转:https://lixingcong./2016/03/06/convert-data-in-python/ 数据解析时,python可以相互转换各种数据类型。最近在斯坦福公开课《密码学》网站上面做题发现,我对数据转换很不熟悉,写下日志记下用法。
导航
还有常见的单个字符转换
函数 |
功能 |
记忆口诀 |
备注 |
chr |
数字转成对应的ascii字符 |
chr长得很像char,因此转成char |
范围为0~255 |
ord |
单个字符转对应ascii序号 |
digit为最后一个字母 |
进制转换10进制转16进制:
hex(16) ==> 0x10
16进制转10进制:
int(STRING,BASE)将字符串STRING转成十进制int,其中STRING的基是base。该函数的第一个参数是字符串
int('0x10', 16) ==> 16
类似的还有八进制oct(), 二进制bin()
16进制字符串转成二进制
hex_str='00fe'
bin(int('1'+hex_str, 16))[3:] #含有前导0
# 结果 '0000000011111110'
bin(int(hex_str, 16))[2:] #忽略前导0
# 结果 '11111110'
二进制字符串转成16进制字符串
bin_str='0b0111000011001100'
hex(int(bin_str,2))
# 结果 '0x70cc'
字符to整数10进制字符串:
int('10') ==> 10
16进制字符串:
int('10', 16) ==> 16
# 或者
int('0x10', 16) ==> 16
字节串to整数使用网络数据包常用的struct,兼容C语言的数据结构 struct中支持的格式如下表
Format |
C-Type |
Python-Type |
字节数 |
备注 |
x |
pad byte |
no value |
1 |
|
c |
char |
string of length 1 |
1 |
|
b |
signed char |
integer |
1 |
|
B |
unsigned char |
integer |
1 |
|
|
_Bool |
bool |
1 |
|
h |
short |
integer |
2 |
|
H |
unsigned short |
integer |
2 |
|
i |
int |
integer |
4 |
|
I |
unsigned int |
integer or long |
4 |
|
l |
long |
integer |
4 |
|
L |
unsigned long |
long |
4 |
|
q |
long long |
long |
8 |
仅支持64bit机器 |
Q |
unsigned long long |
long |
8 |
仅支持64bit机器 |
f |
float |
float |
4 |
|
d |
double |
float |
8 |
|
s |
char[] |
string |
1 |
|
p |
char[] |
string |
1(与机器有关) |
作为指针 |
P |
void * |
long |
4 |
作为指针 |
对齐方式:放在第一个fmt位置
CHARACTER |
BYTE ORDER |
SIZE |
ALIGNMENT |
@ |
native |
native |
native |
= |
native |
standard |
none |
< |
little-endian |
standard |
none |
> |
big-endian |
standard |
none |
! |
network (= big-endian) |
standard |
none |
转义为short型整数:
struct.unpack('<hh', bytes(b'\x01\x00\x00\x00')) ==> (1, 0)
转义为long型整数:
struct.unpack('<L', bytes(b'\x01\x00\x00\x00')) ==> (1,)
整数to字节串转为两个字节:
struct.pack('<HH', 1,2) ==> b'\x01\x00\x02\x00'
转为四个字节:
struct.pack('<LL', 1,2) ==> b'\x01\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00'
整数to字符串直接用函数
str(100)
字符串to字节串我用c++实现的encode(hex)和decode(hex) decode和encode区别
decode函数是重新解码,把CT字符串所显示的69dda8455c7dd425【每隔两个字符】解码成十六进制字符\x69\xdd\xa8\x45\x5c\x7d\xd4\x25
CT='69dda8455c7dd425'
print "%r"%CT.decode('hex')
encode函数是重新编码,把CT字符串所显示的69dda8455c7dd425【每个字符】编码成acsii值,ascii值为十六进制显示,占两位。执行下列结果显示36396464613834353563376464343235等价于将CT第一个字符’6’编码为0x36h 第二个字符’9’编码为0x39h
CT='69dda8455c7dd425'
print "%r"%CT.encode('hex')
可以理解为:decode解码,字符串变短一半,encode编码,字符串变为两倍长度
decode(‘ascii’)解码为字符串Unicode格式。输出带有’u’ encode(‘ascii’),编码为Unicode格式,其实python默认处理字符串存储就是Unicode,输出结果估计和原来的字符串一样。
字符串编码为字节码:
'12abc'.encode('ascii') ==> b'12abc'
数字或字符数组:
bytes([1,2, ord('1'),ord('2')]) ==> b'\x01\x0212'
16进制字符串:
bytes().fromhex('010210') ==> b'\x01\x02\x10'
16进制字符串:
bytes(map(ord, '\x01\x02\x31\x32')) ==> b'\x01\x0212'
16进制数组:
bytes([0x01,0x02,0x31,0x32]) ==> b'\x01\x0212'
字节串to字符串字节码解码为字符串:
bytes(b'\x31\x32\x61\x62').decode('ascii') ==> 12ab
字节串转16进制表示,夹带ascii:
str(bytes(b'\x01\x0212'))[2:-1] ==> \x01\x0212
字节串转16进制表示,固定两个字符表示:
str(binascii.b2a_hex(b'\x01\x0212'))[2:-1] ==> 01023132
字节串转16进制数组:
[hex(x) for x in bytes(b'\x01\x0212')] ==> ['0x1', '0x2', '0x31', '0x32']
问题:什么时候字符串前面加上’r’、’b’、’r’,其实官方文档有写。我认为在Python2中,r和b是等效的。
The Python 2.x documentation:
A prefix of ‘b’ or ‘B’ is ignored in Python 2; it indicates that the literal should become a bytes literal in Python 3 (e.g. when code is automatically converted with 2to3). A ‘u’ or ‘b’ prefix may be followed by an ‘r’ prefix. ‘b’字符加在字符串前面,对于python2会被忽略。加上’b’目的仅仅为了兼容python3,让python3以bytes数据类型(0~255)存放这个字符、字符串。
The Python 3.3 documentation states:
Bytes literals are always prefixed with ‘b’ or ‘B’; they produce an instance of the bytes type instead of the str type. They may only contain ASCII characters; bytes with a numeric value of 128 or greater must be expressed with escapes. 数据类型byte总是以’b’为前缀,该数据类型仅为ascii。
下面是stackflow上面一个回答。我觉得不错,拿出来跟大家分享
In Python 2.x
Pre-3.0 versions of Python lacked this kind of distinction between text and binary data. Instead, there was:
- unicode = u’…’ literals = sequence of Unicode characters = 3.x str
- str = ‘…’ literals = sequences of confounded bytes/characters
Usually text, encoded in some unspecified encoding. But also used to represent binary data like struct.pack output.
Python 3.x makes a clear distinction between the types:
- str = ‘…’ literals = a sequence of Unicode characters (UTF-16 or UTF-32, depending on how Python was compiled)
- bytes = b’…’ literals = a sequence of octets (integers between 0 and 255)
CPP实现encode就是做个笔记,毕竟在做题Cryptography时候用c++写字符串的处理很蛋疼!为了防止再次造轮子,记下来。
#include <cstring> //用到strlen函数
static unsigned char ByteMap[] = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8','9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f' };
unsigned char hex_2_dec(unsigned char c){
if(c >= '0' && c <= '9') return c - '0';
if(c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') return c - 'a' + 10;
}
void str_encode(unsigned char *src, unsigned char *dest, int len_of_src) {
// 使用注意:dest_len >= 2*len_src +1,最后一位是存放'\0'。
int t1;
for (int i = 0; i < len_of_src; ++i) {
t1 = (int) src[i];
dest[2 * i] = ByteMap[t1 / 16];
dest[2 * i + 1] = ByteMap[t1 % 16];
}
dest[2 * len_of_src] = 0; //必须填充最后一个为'\0'
}
void str_decode(unsigned char *src,unsigned char *dest){
int len_of_src=strlen((char *)src);
unsigned char t1;
for(int i=1;i<=len_of_src;i+=2){
t1=hex_2_dec(src[i-1]);
t1= 16*t1 + hex_2_dec(src[i]);
dest[i/2]=t1;
}
}
鸣谢 本文转载自csdn博客的《python常用的十进制、16进制、字符串、字节串之间的转换》。
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