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花押印记的起源与流行 Origin and Popularity of Monogram Seals 花押印记以固定的给兴华符号作为凭信标志，是流行于宋金元时期的玺印新类型。花押也称花书。宋代叶梦得《石林燕语》云：“唐人出未有押字，但草书其名以为私记，故号‘花书’。”花押印的形成有一个从手书花押到制为印章的过程。 A new seal type that enjoyed great popularity in the Song, Yuan and Jin dynasties was the monogram seal, using fixed personalized symbols as marks of authentication. These were known as “monogram”, or “floral writing” seals. According to the Song Dynasty book Writing of Shi Lin by the Ye Mengde, people in the Tang Dynasty did not originally have special monogram signs. They wrote their own names in cursive script and in “floral writing”. From this handwritten signature developed a special monogram seal.  ▲南宋，铜押，上海博物馆藏 与 北宋，“张”押 Southern Song Dynasty, Bronze monogram seal. Shanghai Museum & Northern Song Dynasty, “Monogram of Zhang” 宋、金、元时代铜制花押印记成为民间的主要凭信形式。“张”押及另一图形押，印台甚高，印文空腔很深，印纽作方形橛钮，与北宋“张氏安道”、南宋初钱世瑞木印钮式相类，是宋代的典型形制。 In the Song, Jin, and Yuan dynasties, bronze monogram seals became a main means of authentications among common people. The monogram seals such as “Monogram of Zhang” have a very high seal body, deep-cut characters, and square peg knobs. All these are typical of Song Dynasty seal forms and similar both to the Northern Song wooden seal “Zhang Aandao” and those of Qian Shirui of the early Southern Song.  ▲南宋，济南刘家功夫针铺铜牌拓片，中国国家博物馆藏 Southern Song Dynasty, Rubbing of the bronze shop sign “Jinan Liu’s Fine Needle Shop” National Museum of China 花押印记形式多样，除单纯花押外，又有姓氏花押；在文字类别上有汉字、西夏字、八思巴字。印面以方形、长方形多件，也有多种肖形的形式，表现出装饰的情趣，说明花押是此期社会各族民众共同行用的印章形式。某些花押可能作为商铺的标记只用，如“济南刘家功夫针铺”铜牌上铸有“认明白兔儿为记”字样，传世花押中兔形亦多见。 Monogram seals exist in a great variety of forms. There are both pure monograms that have no words at all and surname monograms. There are several written scripts including Chinese, Western Xia, and Phags-pa scripts. The imprint parts are mostly square or rectangular. There are also various shapes resembling different intent. This shows that monogram seals were used generally by people of various ethnic groups in this period. Some monograms were used as trademarks of shops and firms. On a bronze shop sign for “Jinan Liu’s Fine Needle Shop” are inscribed the words “recognize our products by the white rabbit mark”. There existed many monogram seals with the rabbit mark. 本文节选自孙慰祖：《中国印章-历史与艺术》，外文出版社，2010年。 Sun Weizu: The History and Art of Chinese Seals, Foreign Languages Press, 2010 责任编辑：戴梦岚 实习生：黄诗坤 您的转发与点赞是对我们工作的最大鼓励！ |
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