1. 形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常, 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
① 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。
② 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。
(错) He is an ill man.
(对) The man is ill.
(错) She is an afraid girl.
(对) The girl is afraid.
这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
③ 形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:
something nice
2. 以-ly结尾的形容词
① 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.
(错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely.
(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
② 有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
3. 用形容词表示类别和整体
① 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
The poor are losing hope.
② 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。
the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
4. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
做做题:
1. Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other
B. two little other
C. two other little
D. little other two
答案:选C。由"限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -性质-名词"的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。
2. One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone
B. Chinese old stone
C. old stone Chinese
D. Chinese stone old
答案选A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3.How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny
B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few
D. few sunny last
答案:选B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:
限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
old + brown + wood + table
5. 下列几类形容词也没有比较等级:
① 表示“终极”意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如:absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
② 表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如:back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
③ 部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如:atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。
④ 本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容词。如:maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。
6. 形容词作定语时的后置
① 前面我们讲到形容词作定语时,位置要放在所修饰的名词前面,但当它带有表示量度的词或词组时,定语后置。
They have built a bridge a hundred meters long.
他们建成了一座一百米长的桥。
Last year we built a building thirteen storeys high.
去年,我们盖了一栋十三层的高楼。
② 带有表示量度的词或词组,作表语时,也后置。
The bridge is a hundred meters long.
这座桥长达一百米。
The building is thirteen storeys high.
这个大楼有十三层高。
They have built a two-hundred-meter-long bridge.
他们已经修建了一座长二百米的桥。
注意
量度词组变成合成语时,作定语用,放在名词前。
Last year we built a thirteen-storey-high building.
去年我们建了一座高十三层的大楼。
③ 另外,一些形容词或形容词词组常用来放在句首、句中或句尾,作状语。
He returned home, tired and hungry.
他又累又饿地回到了家。
Cold and hungry, he walked in the street.
又冷又饿,他走在街道上。
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