Note that the femoral head protudes at an angle of about 45degrees from the femur, and the part of the femur that connects thefemur to the femoral head is called the femoral neck. It isimportant to appreciate the asymmetrical appearance of the hipjoint and how it sits on the side of the pelvis.
请注意，股骨头铰接在髋关节的骨盆（髋臼）。髋臼是骨盆侧杯状凹陷，圆形的股骨头旋转在浅杯状髋臼关节。请注意，在股骨头与股骨有45度夹角，连接股骨的股骨头股骨部分称为股骨颈。认识到髋关节对称性以及如何坐在骨盆侧是很重要的。
The lumbosacral joint area is where the lumbar spine (lower 5vertebrae of the spinal column) attaches to the pelvis (sacrum).There is no movement at the lumbosacral joint, and it is a 'fixed'joint. The lumbar vertebrae are virtually incapable of rotatorymovement, and the lumbar spine can only flex forward (lumbarflexion) and slighly backwards (lumbar hyperextension).
Consider an anatomical diagram of the lumbar vertebra.
腰骶关节区是在腰椎（下五节脊柱椎骨的）附着于骨盆（骶骨）。腰骶关节是不可活动的，它是一个“固定的”关节。腰椎是几乎无法旋转运动，只能弯曲向前（腰椎屈曲）和稍向后（腰椎拉伸）。
考虑腰椎解剖图。
Anatomy of the lumbar spine - diagram by Frank Netta
The superior articular process of one lumbar vertebra articulateswith the inferior articular process (of the lumbar vertebra above)at the inter-articular facet joint. The cup-shaped jointarrangement resists rotary motion and the average amount ofrotation possible at each lumbar vertebral level is approximately0.8 degrees.
一个腰椎上关节突和下关节突（上面一节腰椎的）相连关节内关节面。杯状关节的构造抵抗旋转运动，每个腰椎水平旋转的能力平均为0.8度。
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae and each thoracic vertebra canslide a little sideways where it articulates with the adjacentthoracic vertebra - and that allows the entire thoracic spine toachieve a small degree of tilt, and/or a small degree of rotation(a spiralling of the thoracic spine spine around its centralaxis).
一共有12节胸椎，每个胸椎与相邻的胸椎连接处可以侧滑一点，使整个胸椎实现一个小的倾斜，或一个小角度的旋转（旋转围绕其中心轴胸椎脊柱）。
Anatomy of the thoracic vertebra - diagram by Frank Netta
Note that the superior and inferior articular facet joint surfacesof the thoracic vetebra are flat - like shingles on a roof - andthat allows each thoracic vertebra to rotate more freely about thelongitudinal axis of the spine.
注意，上下胸椎关节突的关节面是平的-- 如同屋顶瓦片--这样允许每个胸椎更自由地围绕脊柱的纵向轴线旋转。
Note that a golfer usually adopts a position at address that causesthe spine to be tilted slightly to the right (see above photo of a
golferat address) and note that the rightwards spinal tilt is due tothe fact that i) the pelvis is minimally tilted (note that the leftpelvis is minimally higher than the right pelvis) and this causesthe lumbar spine to be minimally angled to the right; and ii) thethoracic spine is slightly tilted/arched to the right. Pre-tiltingthe spine to the right has the benefit of getting the head andupper spine to be behind the ball at address.
注意球手在瞄球时，通常采用脊椎略微偏右的站姿（参见上面的瞄球照片）并注意脊柱向右倾斜是因为1）骨盆略微倾斜（注意左侧骨盆略高于右骨盆）这使得腰椎轻度向右侧倾斜；2）胸椎稍微向右倾斜/弯曲。预倾斜的脊柱偏向右侧，对于保持头部和脊柱上部在瞄球时位于球后方是有好处的。
When a golfer starts the backswing, he needs to avoid hip swaying.Hip swaying occurs when a golfer allows the right thigh to sway tothe right. When the golfer sways to the right, the pelvis oftensways to the right along with the right thigh. That causes tiltingof the pelvis, and the right pelvis becomes higher than the leftpelvis. This pelvic tilt causes the lumbar spine to tilt to theleft and the golfer ends up leaning to the left side (towards thetarget). That leftwards spinal tilt is called a reverse pivot, andshould be avoided. A golfer needs to pivot his pelvis over hisright femoral head without any swaying, and that requires arelatively 'fixed' right femoral head position. How does a golfer'fix' the position of the right femoral head, so that the pelviscan pivot over the femoral head? The right thigh is 'fixed' inposition if the golfer keeps the right knee slightly flexedthroughout the entire backswing and prevents the right knee/thighfrom swaying to the right. It is perfectly acceptable for the rightknee to straighten a little (as viewed from a down-the-line view)as long as the right knee/thigh doesn't move sideways away from thetarget (when viewed from a face-on view).
当一个球员开始上杆，他需要避免髋部的摆动。髋关节摆动的发生源于高尔夫球手让右腿向右摆动。当球手向右侧摆动，骨盆随着右大腿一起向右摆动。导致骨盆错误倾斜，右骨盆变得高于左骨盆。这导致腰椎骨盆向左倾斜，球员最终歪向左边（朝向出球方向）。向左倾斜的脊椎，被称为反转，是需要极力避免的。一个球员需要在右侧大腿没有摆动的情况下正确地在股骨头上转动他的骨盆，这需要一个相对固定的右侧股骨头的位置。如何“固定”的右侧股骨头的位置，使骨盆可在股骨头上旋转？右大腿处于“固定”的位置，如果球手在整个上杆过程中保持右膝关节轻度屈曲，防止右膝盖和大腿向右晃动，为此右膝盖在过程中略微绷直一点是完全可以接受的（从侧面看），只要右膝盖、大腿没有向右横向移动（从正面看时）。
Aaron Baddeley - end-backswing position - from reference number[1]
The yellow line was placed alongside the front/side of the rightknee at address, and the red line was placed alongside thefront/side of the right knee at the end-backswing position. One cannote that there is no lateral movement of the right knee during thebackswing, although the right knee straightens a little (whenviewed from the side). Its perfectly acceptable for the right kneeto straighten even more than Aaron Baddeley's right knee. Theprimary purpose of 'fixing' the right knee is that it stabilisesthe right thigh and turns the entire right lower limb into a stable'post', that will allow the golfer to pivot the right hemi-pelvisover the top of this stable 'post'. The right femoral head is thetop of the 'post' and the right hemi-pelvis can rotate over the'fixed' right femoral head, and this pelvic movement constitutesthe backswing hip pivot movement.
黄线是放置在瞄球时右膝前/侧旁，红色的线放在上杆后右膝的前/侧。人们可以注意到，没有横向移动右膝的后摆，虽然右膝盖伸直了点（从侧面观察）。即使比亚伦巴德利的右膝盖更伸直也是可以接受的。“固定”的右膝盖是稳定的右大腿，将整个右下肢成一个稳定的“后方”为主要目的，让球手在这个稳定的“后方”上旋转右半骨盆。右股骨头位于“后方”的顶部，右半骨盆可以旋转于“固定”的右侧股骨头顶部，这种骨盆运动构成上杆中髋部旋转运动。
When a golfer pivots over the right femoral head in the backswing,the pelvis rocks over the relatively 'fixed' right femoral head,and the right buttocks moves backwards (away from the ball-targetline) and also to the left (towards the target). That causes thelumbar spine (which is rigidily attached to the pelvis) to berealigned in its positional orientation, so that it faces towardsthe right side. That, in turn, causes the thoracic spine to beincreasingly tilted to the right side, because the thoracic spinehas a natural tendency to align itself in line with the lumbarspine. The following cross-sectional diagram of the body (at hiplevel) demonstrates these anatomical phenomena.
当一个球员以右侧股骨头为支点上杆，骨盆滚过相对固定的右侧股骨头，右臀部向后移动（离开球和目标连线）并向左移动（朝向目标）。使腰椎（这玩意牢固附着于骨盆）被重新调整其定位朝向，使其朝向右边。这将导致胸椎是越来越偏向右侧，由于胸椎有一个自然的倾向，使自己在腰椎成一线。以下的身体的横截面图（在臀部）演示了这些解剖现象。
Cross-sectional diagram of the body at the level of themid-pelvis
This cross-sectional diagram demonstrates what actually happensanatomically during the backswing hip pivot action. During thebackswing hip pivot action, the golfer prevents the right thighfrom swaying to the right by 'fixing' the right knee in a positionof slight flexion, and when the golfer turns his body to the rightduring the backswing, the laterally-directed forces actually causesthe right thigh to move backwards (away from the ball-target line)and slightly to the left (towards the target). The right thighmovement, in turn, causes the right femoral head to move backwardsand to the left. The right hemi-pelvis has no choice, and it has tofollow the movement of the right femoral head, because of the snugcup-shaped design of the right hip socket. The movement of theright hemi-pelvis to the left and backwards causes the rightbuttocks to move to the left and backwards. While this ishappening, the left hemi-pelvis has to simultaneously move to theright and forwards - because the pelvis is an unitary bonystructure and there is no hinge joint between the left hemi-pelvisand right hemi-pelvis. In other words, the movement of the lefthemi-pelvis has to mirror the movement of the righthemi-pelvis.
本图显示实际上发生的解剖学上的上杆髋部转动过程。上杆的髋部旋转中，球员为防止右大腿晃动，通过右膝微屈“固定”住右侧膝盖，当球员把他的身体在上杆中转向右方，实际上会导致右腿向后移动（离开球和目标连线）略向左侧（朝向目标）。反过来，右大腿的运动，使右侧股骨头向后移动，因为右髋臼舒适的杯形设计，右半骨盆没有选择权，只能跟随右股骨头的运动。右半骨盆向左向后的运动导致右臀部也向左向后移动。当这种情况发生时，左半骨盆也同时向右向前移动，因为骨盆是一个统一的骨性结构，左半骨盆和右半骨盆之间没有铰接。换句话说，左半骨盆做右半骨盆的镜像运动。
Most importantly. a golfer needs to understand that there is no'true' rotatory movement in the hip joint during the backswing hippivot action. The pelvis 'appears' to rotate during the backswing,because the right femoral head changes its position and movesbackwards and slightly to the left, and the right hip socket isanatomically obliged to also move with the right femoral head. This'apparent' pelvic rotational phenomenon constitutes the backswinghip pivot action, but there is no 'real' axis of pelvic rotation -there is only a change in the positional alignment of the pelvisdue to a change in the position of the right femoral head.
最重要的是，一个球员需要理解在髋部旋转运动中，髋关节无“真正的”旋转运动。骨盆“貌似”在上杆中旋转，是因为右股骨头的位置变化和向后移动，稍微向左，右髋臼解剖学上必须跟随右股骨头。这种“明显”的骨盆旋转现象构成上杆髋部旋转行动，但没有“真正”的骨盆旋转轴--由于右侧股骨头的位置的变化改变了骨盆的位置。
To better understand how to perform a 'correct' backswing pivotmovement, view the following Brady Riggs swing video
欲了解如何作出正确的上杆旋转动作，请观看下列视频
http://www./watch?v=WvOr5nNqYEw&mode=related&search=Here are a series of images from that swing video.
Brady Riggs swing video images
In images 1 and 2, Brady Riggs is demonstrating a hip swayingmovement. He drew a yellow line alongside the right outer thigh ataddress, and you can see how the right outer thigh and right outerlimit of the pelvis moves to the right of that yellow line when thehips are allowed to sway. That causes the right hemi-pelvis tobecome much higher than the left hemi-pelvis, and that causes thelumbar spine to become tilted to the left. Note how Brady Riggs isleaning over to the left at the end of the backswing (image 2) - areverse pivot position. A 'correct' backswing pivot action willcause the right hemi-pelvis (right buttock) to move backwards andto the left as the pelvis pivots over the right femoral head - seeimage 3. That causes the lumbar spine to be oriented to the right.There is a natural tendency for the thoracic spine to align itselfin sympathetic alignment with the lumbar spine, and you can seethat Brady Riggs has allowed that to happen in image 3 - note howhis entire spine is tilted to the right, and note how his headmoves slightly to the right, so that it is vertically over a pointthat is right of center. Note that a 'correct' backswing hip pivotmovement causes the right thigh to move inwards (away from theyellow line) as the right buttocks rotates around to the left. Thathas the added advantage of creating space under the right shoulder,so that there is ample room for the arms to descend down to theball from an inside direction during the downswing.
影像中的1和2，布雷迪里格斯展示了髋部的摆动运动。他画了一个黄色的线在瞄球站姿的右外侧，你可以看到当可以摆动时，右腿和骨盆右外侧极限运动到黄线的右侧。使右半骨盆变得比左半骨盆高得多，这导致腰椎成为向左倾斜。请注意，布雷迪里格斯上杆结束位置向左倾斜（图2）-典型的反转姿势。一个“正确”的上杆髋部旋转将导致右半骨盆（屁股）向后和向左移动，使骨盆在右侧股骨头上支点旋转-见图片3。使腰椎是向右。胸椎自然与腰椎对齐，你可以看到，布雷迪里格斯-在图3-允许发生这个过程。注意他的整个脊柱向右倾斜，并注意他的头轻微地移动到右侧，所以它位于中心靠右侧的某一点。请注意，“正确”的上杆髋部支点旋转运动导致向内移动右大腿（远离黄线），右臀部转向左边。这还有增加右肩下方空间的额外好处，在下杆时为胳膊在内侧下降有了更大的空间。
。
Although there is a natural tendency for the spine to tilt to theright during a 'correct' backswing pivot movement, one must ensurethat the spine doesn't become over-tilted to the right. The headshould always be inside the right inner foot at the end of thebackswing, and the head must never be allowed to get too far overto the right. The golfer should still feel that his body isgenerally centralised between the feet, and there should never be afeeling of leaning over too far to the right side. Most of one'sbody weight will be over the right heel at the end of thebackswing, but a significant amount of body weight should still befelt be over the left forefoot. If one can lift the left foot offthe ground and still keep one's balance, then one has too muchweight over the right heel.
虽然“正确”的后摆枢轴运动过程中自然倾向脊柱向右倾斜，也必须确保脊柱不过于偏右。头部在上杆结束后应该总是在右脚内侧，而决不允许太右。球手仍然觉得他的身体在的两脚之间，也不应该是有靠得太右侧的感觉。大部分的体重会在上杆结束后放在右脚跟，但相当一部分体重还是应该感到在左前脚掌。这时如果人能举起左脚离地，依然维持平衡，就说明有太多的重量在右脚。
Some golfers prefer to keep more centralised during the backswingpivot movement.
有些球手倾向于更多地保持上杆过程中重心居中
Nick Faldo - end-backswing position - from reference number[4]
Note that Nick Faldo's right buttocks has moved back and to theleft, and that causes the lumbar spine to be oriented to the right.However, Nick Faldo has less rightwards tilt of the thoracic spinethan Brady Riggs, and his head is just to the right of central.This is a perfectly acceptable and there is no rule that defineshow much the spine should be tilted to the right at the end of thebackswing. However, one should definitely avoid a leftwards tiltedspine, and/or a spine that is tilted too far to the right. Oneshould feel in perfect balance between one's feet at the end of thebackswing.
请注意，尼克费度的右臀部向后移并向左移，并导致腰椎是面向右。然而，尼克费度胸椎向右倾斜的程度比布雷迪里格斯小，他的头位于中间偏右一点。这是完全可以接受的，没有规则定义了上杆结束时脊柱应该倾斜多少。然而，绝对应该避免向左倾斜的脊柱，或脊椎倾斜太右。上杆结束球手应该感到完美平衡于自己的脚之间。
Some beginner golfers have difficulty performing a 'correct'backswing pivot movement when starting from the static addressposition if the body weight is equally distributed between thefeet. It may help those beginner golfers if they lower the rightpelvis slightly at address, so they feel that there is slightlymore weight on the right heel at address, and they should have adistinct 'feeling' that they could easily sit/squat on the rightheel during the backswing. Whatever technique a beginner golferutilises to perform a 'correct' backswing pivot movement, he musthave a distinct feeling that the lumbar spine is oriented towardsthe right at the end of the backswing, and he should also feel thatthe thoracic spine is oriented slightly to the right. The headshould be allowed to move a little to the right during thebackswing, so that it remains in sympathetic alignment with thecervical spine, and it should end up vertically above a point thatis a few inches inside the right foot.
有些初学者高尔夫球感到有困难进行“正确”的髋部旋转，特别是从静态站姿位置时，身体的重量平均分配于双脚之间。也许他们在站姿中降低右骨盆略有帮助那些初学者，所以他们觉得瞄球时站姿中体重在右脚跟稍重，他们应该有一个独特的“感觉”，他们在上杆中可以很容易的坐、蹲在右脚。无论技术初学者使用何种技巧做一个“正确”的上杆支点旋转运动，他一定要在上杆结束后感觉腰椎是向右倾斜的，他也应该觉得胸椎略为偏右。头部应被允许上杆中略微右移，所以它同步地与颈椎对齐，它应该结束于右足内侧几英寸的上方。
Stuart Appleby - head movement in the backswing (from a swingvideo)
In the image of Stuart Appleby at address (image 1), one can notethat he has small amount of spine tilt to the right, and that hishead is behind the center of his stance. At the end-backswingposition (image 2), one can see that he maintains a centralisedposture, but that there is a small amount of head movement to theright (which is readily discernible in the composite photo - image3).
在上图斯图瓦特爱坡比的站位（图1），你可以注意到他的脊柱轻微右斜，他的头是在站姿中心的后面。在完成上杆的位置（图2），可以看到他保持中间的站姿，但是有一点头部向右侧移动（在图3的复合图像中很容易辨别）
Why is it important to have a spine that is tilted to the rightduring the backswing, and why is it important to have one's headbehind the ball?
Consider a good end-backswing position from a face-on view.
为何在上杆中保持脊柱向右倾斜是如此重要？为什么保持头部在球的后方如此重要？从正面看一个好的上杆结束站姿。
Ben Hogan end-backswing - from a 1953 swing video
In this swing video capture image of Ben Hogan's end-backswingposition, one notes that his upper torso is tilted to the right andthat his head is vertically over a point that is a few inchesinside his right foot (green dotted line). Most importantly, notethat I have drawn a faint yellow line between his head and his leftfoot, and this line is parallel to his rightwards tilted uppertorso. That yellow line represents an imaginary axis with the headand left foot being two stabilising points at either end of thataxis. Note that Ben Hogan's hands are just ouside his right foot.During the downswing, Ben Hogan is going to pull his hands downtowards the ball as fast as possible, and if he didn't have astabilising structure within his body to support the rigorousmovement of the arms across the front of the body, then he wouldtopple forward in the direction of the ball. The stabilisingphysical structure within his body that keeps him in balance duringthe downswing are the bones (and supporting musculature) of theleft leg and the torso/spine between the head and the left foot.That supporting physical structure is aligned in the direction thathe is going to be swinging the club, and it doesn't have to movemuch in the downswing.
A good drill that will help a beginner golfer learn how to achievethe 'correct' end-backswing posture comes from BrianManzella.
在这个挥杆视频捕捉图像的本侯根上杆结束站姿，注意他上身向右侧倾斜，他的头垂点位于在他的右脚内侧几英寸（绿色虚线）。最重要的是，请注意，我画出一个淡淡的黄线在他的头和他的左脚之间，和这条线是平行他向右倾斜的上身。黄线表示一个虚轴，头和左脚是轴两端两个稳定点。请注意，本哈根的手，只是在他的右脚外侧一点的位置。在下挥杆的过程中，本哈根将把他的手尽可能快地拉向球，如果他没有一个稳定的支撑结构在他的身体上支持前手臂剧烈的运动，他会倒向球的方向。他下杆时在他的身体平衡所依赖的稳定的物理结构来自左腿以及左脚与头部之间的躯干中的骨骼（以及支撑的肌肉）。这个支撑物理结构与他要挥动球杆德方向一致，下杆过程中也不需要移动过多。
一个很好的练习可以帮助初学者学习如何实现“正确”的上杆结束姿势，来自布瑞恩曼泽拉。
Brian Manzella's Crossing Guard drill - from reference number[5]
In this drill, one places a clubshaft across the front of one'sbody from the left shoulder to the right hip. Then one pivots overthe right hip, while ensuring that the clubshaft becomes verticallyaligned with the right foot (blue line). That gets's the leftshoulder towards the right foot and ensures a rightwards slope ofthe spine and left upper back (yellow line). Most importantly, thisdrill gets the right shoulder 'deep' during the backswing, and thiswill allow the right shoulder to drop down along the right shoulderplane (RSP) line at the start of the downswing - when the pelvisslides to the left.
在练习中，把一根球杆放置在身前，从左肩到右髋。然后在右髋上支点旋转，直到确定球杆垂直方向与右脚齐平（蓝线），这将使左肩转到右脚之上，并且确保脊椎和左上背形成向右的斜坡（黄线），更重要的是，这练习使右肩在上杆中更“深”，可以在下杆时使右肩沿着右肩平面落下--此时骨盆滑向左侧。
Note that this drill is an exaggeration of a 'real life' backswingpivot movement, and a golfer should never allow his head to getthat far over to the right - outside the right foot.
注意这个练习是一个“真实场景”上杆支点旋转运动的夸张形式，球手永不能允许头部走到如此右侧--以至于超出了右脚外侧
Consider the situation of a reverse pivoting golfer.
Brady Riggs demonstrating a reverse pivot - from his swing video(see above)
Note that Brady Riggs is in a reverse pivot position and that he isleaning towards the target, and that his spine (green dotted line)is tilted to the left (towards the target). Also, note that theleftward tilt of the spine causes his head to be left of the centerof his stance. That's a terrible situation to be in at the start ofthe downswing, because the spine first has to move to the right (inthe direction of the red arrow), and away from the target, beforehe can effectively swing his arms down towards the ball. How muchsupport can the stabilising structure of his body provide if it ismoving away from the target while the arms are swinging in theopposite direction (in the direction of the target) and how fastcan his hands be pulled down towards the ball?
布雷迪里格斯展示一个反转挥杆视频（见上文）
请注意，布雷迪里格斯是反向支点旋转的站姿，他倾斜向目标方向，而他的脊柱（绿色虚线）向左倾斜（面向目标）。同时，注意脊柱向左倾斜的原因，他的头部位于站姿中心的左侧。这是一个可怕的情况来启动下杆，因为脊柱首先不得不移动到右侧（在红色箭头方向），并远离目标，才能有效地摆动双臂朝球。如果是身体是远离目标运动，而胳膊是在相反的方向摆动（目标的方向）身体的稳定结构能够提供多少支撑？双手被多快地拉向球？
Consider a simple analogy. Imagine a boxer standing about 18-24' infront of a boxing bag, and imagine that he is going to punch theboxing bag with the maximum amount of power. How much punchingpower can he generate if he stands perfectly erect with his feetclose together? Very little - because as he straightens out hisright arm in a vigorous punching motion, his body is not providinghim with any stabilising structural support, and his body is likelyto topple forward in the direction of the punching bag. Now imaginethe boxer altering his posture so that he has his left foot forwardand his left knee slightly flexed, while he leans his upper torso(spine) away from the punching bag. Then he can hit the punchingbag with much more force - while using the same right arm punchingmotion. The reason for the increased punching power is due to thefact that he can lean forward into his slightly flexed left legwhile he keeps his head back in a stationary position. By keepingthe head and left foot stationary, he is creating a stabilisingphysical structure within his body, that supports the right armpunching motion and prevents the right shoulder socket from movingtoo far forwards during the punching action, while at the same timeabsorbing the Newtonian counterforces that move in the oppositedirection. Now imagine the equivalent of 'reverse pivoting' byimagining the boxer leaning his upper body towards the punching bagbefore he executes the punching action, while keeping his two feetclose together. What will happen during the right arm punchingmotion is that his upper torso will be flung reactively backwardsaway from the punching bag - due to Newtoniain counterforces - andthis movement of his right shoulder socket away from the punchingbag will decrease the force of the punching blow.
考虑一个简单的类比。想象一个拳击手站在沙包前18-24英寸，想象他要用尽全力击打沙包。如果他站完全直立，双脚并拢，能产生多大的冲击力？非常小的-因为他可以伸直右胳膊有力的出拳，但是他的身体不给他提供任何稳定的支撑结构，和他的身体可能倒向目标的方向。现在想象的拳击手改变他的姿势，他的左脚向前和他的左膝盖稍微弯曲，而他上身（脊柱）向沙包的反方向倾斜。然后使用相同的右手拳的动作，他可以有更多力量打到沙袋上。提高击打力量的原因是基于这样的事实，他可以向前依靠他的轻微弯曲的左腿时，他把他的头在一个固定的位置。保持头和左脚平稳，他的身体内创造一个稳定的物理结构，支持右手臂冲击运动和防止右肩关节臼移动太远，同时吸收了牛顿的反作用力，在相反的方向移动。现在想象一下，“反向旋转”的情形就是想象拳击手靠他的上半身向沙包冲拳，同时保持双脚并拢。右手臂运动过程中发生的情况是，他上身会被动地远离沙袋运动-由于牛顿反作用力，将他的右肩关节远离沙袋的这种运动将减少打击力。
Reverse pivoting can be a major power leak source in a beginnergolfer's swing. Professional golfers can still swing effectivelyfrom a slight revere pivot position, but even they lose a certainamount of swing power as a result of reverse pivoting.
反向旋转是初学者主要的力量损失原因。职业球手在轻微反向旋转时能够有效地挥杆，但仍然会损失相当数量的挥杆力道。
Consider an example of an excellent golfer's swing that washandicapped by reverse pivoting.
Anonymous golfer swing comparison
In the first two images of the anonymous golfer's swing, note thathe has a slight reverse pivot at the end of his backswing (image1)and that he loses a significant amount of his wrist lag in theearly downswing (image 2) - presumably due to the fact that he hadto move his upper spine away from the target before he could pullhis hands rapidly downwards. In the second swing sequence, he has agood backswing hip pivot movement and he gets his entire spinetilted to the right without any leaning of the upper spine/headover to the left (image 3), and this results in a much betterdownswing movement with an amazing amount of wrist lag (image4).
在前面两张无名氏的挥杆中，注意他的上杆结束的轻微反向旋转以及他失去了手腕在下杆早期的延迟释放损失的力量--大概是由于这样的事实，他不得不在他可以拉住他的手迅速向下之前把他的脊柱上部远离目标。在第二挥杆过程，他有一个好的上杆髋部支点旋转运动和他整个脊柱倾斜向右，没有任何脊柱/头向左（图3），这导致在一个更好的下杆运动有着惊人的手腕延迟释放（图4）。
The Downswing Pivot
Consider what happens during the downswing from a hip pivotingperspective.
Aaron Baddeley - from reference number [1]
In this composite photo, I have combined an image of Aaron Baddeleyat the end-backswing position and another image of him at theimmediate post-impact position. Consider what hip movements musthave occurred in the downswing phase of his swing. At the end ofhis backswing he is pivoting over his slightly flexed right leg,and at impact he is pivoting over a straightened left leg.Therefeore, the following hip pivoting events must have happened inthe downswing - i) he must have pivoted off his right femoral headand ii) he must have slid his entire pelvis to the left so that hecould start pivoting his left hemi-pelvis over his left femoralhead. In other words, he had a right hip pivoting-off action, apelvis slide movement and a left hip pivoting-on action.
在这个复合照片里，我把亚伦巴德利在上杆结束和他击球后位置的照片放到一起。考虑一下在他的下杆时必须发生什么髋部动作。在他上杆结束时他在轻微弯曲的右腿转髋，在击球时他在伸直的左腿上转髋。因此，以下髋部旋转事件必须发生在下挥杆时，1）他一定转回了他的右股骨头2）他必须把整个骨盆左滑让他可以在他的左股骨头上旋转他的左半骨盆。换句话说，他有一个右髋关节的旋转动作，骨盆滑移运动和左髋关节旋转动作。
So what is the best method of starting this sequence of hippivoting movements? There are an amazing number of contraryopinions as to the best method of starting the downswing's lowerbody movements. Many golfers think of initiating the downswing bymoving a single body lower part eg. pushing the right hip around,kicking-in the right knee, kicking-off the right foot, pulling backon the left hip and on-and-on. I think that it is major mistake tothink of a single body movement when initiating the downswing, andI think that it is better to think in 'big' pictures (mental imagesof the movement of the entire pelvis in space).
那么什么是启动这一系列的髋部支点旋转动作的最佳方法？启动下杆的下半身动作的最佳方法的矛盾意见是数量惊人的。许多球手都想通过移动一个单一下部身部件，如推回右髋、右膝前冲、右脚后踢，左髋拉回等等。我认为想依靠一个单一下身部件运动来启动下杆，是一个重大错误，我认为最好是想象一下“大”场面（精神上想象整个骨盆运动的空间运动图像）。
My favorite way of thinking of hip movements at the start of thedownswing is derived from this swing video.
我最喜欢的髋部运动启动下杆来自于这个挥杆视频
http://www./watch?v=NNwSfz0_KDMShawn Clement, the Canadian golf instructor, starts off bydemonstrating how one should perform a backswing hip pivot movement- by wiping the right buttock against the glass window in thedirection of the target. That's a good swing thought for a beginnergolfer who has difficulty performing a 'correct' backswing hippivot movement.
肖恩克莱门特，加拿大的高尔夫教练，开始演示如何进行上杆髋部支点旋转运动 -通过把右臀部向目标方向擦玻璃窗。难以执行的“正确”的击球髋关节旋转运动。对于难以做出正确转髋上杆动作的初学者，这是一个好的挥杆想像。
Note what he states about starting the downswing's lower bodymovements. He recommends that one keep the right buttock back whereit was at the end of the backswing (at the tush line), and herecommends that one should think of pulling the left buttock backagainst the glass window and wiping away from the target (pivotingthe left hemi-pelvis back and to the right, so that it is againstthe tush line). In other words, he is recommending that one shouldfocus one's attention on the left hemi-pelvis, and he recommendsthat one should think of pulling the left hip back in a left hipclearing action - without allowing the right buttocks to move awayfrom the tush line in the direction of the ball-target line.
注意他所说的启动下杆的下半身运动。他建议保持右髋部在后部，上杆结束时它就在那个位置（在身体后垂线），他建议想像拉左髋回来背对玻璃窗向远离目标的方向擦拭（向后向向右支点旋转左半骨盆，所以它朝向身体后垂线的）。换句话说，他建议人们应该把注意力集中在左半骨盆，他建议应该想着拉左髋回来进行左髋转开动作，不允许右臀部在球目标连线方向作出离开身体后垂线的移动。
Ben Hogan recommended a left hip clearing action in his book[4].
本侯根在他的书里推荐一种打开髋部的动作。
Ben Hogan's idea of an elastic strip - from reference number[4]
Ben Hogan stated that one should 'imagine, that at address, one endof an elastic strip is fastened to a wall directly behind your lefthip and that the other end is fastened to the left hip bone.' Then,during the backswing, when the hips rotate 45 degrees to the right,the elastic strip becomes stretched. The downswing starts when theelastic strip snaps back, rapidly rotating the hips around to theleft. In other words, the initiating hip movement is a rapidshift-rotation of the left hip back around to the left (hipsquaring action).
本侯根表示，应“想象，在准备站姿，皮筋的一端固定在左边臀部的墙后面，另一端固定在左髋关节骨。”然后上杆，当髋部转动向右45度，皮筋被拉伸。下杆开始于皮筋回拉，迅速拉动髋部向左。换句话说，引发髋关节运动是一种快速移动旋转左髋关节回左（髋回到方正动作）。
However, there is one major point that is different about Hogan'sdescription/diagram - compared to Shawn Clement's swing videorecommendations. The Hogan diagram shows the right pelvis rotatingwell forward across the toe line - while the left pelvis rotatesbackwards. It is a mistake to think that the right hip has to moveforward of the toe line when the left hemi-pelvis is pulled backtowards the tush line. It is possible to pull the left hemi-pelvisback towards the tush line without moving the right hemi-pelvisforward of the toe line (although the unitary structural integrityof the pelvis dictates that the right hemi-pelvis must be movingforward away from the tush line as the left hemi-pelvis moves backtowards the tush line). If one adopts the wrong hip-squaringapproach - immediately rotating the right hip forward over the toeline to square the hips - then it pulls the right buttocks off thetush line and predisposes one to an 'over-the-top' move as thepelvis, and subsequently the right shoulder, spins forward. Thereis an additional problem if a golfer starts the downswing hipmovement with a right hip rotation movement towards the ball-targetline - because if the right hip is brought forward, then both hipsare too far forward over the toes, and the golfer will becomeunbalanced with a tendency to fall foward over his toe line.Beginner golfers must therefore consciously avoid spinning theright hemi-pelvis forward at the start of the downswing.
然而，有一点是对霍根的描述/图-不同于肖恩克莱门特的挥杆视频推荐。霍图显示右骨盆向前旋转越过脚趾线-而左骨盆向后转动。这是一个错误的认识，认为在左半骨盆拉回到身体后垂线，右髋关节需要向前移动靠近脚趾线。可以把左半骨盆朝身体后垂线拉动同时保持右半骨盆不向前移动（虽然骨盆的整体结构的完整性决定了在左半骨盆朝身体后垂线前进时右半骨盆必须远离身体后垂线）。如果采用了错误的髋部回复方正的方法-立即转右髋向前越过脚趾线-然后把右臀推离身体后垂线和使人易患一种扣杆的毛病，由于骨盆旋转，随后带动右肩向前旋转。如果一个球员以右髋关节旋转朝向球和目标连线方向启动下杆髋部运动，会产生附加的问题，因为如果右髋向前运动，然后整个臀部将超出脚趾过远，球手将站不稳，倾向栽向他的脚趾线。初学者必须有意识地避免右半骨盆向前运动启动下杆。
Consider a 'real life' sequence of Ben Hogan's hip movements duringthe downswing (from a swing video).
看一下本霍根挥杆次序中髋部在下杆运动时的“真实场景”（来自一段挥杆视频）
Ben Hogan - downswing sequence
I have placed red lines alongside Hogan's hips at the end-backswingposition (image 1). As the downswing progresses, one can see thathe first slides his pelvis to the left, but there is no evidencethat he prematurely rotates his right hemi-pelvis forward (towardsthe ball-target line). One can also note that he is putting moreweight on the left foot as the downswing progresses. Note that hisright knee doesn't have to kick-in to enable him to transfer weightover to his left side, although he is probably pushing off theinside of his right foot during this weight transfer action. Notethat he doesn't over-slide the hips to the left, and the outerborder of his left hip never goes left of a point that isvertically in line with the inner border of his left foot. In otherwords, he only slides his pelvis enough to the left so that can putmost of his weight over a straightening left leg. From that pointonwards, his left hemi-pelvis is pivoting around to the left overthe left femoral head as the left leg becomes increasinglystraightened.
我用红线标出霍根的髋部完成上杆的位置（图1）。为下杆开始后，人们可以看到，他首先把他的骨盆滑向左边，但没有证据表明他过早地旋转他的右半骨盆向前（向球与目标连线）。你也可以注意到，下杆过程中他把更多的重量移动到左脚上。请注意，他并不需要突进右膝盖使他能够转移重量到他的左边，尽管他可能在这个重心转移过程中他的右脚向内侧推。注意他没有过分滑动臀部到左边，左髋外边界不会超过他的左脚内侧边界线的垂线。换句话说，他只滑动他的骨盆到足够的左边，可以把大多数他的重量放在绷直的左腿上即可。从那时起，他的左半骨盆在左股骨头上做支点旋转，左腿变得越来越直。
This series of swing images enables a beginner golfer to develop amental image of the 'correct' sequence of hip movements in thedownswing - a progressive replanting of weight onto the left foot,which occurs secondarily to the pelvis sliding to the left,followed by a pivoting of the left hemi-pelvis over a straighteningleft leg (left hip clearing action) that causes the left pelvis torotate back to the tush line. In other words, a good 'downswinginitiating' mental image for a beginner golfer is to think ofgetting one's weight over onto the left foot followed by animmediate sensation of actively pulling the left hemi-pelvis back(away from the ball-target line) towards the tush line. This mentalimage should help a beginner golfer avoid the fault of sliding thehips too far to the left. If the pelvis slides too far to the left,and the outer border of the left pelvis gets beyond the outerborder of the left foot, then the lumbar spine, and often theentire lower torso, moves ahead of the ball by impact.That willusually result in a weak push-slice shot - because the hands aretoo far ahead of the ball by impact and there is no opportunity forthe clubface to close by impact, and there is also no 'firm leftside' to support the actively moving torso. In the abovephoto-sequence, one can appreciate that Hogan is hitting into a'firm left side' (straightening left leg) and that he is pivotingaround an imaginary axis (between his stationary head and his leftfoot) to the left. Note that Hogan keeps his head stationarythroughout the entire downswing, and this helps him firm-up theentire left side of his lower torso as his body pivots around (theimaginary axis) to the left.
这一系列的图片使初学者想象下杆的“正确”的髋部运动次序，一种渐进的把重量放到左脚，它发生于骨盆向左边滑去之后，随后转左半骨盆在伸直左腿之上（左髋打开动作），然后使左骨盆转回身体后垂线。换句话说，一个初学者好的“下杆启动”是想一个人的体重到左脚，随后立即感觉积极拉动左半骨盆后（离开球和目标连线）回到身体后垂线。这种精神的想象应该帮助初学者避免滑动的臀部太左的错误。如果骨盆滑动太左，左骨盆外边会超越左脚的外边界，然后腰椎，经常包括整个躯干下部，在触球前过分超越球。这通常会导致在一个弱的右直右曲球--因为触球时手超越球太远，没有机会让杆面在触球时关闭，也没有“坚定的左侧“支撑积极运动的躯干。在上面的照片序列，人们可以欣赏到霍根打进“坚定的左侧”（绷直左腿），他是围绕着一个虚拟的轴线旋转（他的固定头部和左脚之间）。请注意，霍根的头部固定在整个挥杆动作，并帮助他在躯干转向左边（围绕虚轴上）时固定了他的左侧下半身。
When does Hogan pivot-off the right femoral head? It obviouslyoccurs in the later stages of the downswing as he putsprogressively more weight on the left foot. At some point, theright femoral head must become sufficiently unweighted that it isreasonable to conclude that he can be considered to be pivoting hispelvis off the right femoral head. A sign of the unweighting of hisright femoral head is the bending of his right knee and the liftingof his right heel off the ground. These two body part movements arenot active movements, but passive movements that occurautomatically when the right femoral head becomes unweighted in thelater downswing, and the right hemi-pelvis rotates forwards. That'swhy a beginner golfer should not think of actively kicking-in theright knee, and/or actively pushing the right heel off the groundin the early downswing.
当霍根转动右侧股骨头？显然，发生在下挥杆的后期，他将越来越多重量转移到左脚。在某些程度上，右股骨头上的重量必须变得足够少，然后才是合理的得出可以从右侧股骨头上转开骨盆的结论。一种右股骨头的减重的迹象是，他的右膝盖折叠和右脚离地提升。这两个身体部位的运动不是主动的运动，而是被动运动，在下杆后期右侧股骨头变得无重量负担后自动发生。而右半骨盆向前旋转。这就是为什么一个初学者不应该想象主动地突进右膝盖，和/或主动地推动右脚在早期离开地面。
Here is another swing video sequence example demonstrating the samepoints.
Aaron Baddeley downswing series - from reference number [1]
I have placed red lines alongside the outside of Aaron Baddeley'sthighs when he is at the end-backswing position (image 1). Note howAaron Baddeley squares his hips in the early downswing (image 2) bypulling the left hip back towards the tush line (away from theball-target line) and not by thrusting his right hip forward(towards the ball-target line). Note how his right pelviseventually rotates forward later in the downswing (image 3) andthat causes his right heel to passively lift up, and his right kneeto passively kick inwards, by the time he reaches the impactposition (image 4).
我用红线标记亚伦巴德利上杆结束时的大腿外侧位置（图1）。注意亚伦巴德利下杆时早早就把髋回正（图2），通过拉左髋朝向身体后垂线（离开球和目标连线）而非把他的右髋向前送（朝向球目标连线）。注意在下杆过程中很晚时他的右骨盆最终向前转动（图3），使他右脚踝的被动地抬起，他的右膝盖被动地向内突进，这时他已经触球（图4）。
Note how 'quiet' Aaron Baddeley's legs are throughout thedownswing.
注意巴德利的腿在下杆过程中是多么安静。
Brady Riggs recommends 'quiet' legs in this swing video.
http://www./watch?v=bzx0tLOckiY&mode=related&searchTo be able to see an excellent swing video example of a goodbackswing/downswing hip pivot action - look at this swing video ofMike Austin's swing (especially the first four swings in B&Wtaken when he was still very young). Note how he rotates his rightbuttocks in the backswing pivot action (so that it wipes against animaginary glass wall in a targetwise direction) and note how hepulls his left buttocks back during the downswing pivot action (sothat it rubs against an imaginary glass wall in a direction that isaway from the target). Most importantly, note the fluidity of hiship movements, and the remarkable synchrony of his upper and lowertorso movements. Mike Austin once drove a ball 515 yards(wind-assisted) in competition when he was 64 years of age!
http://www./watch?v=IoqZufP3UJc&mode=related&search=Jeff Mann.
June 2007.
References:
1. V1 Home Swing Analyser website.
http://v2.2. The 7 Laws of the Golf Swing. Nick Bradley.
3. A Swing for Life. Nick Faldo.
4. Five Lessons: The Modern Fundamentals of Golf. Ben Hogan.
5. Perfect Pivot - Part 1: Backswing Pivot. Brian Manzella.
http://www./forum/showthread.php?t=3675&highlight=article(Registration required)
