本文结合Deep learning的一个应用,Convolution Neural Network 进行一些基本应用,参考Lecun的Document 0.1进行部分拓展,与结果展示(in Python)。
分为以下几部分:
1. Convolution(卷积)
2. Pooling(降采样过程)
3. CNN结构
4. 跑实验
下面分别介绍。
PS:本篇blog为ese机器学习短期班参考资料(20140516课程),本文只是简要讲最naive最simple的思想,重在实践部分,原理课上详述。
1. Convolution(卷积)
类似于高斯卷积,对imagebatch中的所有image进行卷积。对于一张图,其所有feature map用一个filter卷成一张feature map。 如下面的代码,对一个imagebatch(含两张图)进行操作,每个图初始有3张feature map(R,G,B), 用两个9*9的filter进行卷积,结果是,每张图得到两个feature map。
卷积操作由theano的conv.conv2d实现,这里我们用随机参数W,b。结果有点像edge detector是不是?
Code: (详见注释)
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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"""
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Created on Sat May 10 18:55:26 2014
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@author: rachel
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Function: convolution option of two pictures with same size (width,height)
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input: 3 feature maps (3 channels <RGB> of a picture)
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convolution: two 9*9 convolutional filters
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"""
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from theano.tensor.nnet import conv
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import theano.tensor as T
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import numpy, theano
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rng = numpy.random.RandomState(23455)
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# symbol variable
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input = T.tensor4(name = 'input')
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# initial weights
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w_shape = (2,3,9,9) #2 convolutional filters, 3 channels, filter shape: 9*9
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w_bound = numpy.sqrt(3*9*9)
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W = theano.shared(numpy.asarray(rng.uniform(low = -1.0/w_bound, high = 1.0/w_bound,size = w_shape),
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dtype = input.dtype),name = 'W')
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b_shape = (2,)
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b = theano.shared(numpy.asarray(rng.uniform(low = -.5, high = .5, size = b_shape),
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dtype = input.dtype),name = 'b')
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conv_out = conv.conv2d(input,W)
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#T.TensorVariable.dimshuffle() can reshape or broadcast (add dimension)
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#dimshuffle(self,*pattern)
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# >>>b1 = b.dimshuffle('x',0,'x','x')
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# >>>b1.shape.eval()
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# array([1,2,1,1])
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output = T.nnet.sigmoid(conv_out + b.dimshuffle('x',0,'x','x'))
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f = theano.function([input],output)
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# demo
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import pylab
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from PIL import Image
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#minibatch_img = T.tensor4(name = 'minibatch_img')
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#-------------img1---------------
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img1 = Image.open(open('//home//rachel//Documents//ZJU_Projects//DL//Dataset//rachel.jpg'))
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width1,height1 = img1.size
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img1 = numpy.asarray(img1, dtype = 'float32')/256. # (height, width, 3)
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# put image in 4D tensor of shape (1,3,height,width)
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img1_rgb = img1.swapaxes(0,2).swapaxes(1,2).reshape(1,3,height1,width1) #(3,height,width)
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#-------------img2---------------
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img2 = Image.open(open('//home//rachel//Documents//ZJU_Projects//DL//Dataset//rachel1.jpg'))
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width2,height2 = img2.size
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img2 = numpy.asarray(img2,dtype = 'float32')/256.
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img2_rgb = img2.swapaxes(0,2).swapaxes(1,2).reshape(1,3,height2,width2) #(3,height,width)
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#minibatch_img = T.join(0,img1_rgb,img2_rgb)
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minibatch_img = numpy.concatenate((img1_rgb,img2_rgb),axis = 0)
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filtered_img = f(minibatch_img)
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# plot original image and two convoluted results
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pylab.subplot(2,3,1);pylab.axis('off');
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pylab.imshow(img1)
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pylab.subplot(2,3,4);pylab.axis('off');
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pylab.imshow(img2)
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pylab.gray()
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pylab.subplot(2,3,2); pylab.axis("off")
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pylab.imshow(filtered_img[0,0,:,:]) #0:minibatch_index; 0:1-st filter
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pylab.subplot(2,3,3); pylab.axis("off")
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pylab.imshow(filtered_img[0,1,:,:]) #0:minibatch_index; 1:1-st filter
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pylab.subplot(2,3,5); pylab.axis("off")
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pylab.imshow(filtered_img[1,0,:,:]) #0:minibatch_index; 0:1-st filter
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pylab.subplot(2,3,6); pylab.axis("off")
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pylab.imshow(filtered_img[1,1,:,:]) #0:minibatch_index; 1:1-st filter
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pylab.show()

2. Pooling(降采样过程)
最常用的Maxpooling. 解决了两个问题:
1. 减少计算量
2. 旋转不变性 (原因自己悟)
PS:对于旋转不变性,回忆下SIFT,LBP:采用主方向;HOG:选择不同方向的模版
Maxpooling的降采样过程会将feature map的长宽各减半。(下面结果图中没有体现出来,Python自动给拉到一样大了,但实际上像素数是减半的)
Code: (详见注释)
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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"""
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Created on Sat May 10 18:55:26 2014
-
-
@author: rachel
-
-
Function: convolution option
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input: 3 feature maps (3 channels <RGB> of a picture)
-
convolution: two 9*9 convolutional filters
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"""
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from theano.tensor.nnet import conv
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import theano.tensor as T
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import numpy, theano
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rng = numpy.random.RandomState(23455)
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# symbol variable
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input = T.tensor4(name = 'input')
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# initial weights
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w_shape = (2,3,9,9) #2 convolutional filters, 3 channels, filter shape: 9*9
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w_bound = numpy.sqrt(3*9*9)
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W = theano.shared(numpy.asarray(rng.uniform(low = -1.0/w_bound, high = 1.0/w_bound,size = w_shape),
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dtype = input.dtype),name = 'W')
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b_shape = (2,)
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b = theano.shared(numpy.asarray(rng.uniform(low = -.5, high = .5, size = b_shape),
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dtype = input.dtype),name = 'b')
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conv_out = conv.conv2d(input,W)
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#T.TensorVariable.dimshuffle() can reshape or broadcast (add dimension)
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#dimshuffle(self,*pattern)
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# >>>b1 = b.dimshuffle('x',0,'x','x')
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# >>>b1.shape.eval()
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# array([1,2,1,1])
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output = T.nnet.sigmoid(conv_out + b.dimshuffle('x',0,'x','x'))
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f = theano.function([input],output)
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# demo
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import pylab
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from PIL import Image
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from matplotlib.pyplot import *
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#open random image
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img = Image.open(open('//home//rachel//Documents//ZJU_Projects//DL//Dataset//rachel.jpg'))
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width,height = img.size
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img = numpy.asarray(img, dtype = 'float32')/256. # (height, width, 3)
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# put image in 4D tensor of shape (1,3,height,width)
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img_rgb = img.swapaxes(0,2).swapaxes(1,2) #(3,height,width)
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minibatch_img = img_rgb.reshape(1,3,height,width)
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filtered_img = f(minibatch_img)
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# plot original image and two convoluted results
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pylab.figure(1)
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pylab.subplot(1,3,1);pylab.axis('off');
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pylab.imshow(img)
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title('origin image')
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pylab.gray()
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pylab.subplot(2,3,2); pylab.axis("off")
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pylab.imshow(filtered_img[0,0,:,:]) #0:minibatch_index; 0:1-st filter
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title('convolution 1')
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pylab.subplot(2,3,3); pylab.axis("off")
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pylab.imshow(filtered_img[0,1,:,:]) #0:minibatch_index; 1:1-st filter
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title('convolution 2')
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#pylab.show()
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# maxpooling
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from theano.tensor.signal import downsample
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input = T.tensor4('input')
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maxpool_shape = (2,2)
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pooled_img = downsample.max_pool_2d(input,maxpool_shape,ignore_border = False)
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maxpool = theano.function(inputs = [input],
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outputs = [pooled_img])
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pooled_res = numpy.squeeze(maxpool(filtered_img))
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#pylab.figure(2)
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pylab.subplot(235);pylab.axis('off');
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pylab.imshow(pooled_res[0,:,:])
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title('down sampled 1')
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pylab.subplot(236);pylab.axis('off');
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pylab.imshow(pooled_res[1,:,:])
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title('down sampled 2')
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pylab.show()
3. CNN结构
想必大家随便google下CNN的图都滥大街了,这里拖出来那时候学CNN的时候一张图,自认为陪上讲解的话画得还易懂(<!--囧-->)
废话不多说了,直接上Lenet结构图:(从下往上顺着箭头看,最下面为底层original input)

4. CNN代码
去资源里下载吧,我放上去了喔~(in
python)
这里贴少部分代码,仅表示建模的NN:
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rng = numpy.random.RandomState(23455)
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# transfrom x from (batchsize, 28*28) to (batchsize,feature,28,28))
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# I_shape = (28,28),F_shape = (5,5),
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N_filters_0 = 20
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D_features_0= 1
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layer0_input = x.reshape((batch_size,D_features_0,28,28))
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layer0 = LeNetConvPoolLayer(rng, input = layer0_input, filter_shape = (N_filters_0,D_features_0,5,5),
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image_shape = (batch_size,1,28,28))
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#layer0.output: (batch_size, N_filters_0, (28-5+1)/2, (28-5+1)/2) -> 20*20*12*12
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N_filters_1 = 50
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D_features_1 = N_filters_0
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layer1 = LeNetConvPoolLayer(rng,input = layer0.output, filter_shape = (N_filters_1,D_features_1,5,5),
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image_shape = (batch_size,N_filters_0,12,12))
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# layer1.output: (20,50,4,4)
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layer2_input = layer1.output.flatten(2) # (20,50,4,4)->(20,(50*4*4))
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layer2 = HiddenLayer(rng,layer2_input,n_in = 50*4*4,n_out = 500, activation = T.tanh)
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layer3 = LogisticRegression(input = layer2.output, n_in = 500, n_out = 10)
layer0, layer1 :分别是卷积+降采样
layer2+layer3:组成一个MLP(ANN)
训练模型:
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cost = layer3.negative_log_likelihood(y)
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params = layer3.params + layer2.params + layer1.params + layer0.params
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gparams = T.grad(cost,params)
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updates = []
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for par,gpar in zip(params,gparams):
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updates.append((par, par - learning_rate * gpar))
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train_model = theano.function(inputs = [minibatch_index],
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outputs = [cost],
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updates = updates,
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givens = {x: train_set_x[minibatch_index * batch_size : (minibatch_index+1) * batch_size],
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y: train_set_y[minibatch_index * batch_size : (minibatch_index+1) * batch_size]})
根据cost(最上层MLP的输出NLL),对所有层的parameters进行训练
剩下的具体见代码和注释。
PS:数据为MNIST所有数据
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