StudentNotesLecture3–GrapevineClassificationSlide1GrapeClassifi
cationPlantae(Kingdom)AngiospermsEudicotsRosidsVitales(Order)Vi
taceae(Family)Vitis(Genus)Slide2Genus–VitisSub-genera–Euvit
is(trueorbunchgrapes),38chromosomes,60species,mostinth
etemperatezoneofthenorthernhemisphere,distributedbetween
AmericaandAsiawithafewinthetropicsMuscadinia,40chromoso
mes,3species,onlyincentralandnorthAmericaSlide3VitisMusc
adiniatight,non-sheddingbarkwithprominentlenticels;nodeswi
thoutdiaphragmsacrossthepith;simpletendrils;smallclusters
;berrieswithtoughskinsthatdetachonebyoneastheymature;
seedsoblong;muskyfruitflavorrotundifolia(muscadinegrape),
southernU.S.munsoniana,Florida,evergreenlikepopenoei,Mexico,
CentralAmericaSlide4VitisEuvitisbarkthatshedsatmaturity;n
odeswithdiaphragmsacrossthepith;forkedtendrils;elongated
clusters;berriesthatadheretothepedicelsatmaturity;seeds
pyriform(pear-shaped);manyfruitflavorsvinifera(wineorEurop
eangrape),mostworldviticultureisofthisonespeciesSlide5V
.vinifera(wineorEuropeangrape)discontinuoustendrils;thin,
smoothshinyleaveswith3,5or7lobes;berrysizevariesandm
ayberoundoroval;skinsareedibleandadheretothefleshAmer
icanVitisspeciesaestivalis,labrusca,andripariausedforfrui
tingaestivalis,berlandieri,candicans,cinerea,cordifolia,labr
usca,monticola,riparia,andrupestrisusedforrootstocksSlide
6V.labrusca(foxgrape)vigorousgrowingvine;leaves3lobed,du
llgreenabove,thicker,lowersurfacedenselycoveredwithwhite
tobrownish-redhairs;continuoustendrils;clustersshort;berr
iesroundornearlyso;skinsslipfromthepulp(slipskin)anda
reusuallynoteaten;highlyflavored,‘foxy’orearthyodor;jui
celowerinbothsugarandacid;‘Concord’bestknownandmostwi
delygrownlabruscaSlide7V.aestivalis(summergrape)vigorousgr
owingvine;leaves3lobed,brightergreenabove,thicker,lower
surfacewithsmall,reddish-browncoloredtuftsofhairsalongle
afveins;discontinuoustendrils;clusterslonger;berriessmall,
round,andalwaysblack;lessintenseflavorthanlabrusca;juic
ehigherinbothsugarandacid;‘Cynthiana’,‘Norton’and‘Virgi
niaSeedling’bestknownandmostwidelygrownaestivalisSlide8V
.riparia[synonym:vulpina](frostgrape)Vigorous,tallgrowing
vine;occursalongstreams;leaveslongerand3lobed,brighterg
reenabove,thinner,lowersurfacehairless;discontinuoustendri
ls;clusterssmall;berriesverysmall,round,andalwaysblack;
fruitacidic;‘Elvira’and‘Clinton’bestknowandmostwidelygr
ownripariaSlide9Vitis(Euvitis)speciesfreelyinterbreedanda
recrossbredtoproducenewvarietiesAmericangrapevarietiesare
thoughttobemorethanoneVitisspeciesV.labruscanaisaspec
iesnameusedforgrapevarietiesofpredominatelylabruscaparen
tageV.bourquinianaisaspeciesnameusedforgrapevarietiesof
predominatelyaestivalisparentageSlide10V.viniferahasmuchg
reatervariationthanotherwildspeciesofVitis.Therearedif
ferencesinsizeandshapeofleavesandberries;seedcondition;
leafhairiness;shootfruitfulness;vinecoldresistanceThreema
jorgroupsrecognized,calledproles(descendants)Prolesoccident
alisProlesorientalisProlesponticaSlide11Prolesoccidentalis–
varietiescultivatedinwesternEuropeandwesternMediterranean
region,compactclusterswithsmallberries,manyhighqualitywi
negrapevarietiesareinthisgroupProlesorientalis–varieties
cultivatedinthesouthCaspianSeaandMiddleEasterncountries,
largeclusterswithlargeberriesandatendencytowardseedless
ness,manytableandraisinvarietiesareinthisgroupProlespon
tica–varietiescultivatedaroundtheBlackSeabasin,intermedi
atecharacteristicsbetweentheprevioustwoProlesWidespreadmov
ementanddeliberatecrossingofvarietieshas‘blurred’someof
thesedifferencesSlide12Geographicaldistribution–French,Germ
an,Italian,Spanish,PortugueseUse–table,raisin,wine,distil
lationAmpelography-botanicalcharacteristics(leaves,shoots,f
lowers,clusters)Slide13SomeAmericanVitisspeciesandtheirhy
bridsareimportantinsomegrapegrowingregionsoftheUnitedS
tatesAmericanhybrids–termusedtodescribethehybridsdevelop
edintheeasternandmidwesternU.S.inwhichnativeAmericansp
eciesareanimportantpartoftheparentageotherthanV.vinife
raFrench-Americanhybrids–termusedtodescribethehybridsof
VitisviniferawithAmericanspecies,theresultinggrapevarieti
escombinedgoodfruitqualityandadequatediseaseandinsectre
sistancewhengrownontheirownrootsorungraftedSlide14French
-AmericanhybridsBreedingforgrapephylloxerainsectresistanceB
reeders:Couderc,Ganzin,JoannesSeyve,Seibel,Seyve-Villard,V
idalKnownoriginallybytheirbreeder’snumberManywerenamedaft
erbecomingwidelyplantedSlide15Parentagecomplex–V.vinifera
,Americanspecies,andAmericanhybridvarietiesoftenintheir
geneticmakeupSlide16RootstockV.viniferavarietiesaregraftedontorootstocksthatareresistanttothegrapephylloxerainsect;resistancetonematodesisalsoimportantNativeAmericanspeciesandAmericanhybridsareusedasrootstocksorinbreedingnewrootstocksRipariaGloireandRupestrisSt.GeorgeareexamplesofnativeAmericanspeciesrootstocks |
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