StudentNotesLecture11–NutrientManagementSlide1NutrientManagemen
tBasicneedsofgrapevinesSunlightAir(CO2)WaterSoil(14nutrient
s)Slide216essentialnutrients,Table8.13(C,H,O)obtainedfr
omairandwater14obtainedfromsoil(mineral)Slide3Macronutri
entsPrimary–nitrogen,phosphorus,potassiumSecondary–calcium,
magnesium,sulfurMicronutrientschlorine,boron,iron,manganese
,zinc,copper,molybdenum,nickelSlide4Criteriaforessentialit
yNeededtocompleteplantlifecycleCannotbereplacedbyanother
DirectlyinvolvedinplantmetabolismSlide5NutrientsupplyWeathe
ringofparentmaterialIonexchangefromsolidsurfacetosoilso
lutionOrganicmatterdecompositionFertilizerapplicationSlide6So
ilamediumforrootgrowthandnutrientsupplySolidphaseMineral
s–sand,silt,clayOrganicmatterLiquidphase(water,dissolved
ions)Gaseousphase(O,C02,N)Slide7Solidphaseareservoirofn
utrientsthatexchangewithliquidphaseRootstake-upnutrientsf
romliquidphase(soilsolution)Nutrientsusedinplantstructure
andmetabolicfunctionSlide8Absorptionanddesorptionofcation
sbetweensolidandliquidphasesCations(+)K,Ca,Mg,NH4,Na,
Al,Mn,HCationexchangecapacity(CEC)Attractedtonegativechar
gesurfacesofsoilparticlesandorganicmatterSlide9CECdeterm
inedbyclayandorganicmattercontent,andpH;Figure8.1Bases
aturationPartofCECduetoK,Ca,Mg,NaSoilpH–Hconcentratio
ninsoilsolution,scale0-147–neutral?7–acidic?7–alkaline
Slide10SoilpHoptimum6.5pHaffectedbyparentmaterial,organi
cmatter,rainfall,limeoracidifyingfertilizerAcidicsoilamen
dedwithlimeBasicsoilamendedwithsulfurSlide11Optimumsoilp
H6.5Available:BasiccationsK,Ca,MgAnionsP,SMicronutrientsZ
n,Fe,Mn,Cu,Mo,BSlide12OrganicmatterLivinganddeadorganis
msinvaryingstagesofdecompositionReserveofslow-releaseN,P
,SBufferssoilpHAdditionsofmanure,animalandgreenplantC:N
ratio20orless,NreleasedSlide13GrapevinenutrientneedsVisua
lobservationSoilanalysisPlanttissueanalysisSlide14Soilanaly
sis:PriortovineyardestablishmentOnerepresentativesampleper
2to3acres10-20randomsubsamplesmixedand1to2cupstakena
satestsample0to8-in,8to16-indepthsSlide15SoilpHadjust
mentLimetoraisesoilpHBroadcastandincorporationbytillagei
sbest12to18-indepthpreferredSurfaceapplicationsaltertopf
ewinchesSlide16VineyardsoilsacidifywithtimeLeachingofbasi
ccationsMicrobialactivityAcidifyingfertilizers(ammoniumsulfa
teandnitrate)Fungicides(sulfur)Slide17Limingmaterials:Ground
limestone(calciumandmagnesiumcarbonates)Oxidesandhydroxide
sofcalciumMorereactive,expensive,difficulttohandleSlide18
Limingeffectiveness:Purity–acidneutralizingcapacity,givena
sapercentofcalciumcarbonateequivalence(CCE)Fineness–parti
clesize,finerwilldissolveandreactmuchsoonerStandard-pur
ity85%,fineness60%Slide19Limerates:BaseoninitialpHandCE
C,Table8.3ApplyfullrateduringsitepreparationApplyupto2
tons/acre/yearonestablishedvineyardsSlide20Planttissueanaly
sis:Usetodeterminefertilizereffectivenessandadjustment1to
2yearbasisforgrapevinenutrientstatusDiagnosenutrientdisor
der,sampleaffectedandhealthyvinesSlide21Planttissueanalys
is:Collectsampleatfullbloomormidseason(70to100dayspast
FB)100petioles,representativeofvinesSampleconcentrationsco
mparedtostandardrangeClassified-high,sufficient,lowSuffici
encyranges–Table8.4Slide22Visualobservations:Canbemislead
ingbecauseofnon-nutritionaldisordersLookforpatternsVineyard
areasVinetovineLeafpositionSlide23Specificnutrientsmostli
kelytobedeficientN,P,K,Mg,BSlide24Nitrogen(N):Role–ami
noacids,nucleicacids,proteins,pigmentsDeficiency–uniforml
ightgreencoloronolderleavesfirst,slowgrowth,shortintern
odes,smallleaves,reddeningofpetiolesandshootsFigures8.6-8
.8Slide25Excess–excessivegrowthlateintothefallNlostthro
ughharvestandpruningOrganicmatterasourceofNFertilizerthe
usualsourceAmmoniumandnitratebasedfertilizers,Table8.5Sli
de26ApplyNduringperiodsofactiveuptakeApplyNwhererootsa
reconcentratedFoliarapplication(Ninwater)canbemadeforqu
ickuptakeSlide27Phosphorus(P):Role–nucleicacids,coenzymes,
phospholipids,energycompoundsDeficiency–interveinalreddenin
goryellowingleafmarginsonolderleavesfirst,shortenedinter
nodesandstuntedgrowth,Figure8.10Slide28Excess–notaconce
rnAcidoralkalinesoilsmakePimmobileorunavailableFertilizer
theusualsourceMAP,DAP,superphosphateApplyanytimeandwhere
rootsareconcentrated,lightcultivationSlide29Potassium(K):Ro
le–regulatoryroleinplantbiochemicalprocessesDeficiency–r
eddeningoryellowingofleafmarginsonolderleavesfirst,prog
ressestowardcenter,becomingbrownandnecrotic,Figure8.11Sli
de30Excess–KinducedMgdeficiencyAcidoralkalinesoilslimit
KavailabilityHighCaorMglimitKavailabilityFertilizertheu
sualsourcePotassiumsulfateorchloride,Table8.6Applyanytime
andwhererootsareconcentratedSlide31Magnesium(Mg):Role–str
ucturalandregulatoryrolesinproteinsynthesis,enzymeactivat
or,greenpigmentDeficiency–interveinalreddeningoryellowing
onolderleavesfirst;progressestobrown,necrotictissue;Figu
re8.12Slide32Excess–MginducedKdeficiencyHighKlimitsMga
vailabilityAcidsoillimitsMgavailabilityFertilizertheusuals
ourceMagnesiumsulfate(Epsomsalts)oroxide,dolomiticlimeAppl
yanytimeandwhererootsareconcentratedSlide33Boron(B):Role
–regulatoryrolesincarbohydratesynthesisandcelldivisionDef
iciency–shoottipdeath,shortenedinternodes,‘zigzagged’grow
th,reducedfruitset;youngerleavesfirstSlide34Excess–defor
medleaves,Figure8.13AcidoralkalinesoilslimitBavailabilit
yOrganicmatterasourceofBFoliarfertilizertheusualsourceb
ecauseofsmallquantityneeded,Solubor-20Applyprebloomandat
bloomSlide35Othernutrients:Iron(Fe),manganese(Mn),copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),molybdenum(Mo)Irondeficiency-interveinalyellowingonyoungerleavesfirst,Figure8.14Slide36AssessvineyardnutrientneedswithsoilandplanttissueanalysesandvisualobservationAppendix1–TargetsoilandpetiolevaluesandfertilizerguidelinesApplyfertilizerandlimeonamaintenancescheduleratherthanafteradeficiencyoccurs1 |
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