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狼毫之狼是豺狼还是黄鼠狼?NO NO,今天不谈书法,谈文化 | 读书者说

 昵称34801917 2016-11-19

狼毫毛笔的原料是黄鼠狼的尾毛。其实这不算冷门知识。而对于正在翻译《中华文化读本》的西班牙青年汉学家来说,却变成小小可爱的文化陷阱。


北大的西语教授赵振江在做该书的审校的时候,发现了这个问题,又将原本误译的豺狼的狼改回了黄鼠狼的狼。


Zhao Zhenjiang, famed Spanish translator and the consultant for the Spanish version of the book, knows why.


“When I was checking the first draft by a native Spanish sinologist, of course she did a wonderful job, but I still found she missed the meaning of a famous calligraphy brush called ‘Lang Hao’. The brush is made of weasel’s tail hair, and the first translation wronged it as wolf hair,” Zhao says.


而它的英语译者之一,外研社的章思英老师也认为,该书讲述了中华传统智慧对现世的启发,不仅对外国读者来说很有意义,对哪怕是长期浸润在这文化滋养之中的中国读者来说,也能厘清很多似是而非的概念。


“比如书中讲上善若水,讲水因为不争,不为利欲所驱动,所以能无往而不胜。而往往放弃逞强的欲望,是获得强盛的根本途径。不论是人际交往,还是国家关系,都不能事事占上风,如能考虑怎么对别人有利,反而能得到帮助或回馈,”她说。


Zhang Siying, who translated the edition into English, says some well-explained ideas in the book are valuable to Chinese readers: 'We may know the cultural anecdotes, but we're actually not certain of what they signify precisely.

'I was inspired by the authors' reinterpretation of the Taoism belief of shang shan ruo shui.'


Created by ancient philosopher Laozi, the anecdote compares the best people to water, nourishing the earth without being driven by benefits.


'You can't try to take up all the advantages. If you think about what benefits you can offer to others, they will pay you back in some way, and vice versa,' says Zhang.



叶朗教授

叶朗教授和朱良志教授的《中国文化读本》Insights into Chinese Culture正是这样一本常看常新的书。因其精炼,不到400页的体量,被称为“大家小书”。


朱良志教授

最近刚出了中文第二版,并有英文、韩文、阿拉伯文、日文、俄文、法文、德文、西班牙文等8个语种的译本。繁体字本由香港中华书局出版,书名《开始读中国文化的第一本书》。




一想到能华华丽丽地对照着那么多语种来阅读关于中华文化中最核心的理念和阐释,学外语的我怎能忍住激动。



重点是,既权威,又很好读。


李岚清在该书的序言中写道:“这本书的出版正当其时。”还介绍了叶朗教授曾经同时兼任北京大学哲学系、宗教学系、艺术学系三个系的系主任,是当代有影响的哲学家、美学家。朱良志教授也是这个领域出色的学者,他对中国哲学、艺术有长期的研究,特别是在绘画、书法、园林等中国传统艺术和禅宗哲学上用功很深。




两位教授创作的任务是向世界阐释中国文化,基本理念是“一方面,普及读物不能写成艰深的学术著作,因为写成艰深的学术著作就难以普及;另一方面,普及读物又不能没有学术含量,因为没有学术含量就失去了普及的意义,”叶教授说。


'Books for general readers should also have academic significance,' says Ye.


他们调研了100多本同类书籍,发现大多用了那种面面俱到的写法,往往把中国文化读物写成一本浓缩的文化史、哲学史、艺术史等等,或者写成一本浓缩的中国文化词典,罗列一大堆条目,每个条目只能很简单、很抽象地说几句。



“那样的介绍,不可能使读者对中国文化有生动的、具体的认识,更不可能使读者真切地体会到中国文化的内在的精神,”他们说,“我们采取了一种新的写法。”


Authors Ye Lang and Zhu Liangzhi had a daunting task-boil down Chinese civilization that has spanned thousands of years into a book of about 300 pages.


Both influential professors of philosophy and of aesthetics and arts from Peking University, the two sifted through many options when they proposed a book on Chinese culture as a gift for the world when Beijing was hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.


The professors wanted to offer something refreshing and authoritative, and yet easy to follow with the appeal of a storybook.


“活的,有当代意义,有最新学术成果和发现”,他们做到了。


该书分四大部分:智慧与信仰、创造与交流、艺术与美感、民俗与风情,抓住中国文化中最有特色的内容和亮点,用典型的事例和材料进行具体而深入的介绍。


So they discarded the notion of 'talking about every aspect' in their book, and picked four aspects: wisdom and beliefs, creativity and exchanges, art and aesthetics and folk customs.


和以往的书不同,他们更关注的是人,关于中国人的特质、性格、品位、核心价值和生活态度。


“这些对于民族的生存和历史的发展极为重要,但过去对此往往关注不够,”叶教授说。


While many titles on Chinese culture seem academic, such as condensed histories, their book approached the material by focusing on Chinese people: their personalities, core values and attitudes toward life.


在介绍知识的同时,力求讲出中国文化的内在意味和核心价值,显现中国人的心灵世界、文化性格、生活态度和审美情趣,最终“能够在国际社会面前展示中国自古以来尊重自然、热爱生命、祈求和平、盼望富足、优雅大度、开放包容、生生不息、美善相乐的人文形象。”


The authors believe that Chinese people 'respect nature, expect a prosperous life, pray for peace, and love life', which form deep layers within Chinese culture.


感动于汶川地震后四川人的乐观和通达,朱良志教授曾经跟中文媒体介绍道:“在《中国文化读本》这本书里边提到的麦积山石窟,其中有大量北朝时期的雕塑,这些佛像雕塑大都有微笑的面容,笑意不仅荡漾在脸上,似乎全深的衣纹都荡漾着笑意。”


佛造像 北朝 青州

而“这组佛像创作的时期,正是中国历史上最惨烈的时期之一,无休止的战争戕害着人类的生命,人们生活在风雨飘摇之中。这微笑显现出中国人独特的智慧和意志力。中国人用智慧来化解灾难,从情感来说,有一种忍耐度,另外还有一个理性层次,中华文明在这方面有非常丰富的思想——人对灾难是没有办法选择的,但是如何面对灾难,这是人可以选择的。怎么化解灾难,在灾难中体现人的智慧,是中国文明最发达的一个部分之一。”


The book contains a chapter titled 'Eternal Smile of Buddha'. It mentions sculptures at the Maijishan Grottoes, in Gansu province, created in the first half of the 6th century.


'The main statue has not only a smile on his face but a smile seeming to spread all over his body,' the authors write.


'In fact the smiling Buddha was created during one of the most traumatic periods in Chinese history, with endless wars and loss of life,' says Zhu.


He adds the smile gave ancient people faith in life and shows typical Chinese wisdom: Since one can't choose to avoid disasters, one can choose how to face them.



叶教授也说,我们这里的《清明上河图》不是从美术角度讲,而是讲老百姓的民俗和心态,衣食住行,音乐、喝茶、喝酒、围棋、民居、民间艺术,都体现了老百姓的生活态度和情趣。


“作品之所以有震撼人心的力量,是观者实在如作者一样,愿意徜徉在这样的温情、欢快、热烈和沉醉之中。”



“因为这种对于安乐和写生活的幸福感和美感,这种自在的生活,正是显示了人之为人的本质。《清明上河图》显示的,就是这样普通人的本真的美。”


Along the same lines, Ye says when they tell about the 12th-century scroll painting Qingming Shanghe Tu (Along the River During the Qingming Festival), they didn't put it in the arts section, but under folk culture.


'We detail scenes from the lives of the Song Dynasty people that the scroll presents, including a mother holding a child at a clinic and trying to feed her baby herbal medicine,' says Ye.


'We believe the carefree and happy atmosphere of everyday life is what keeps attracting the scroll's viewers.'


书中关于长城的分析也很有意思。作者们说,一个热爱和平、厌恶战争的民族,才会投入这么多的人力、物力去修长城。中国人对和平生活的追求能得到体现。



又讲到长城实际上带了“隔离中的融合”,为南方民族和北方民族各自文化的发展保留了一定的空间,将两种不同文明的冲突降到了最低点。


在很长时间里,长城两边的农、牧两大经济体互相依存,长城的存在造成了新的经济发展格局。


The authors take the Great Wall as a symbol of Chinese aspiration for peace.

'Building walls was extremely hard labor,' they say in the book, but the walls prevented bloody wars.


'Thus the Great Wall was built with the basic goal of safeguarding peace. It represented Chinese people's longing for a peaceful life,' they write.


叶朗教授说,费孝通先生认为,我们建设中国特色社会主义的努力取得这么伟大举世瞩目的成果,这背后一定有中国文化的特点在起作用,可是这些文化特点是什么,怎么在起作用,我们往往说不清楚。费孝通先生认为,我们中国文化里边有许多特有的东西,一层一层几千年积聚下来的东西,可以解决很多现实问题,解决很多困难问题,可以发挥积极作用。现在的问题是我们怎样把这些特点用现代语言更明确地表达出来,让大家懂得,变成一个普遍的信息和共识。


费孝通先生

“我们想,‘文化自觉’,就是重新认识我们自己的文化,把中国文化中有价值的东西发掘出来,提炼出来,把它讲清楚,变成每个中国人的自觉,还要把它变成世界性的东西,”他说。


中国社会科学院哲学研究所研究员蒙培元说,该书体现出我们当代人与传统文化元典之间的一种精神的交会。中国的文化决不是仅仅在古书中留存,不仅仅是文物,它在此体现为一个活生生的存在,和我们现代人的生命结合起来,这是其他读物少有的。


Meng Peiyuan, a scholar from the Philosophy Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, says the book is a rare link between Chinese spiritual traditions and contemporary life.


该书插图精美,讲故事紧凑精彩;描写景物食物等生活场景又绘声绘色,语言简洁而充满美感;阐释道理清晰流畅,语言平实而富有哲理。



在“显现一个生机勃勃的世界”这一小节里,该书讲到了中国的一个佛教宗派“禅宗”的观点,认为禅(Zen)的根本秘密,就是对活力的恢复。


忙碌的世界并不一定就是活泼的世界,挤得满满的时间表并不代表有意义的人生。禅要恢复人生活的单纯,在单纯中感受繁复;恢复世界的原有寂静,在寂静中聆听世界的声音。就像深得禅法的中国茶道强调的,茶室里没有鲜艳的颜色,没有噪音,没有一个多余的动作,没有一句多余的话,一切都在自然地运转,在这寂静中恢复人的灵觉,去听茶声、风声和心声。让无心的莲花缓缓开放,淡淡的草芽在雪中孕育。


禅说,世界是活泼的,只是因为我们匆忙、烦恼、满腹心事,所以心灵感受不到。我们对待这个世界,通常的做法是利用它、战胜它、消费它,不断地解释它、分割它,就这样,活泼的世界离我们远去。

禅要恢复的活力,是生机勃勃的世界。


这出现在一本文化读本中的不期而遇,撞得满怀的温暖和优美,让人浮想联翩。 


再奉上几段中英文对照阅读:

老子说,“道法自然。”自然是老子哲学最重要的概念之一,它并非指外在的自然物,而指一种自然而然、顺应世界的态度。老子强调,世界上一切事物都有它的“性”,有其自身运行的规律,鸟儿在天上飞,鱼儿在水中游,白云飘荡,花开花落,一切都是自然而然的,并不依人的意志而运作,所谓“独立而不改”,人不要强行改变它。老子将“自然”和“人为”对立起来。“人为”是对“自然”的破坏,“人为”即“伪”,是不真实的。老子告诫人们,放下左右世界的欲望,顺应自然,这样才是解决人与世界冲突的根本途径。

“Naturalness” is an important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Laozi emphasized that everything in the world has its own way of being and development: birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water, clouds float in the sky, flowers bloom and flowers fall. All these phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will, and humans should not try to change anything natural. Laozi admonished people to give up on any desire to control the world. Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.


“无为”作为老子哲学的重要概念,是对“自然”的保护。没有“无为”,也就没有“自然”。老子说:“无为而无不为。”意思不是说什么都不做,消极等待事情的成功。而是说,人的一切事业应该在顺应自然的基础上去做,不能强行改变自然的节奏。老子反对“人为”,并不是否定人的积极创造,而是反对破坏自然节奏的盲目的乱为。老子所提倡的创造,是契合自然精神的创造。

“Non-action” is another important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It is the guarantee of “naturalness.” Laozi said, “(Dao or the Way) acts through non-action,” by which he did not mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity. What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on any attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature. Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.


我们从老子的“大巧若拙”的说法中,即可看出他的自然无为思想的精髓。

Laozi said, “Great ingenuity appears to be stupidity.” This is the essence of “naturalness” and “non-action”.


对于中国文化,你感知到的是什么?吸引你的又是什么呢?欢迎分享。


编辑:唐晓敏

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