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短文改错是对语言知识综合运用能力的考查，提高做短文改错题的能力，除了要加强基础知识的积累、提高语篇的整体理解能力之外，还应该对其错项设置的基本情况有所了解，以便做到目标明确，有的放矢，从而提高解题的正确率。小编从语法和逻辑的角度，用口诀的形式，为同学们整理了一些高考英语短文改错中最常见的几类错误。 短文改错口诀： 动词形，名词数； 注意形和副； 非谓动词细辨别； 习惯用法要记住； 句子成分多分析； 逻辑错误须关注。 动词形 PART 1 主要包括两类错误：动词的时态和语态错误，以及主、谓不一致的错误。 例如：My favorite sport is football. I was member of our school football team. (is) Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library. (are) 上述两例分别属于时态错误和主谓不一致错误。找出此类错误的关键是树立牢固的时态概念，注意短文内容发生或存在的时间，保持时间概念的一致性。 名词数 PART 2 指名词单数、复数形式的用法错误。常表现为将名词复数写成单数。 例如：…so that I’ll get good marks in all my subject. (subjects) 注意形副 PART 3 区分形容词和副词在句子中的作用和具体用法。这也是高考短文改错的常考点。 例如：I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (wonderful) Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family. (Unfortunately) 需要注意的是，形容词多用来做定、表、补语等，而副词只能在句子中作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。第一例中的wonderful作定语修饰time，第二句的Unfortunately作状语修饰整个句子。 非谓动词细辨别 PART4 这是考查最多的错误形式之一。主要有分词和动名词类错误，也包括不定式类错误。 例如：1. …in my spare time, but now I am interesting in football. (interested) 2. Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also … (playing) 3. My parents love me… and will do all they can ∧ make sure… (to) 上述二、三例分别是动名词作主语，和不定式作目的状语。一般的，现在分词有主动态和进行时的含义，而过去分词具有被动态和完成时的含义，不定式有将来时态的含义。 习惯用法要记住 PART5 主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识。这也是历年高考的常考点，其错误表现形式主要有三种：多词、少词和搭配错误。例如： 1. It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and… (of) 2. We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ∧ ourselves. (of) 句子成分多分析 PART6 不同的句子成分要用不同的词类；不同的语景要选择不同的词语。这些都有待我们对句子结构和句子成分作细致的分析，才能找出用词不当的错误。 例如： 1. They ∧eager to know everything about China and… (were) 2. I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. (which) 第一例漏掉了谓语动词were，这是受寒于习惯的影响而导致的错误；第二例则是词类与它在句子中的成分不相符，which(代“北京”, 在所引导的非限制性定语从句中做主语) is the capital of China (系表结构）where是副词，不能作主语。 逻辑错误须关注 PART7 与句子的上、下文不一致，甚至相矛盾，属于逻辑性错误。如称谓上的张冠李戴，人名、地名、时间、方位等方面的错误，常是这类错误的考查对象。例如： 1. The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. (their) 2. First, let me tell you something more about myself. (去掉more) 3. … no way of setting the matter except by selling the set. Now someone at home reads instead. (everyone) 上述第一例中的主语是Smiths（史密斯夫妇俩），因此后面的his不合逻辑。第二例中的more在这儿表“再”的意思，才开始告诉别人，怎么能说“再告诉你一些事”？第三例讲的是为了解决看电视时的争端，“我们”把电视机卖了；晚上没电视看了，所以与从前一样，大家又都读书了，所以该用everyone。 除了上述错误类型外，常考的错误形式还有：连词but, and, or和so的用法错误（可以归类为逻辑错误），以及冠词的用法错误等。 例如： 1. She was smiling but nodding at me. (and) 2. It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. (or) 3. We may be one family and live under a same roof. (the) Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows，it’s famous 76. _____ Mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather 77. _____ was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of 78. _____ the mountain，the three of them were very excited. As we 79. _____ climbed the mountain，we fed monkeys，visiting temples 80. _____ and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture 81._____ since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. 82. _____ Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top 83. _____ of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was 84. _____ good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my 85. _____ head touched the pillow. 76. famous前加上a.（名词数）此题考查冠词的基本用法。mountain是可数名词，这里是泛指，所以要加不定冠词a。 77. 正确 78. we前面加when，引导一个时间状语从句。（句子成分多分析）It was about noon和we arrived at the foot of the mountain都是简单句，必须用复合连词when把它们连接起来，构成时间状语从句。 79. them→us （逻辑错误须关注）此题考查代词的用法。这篇短文叙述了作者和他的父母亲一起去旅游，这里指的是“我们”，而不是“他们”。 80. visiting→visited（非谓动词细辨别）并列连词and连接的是三个谓语：fed, visited和told。 81. picture→pictures（名词数）picture是可数名词，从下文中since the scenery was so beautiful可以看出，作者拍了不止一张照片。所以要用复数。 82. passes→passed（动词形）考查动词时态，作者和他父母亲旅游的时间发生在过去(Last week)，所以要用一般过去时。 83. 去掉down（习惯用法要记住）Evening came的意思是，到了夜晚。不能用came down。 84. and→but（but，and，or和so）此题考查连词的基本用法。食物贵(The food was expensive)与服务好(the service was good)之间是转折关系，不是并列关系。 85. 去掉at（句子成分多分析 / 习惯用法要记住）the moment(that)可以引导时间状语从句，意思是“一…就”，前面不用介词at。在这个句子中，省略了that。 |
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