来源:管理学季刊 A researcher is defined by curiosity, organization and meticulousness. If you are attempting a research project, then finding, evaluating and documenting resources in a methodical way will improve the results of a research project. Define, refine and outline your materials until you have sufficient evidence to write a conclusive report.
研究者一定要具备好奇心、条理和细心。如果你要写研究报告,应该采用正确的方法有条不紊地查找、评估并记录资源。在落笔之前,先要定位、写纲要和润色,直到拥有充足的论据。
Determine a good reason why this research needs to be done. Clarify who it will help. The answer may be based on your academic, personal or professional needs, but it should be your motivation for doing a thorough job.
Define the problem or question at hand. You should boil the question down to basic terms, time periods and disciplines. Write down any sub-questions that need to be researched before you can answer the question.
Submit a research proposal, if this is necessary for your teacher, employer or group. Generally, a research proposal is required for research projects that will last more than a few weeks.
Term papers, graduate projects and field research projects will require a research proposal that states what problem you would like to solve through investigation. State the problem first, and then explain why the problem is relevant and important for the people to which you will be submitting the research. Include the types of research you would like to conduct, including reading, surveys, gathering statistics or working with specialists.
学期论文、毕业论文和专业领域研究论文需要写开题报告,阐述你准备调查的问题 先提出问题,然后说明该问题的相关性和重要性 说明研究采取的形式,包括阅读、调查、搜集数据和咨询专家等
The timeline for the research to take place. You will need a timeline to successfully cover all your bases. A list of topics that should be included in your final report. If you have a syllabus or official assignment, it should explain the scope. The schedule of reviews by teachers or managers, so you can meet progress checks along the way. The number of sources that are required. Generally, the number of sources is commensurate with the length of the paper. The format for your research list, citations and works cited list.
研究的时间安排,写清楚各过程的时间分配 研究报告包含的主题,如果老师或老板提供了课程或作业说明,里面应该规定了研究范围 阶段性审核安排,这样的话你的老师或老板就能跟踪你的进度 需要用到的文献资源数量,一般和研究报告的篇幅相关 引用的格式
Start on the Internet with basic search engines. Type the basic terms of your research question to get a cursory knowledge on the subject. Give preference to websites that are sourced by universities, scientists, government research projects and journals. List any exceptional resources that you would feel comfortable citing. Use plus signs to search for multiple terms when they are used together. For example, “Christmas+Boxing Day.” Use minus signs to exclude search terms. For example, “+Christmas -shopping.” Collect information about the website, such as the published date, the authority that published it and the date you accessed it, as well as the URL.
从基本的网络搜索引擎开始、键入研究的术语,对研究问题有基本的了解。 被大学、科学家、政府和期刊引用过的网站资源更权威 记录你想要引用的资源 用 “+”号来搜索多个关键字。比如“圣诞节+节礼日” 用“-”号来排除。比如“+圣诞节-购物” 记录网站资源的相关信息,包括作者、发布日期、你搜索到的日期和URL(统一资源定位符)
Consult a librarian in the reference section to find out what collections, journals and dictionaries the library has access to. For example, the Library of Congress directory will give you access to all books published on a topic. Do background reading, such as historical books, photographs and definitions in a major dictionary. Use the electronic card catalog to access books that can be requested from other libraries. Use the computer lab to access journals and other media that is only available at the library. For example, some scientific journals may only be available on the library computers. Look in the media lab to see what other sources, such as microfiche, movies and interviews are available through the library. Request any promising materials through the reference desk or through your online library account.
询问图书管理员,图书馆里有哪些和你研究领域相关的期刊、词典。比如,美国国会图书馆目录册能让你找到所有相关的出版图书 阅读背景材料,比如历史书和大词典里的图片和定义 使用电子卡获得其他图书馆的联网资源 用图书馆电脑获得网上期刊,比如一些科学期刊只有用图书馆的电脑才能获取 查找图书馆媒体库资源,比如缩影胶片、电影、访谈等 通过咨询台或图书馆网上账号获得其他有用的资源
Schedule interviews with people who have first hand experience with the research topic. Interviews and surveys can provide quotations, direction and statistics that support your research. Interview experts, witnesses and professionals who have conducted relevant research in the past.
Organize observational research. Taking a trip to gather information at a relevant location can help to establish a historical and background to your research project. If you are allowed to use opinions in your research report, you will want to note how the research grows and changes from your point of view.
Refine your search as you develop a direction with your research. When you decide your thesis, you should break it into sub-topics that you can research online, in a library or with interviews and observational research individually. Remember that you will probably need at least 6 good sources for each 15 pages of your final report.
Ask whether the source is primary or secondary. Primary sources are evidence, artifacts or documents that originated from people who had direct contact with a situation. Secondary sources are those that discuss information from primary sources. A secondary source could be a point of view or analysis of an original historical event or document. For example, an immigration record would be a primary source, while a newspaper article about a family’s ancestry would be a secondary source.
Prefer sources that are objective to those that are subjective. If the narrator of an account is not personally connected to the subject, they are more likely to remain objective.
出版资料优于网上资源 网上资源通常没有出版的期刊和书籍那么权威。
Look for contrasting sources. Subjective sources that take opposing points of view can be extremely important, because they are able to give a larger view of the issue. Find “pain points” in your argument and document any possible ways to deal with them. It is easy to conduct research that supports your thesis. Try to find resources that disagree with your thesis so that you can handle objections to your project.
Evaluate whether the source is relevant and/or flawed before using the research for your project. Keep your sources separate until you determine you want the source to be part of your research. Although helpful in the research process, some resources will not be sufficiently valuable to support published research.
Use a highlighter and a pencil on photocopies. You should do this as you read it, rather than returning to do it at a later date. Annotation promoted active reading. Keep a list of citations that may be useful in your report.
使用荧光笔和铅笔边读边标注,不要读完再回头做笔记 标注是促进理解的好方法 记录有用的引用出处
Keep a file, so that you can keep all of your research together. Separate it into folders according to different topics, if possible. You can also use an electronic filing system, like Evernote to keep scans, websites and notes together.
Don’t “bootstrap”. Don’t base your thesis on generalizations that are made previous research papers. Try not to assume that a past approach is the only approach. Step away from your research for a few days, so that you see it with fresh eyes. Take a break every week, just as you would with a job.
Talk about your research to someone who doesn’t know anything about the topic. Try to explain what you’ve found. Ask the person to ask questions that arise as they hear about the topic to see the topic with fresh eyes.
Try to find sources in different disciplines. If you have been approaching a subject from an anthropological perspective, try papers in sociology, biology or another field. Expand your sources through your library’s reference section.
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