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印石的品鉴 Appraisal of Seal Stones 印石的产地分布广泛，品类繁多，石性、色泽及其欣赏、收藏价值也不尽相同。 历来习惯用细、结、润、腻、温、凝“六德”来品评印石的优劣。 Seal stone production sites are widely scattered, and there is a great variety of stones; accordingly, their properties, colors, appreciation and collection values all differ. The superiority or inferiority of a stone has long been decided on the basis of the“six virtues,” namely, fineness(细); cohesion(结); smoothness(润); slickness(腻); warmth(温); and congealment (凝). a. 青田封门蓝星，倪东方藏 b. 青田白垟紫檀冻，倪东方藏 a. Qingtian Fengmen blue-star stone seal Collection of Ni Dongfang. b. Seal made of Qingtian Baiyang red sandalwood jelly stone. Collection of Ni Dongflang. “细”，是石材精细；“结”，指分子结合紧密，光泽和受刀效果都较好；“润”，指石质晶莹剔透；“腻”，是打磨后呈现脂肪样光泽；“温”，即石性含和沉着，无燥气；“凝”，是指石质结而润，视之似凝冻状。 相对地，较差的印石分别表现为粗、松、脆。此外，有无或隐或明的裂纹，也是决定石质品格的基本条件。同样石质，又以品大、方正者为上。 “Fineness'' means that the stone texture is fine; “cohesion” means the particles are tightly bound, producing a satisfactory luster and cutting effect; “smoothness” means it is sparkling bright and crystal clear; “slickness” means that the polished stone has an oily luster; “warmth” refers to a reserved, calm and mild quality, without “dryness”; and “congealment” means cohesive and sparkling bright, like something frozen in appearance. Inferior seal stones are more coarse, loose, and brittle. The presence of hidden or apparent cracking is also a basic criterion for determining the quality of a stone. When looking at stones of the same type, the bigger, the squarer and more upright the better. a. 昌化玛瑙冻，百螺斋藏 b. 昌化黄冻，百螺斋藏 c. Changhua agate jelly stone seal. Bai Luo Studio Collection d. Changhua yellow jelly stone seal. Bai Luo Studio Collection “看、磨、刻”是鉴别的方法。“看”，包括辨识表面石色、光泽，冻石的内部透明程度和纹理。“磨、刻”是必要时的辅助手段。通过打磨可以鉴别石质是否含有细石英砂等杂质，也可辨出其细、结、温、润的程度；上品的印材，走刀爽利，不涩、不坚、不燥，发出轻微而清朗的声音，劣石则粗糙、艰涩而发爆裂或沉闷之声。 “Looking, rubbing and cutting” are the methods of appraising stones.“Looking” includes analyzing the color and luster of the surface, and, with jelly stones, the degree of interior transparency and grain.“Polishing and cutting” are supple mentary appraisal techniques used when necessary. By polishing, one can learn whether the stone contains fine quartz particles and also know the degree of fineness, cohesion, smoothness, and warmth. Top class seal materials cut smoothly and easily, without hardness or dryness, emitting alight clear sound beneath the knife. Inferior stones are rough, difficult to cut, and give out cracking or dull sounds. 寿山田黄冻，近代（林清卿刻“虎溪三笑”薄意），上海博物馆藏 Shoushan Tianhuang jelly stone seal “Three Laughters at the Tiger Creek”(虎溪三笑), engraved in low relief by Lin Qingqing. Modern age. Shanghai Museum 印石定名大多与其特有的颜色有关，因而鉴别优劣还需要看其石色是否符合该品种的标准。如青田石系的“兰花冻”，以色纯如嫩兰叶的微青色为佳；“桃花冻”、“ 鸡血”一类的彩石，除了底质纯凝外，以色块大而鲜明为优。总之，石色标准随各品种的自然特性而不同 。 Seal stones are mostly designated by color. Therefore, in appraising the quality of a stone, one must see whether its color is identical to stone standard. For example, Qingtian stone orchid Jelly is the most prized if its color is as light green as the new leaves of an orchid; the poly- chromatic Peach Blossom Jelly and Bloodstone, apart from considerations of purity and congealment, are most highly rated if they have large, bright spots of color. In short, the stone color standards differ according to the natural characteristics of the individual brands. 昌化鸡血石（对章），近代，上海博物馆藏 Seal pair made of Changlhua bloodstone jelly Modern age. Shanghai Museum
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