PlantBreedingAGA565/675Chapter1PlantBreedersandTheirWorkArta
ndScienceofPlantBreedingArt:ObservingandSelectingScience:
Crossing(Hybridizingtocombininggenes(DNA)fromtwoplantsi
ntoone–followingbyselectionWhyBreedPlantsGoalsYieldQuality
Improvehealthofplant–resistanttoinsectsordiseasesIncreas
eadaptationtodrought,temp,salinity,etc.StrategiesIDthetra
itsneeded–morphological,physiological,etc.traitneededSearc
houtthenewgenesCombinethenewgenesthatprovidesnewtraits
–eitherthroughtraditionalorbiotech.Assessperformanceinth
elocalenvironmentincomparisonswithpresentvarietyDistribute
newvarietyPlantBreedingPreparationUnderstandthroughstudyor
cooperationwithothers:BotanyGeneticsPlantPhysiologyPlantPath
ologyEntomologyBiochemistryStatistics–determineifdifferenceo
bservedis“real”ComputerScience–dealswithlargenumbersAgron
omicorHorticulturalCulture-fertility,etc.BeginningofPlant
BreedingHuntingandGatheringSocietyWomenselectedplantsthats
ervedtheirpurposesSeedsizeNonShatteringFreeThreshingSynchron
ousTillering(ripening)Lessbitter(lesstoxic)potatoLessdorma
ncy–controlgrowthbetterBeforeMendelProgenytest–wasrecogn
izedGametefusionwasunderstoodinlate1800sMendel’sworkcompl
etedin1865,notunderstooduntil1903.Workonsimpletraitigno
redcomplicatedtraits.AfterMendelGreenRevolution–NormanBorl
augInternationalizedwheatbreedingbyproducingshort-staturedh
ighlyproductivecultivars1970NobelPeacePrizeWhoDoesPlantBr
eedingPubliclysupportedinstitutions,i.e..Universities,USDAPr
ivateIndividualsorCompaniesTheWorld''sTop10SeedCompanies
Monsanto(US) $4,964m 23%(boughtbyBayer) DuPont(US) $3,300m
15% Syngenta(Switzerland) $2,018m 9% GroupeLimagrain(France) $
1,226m 6% LandO''Lakes(US) $917m 4% KWSAG(Germany) $702m 3% B
ayerCropScience(Germany) $524m 2% Sakata(Japan) $396m <2% DLF
-Trifolium(Denmark) $391m <2% Takii(Japan) $347m <2% Top10Tot
al $14,785m 67%[ofglobalpropritoryseedmarket] LawsGoverning
1. PlantVarietyProtectionAct–1970Otherthanthedeveloperca
nnotsellitbyusingthetradenameofthevarietyOtherscanus
eincrossesandfarmerscanplanttheseedtheyproducePatented
–19852. Otherthanthedeveloper,cannotuseincrosses norus
etheirownproducedseed“TerminatorGene–“placedontheself”I
nternationalCentersICRISAT India Milletchickpeaetc.CIMMYT Mexico MaizeandwheatIRRI Philippines RiceCIAT Columbia cassavaetc.Others |
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