|
Military communication satellites LAUNCH DATE AEHF 1: August 2010, AEHF 2: May 2012 MANUFACTURER Lockheed Martin Space Systems OPERATOR United States Air Force (USAF) LIFESPAN 14 years LAUNCH VEHICLE Atlas V LAUNCH MASS 6,168kg (13,600lb) The first AEHF (USA-214) was launched in August 2010. Payloads for the AEHF SHF and EHF communications was provided by Northrop Grumman. The second AEHF satellite launched aboard the ULA Atlas V EELV 531 configuration vehicle. The system is operated by the US Air Force Space Command. The Advanced Extremely High Frequency satellite launched from Cape Canaveral AF Station. Advanced Extremely High-Frequency (AEHF) Satellite System, United States of America The Advanced Extremely High-Frequency (AEHF) system is a series of four military communication satellites planned to replace the currently in-orbit Milstar system. It will provide extremely high-frequency (EHF) range uplink / crosslink capabilities and super high-frequency (SHF) range communications. AEHF is part of the Military Satellite Communications Systems Wing's protected satellite communications (SATCOM) group. It is operated by the Air Force Space Command of the US Air Force. The main function of the AEHF spacecraft in geostationary orbits will be to provide secure, survivable and near-worldwide satellite communications. It will provide military communications and jointly serve armed forces of the US and international partners - including the Netherlands, UK and Canada. Satellites will be more jam-resistant, secure, survivable and protected, offering global communications for sea, ground and air force assets. The AEHF programme was started in 1999 and the development began in 2001. The first satellite, AEHF-1, was scheduled to launch in 2007. However, it was delayed due to difficulties, such as key cryptographic requirements. It was finally launched in August 2010 from the Atlas V launch vehicle. The second satellite, AEHF-2, was launched in May 2012. Two more AEHF satellites (fifth and sixth) have also been contracted. AEHF will allow a wide spectrum of missions to be carried out, such as strategic nuclear and defence operations, special operations, theatre missile defence, space operations and intelligence. Operational capabilities of the USAF's satellite system AEHF satellites are designed based on the A2100 satellite bus and are powered by hall current thruster electric propulsion. The thrusters control orbital eccentricity of the satellite during its repositioning. The satellite has a mass of 6,168kg at launch. Capabilities of AEHF have been improved over the Milstar satellite system, as well as the MILSATCOM architecture. The throughput of the AEHF will be ten times higher than that of the Milstar satellites. AEHF also has substantially increased coverage area, providing connectivity across naval, air and land mission warfare. The AEHF system consists of satellites in space, user terminals and ground mission control and associated communication network systems. The four satellites will be linked to form a constellation. They will provide continuous coverage from 65º south to 65º north latitude for 24 hours a day. The mission control segment consists of mobile and fixed control stations and is highly survivable. It handles the satellites in orbit, monitors satellite health and provides monitoring and planning of operations. The terminal segment is a network of both fixed and ground mobile, airborne, ship and submarine and other terminals of all the international partners. Only the air force terminal and space and ground segments will be acquired by SATCOM. These three segments enable communications and transfer of data at specified rates ranging from 75bps to about 8Mbps. Payloads of the Advanced Extremely High-Frequency satellites Payloads of the Advanced Extremely High-Frequency satellites The AEHF communication satellite's anti-jam payload includes onboard signal processing, radio frequency equipment, crossbanded EHF / SHF communication antennas, routing and control software and hardware integral to the A2100 space vehicle. It consists of two uplink / downlink antennas, two SHF downlink phased arrays, two crosslinks, one uplink EHF phased array, uplink / downlink earth coverage horns and six uplink / downlink gimballed dish antennas. The payload controls the SHF downlink and crosslink functions, EHF uplinks, beam forming and onboard nulling. It also controls signal processing, time and frequency for extremely high, medium and low data rates of operation. The AEHF constellation is more efficient and capable than the five current orbiting Milstar satellites. In-orbit processing and reconfigurable networks allow interoperability and dynamic command and control requirements. The satellite's antenna beams are electronically steerable and mappings can be made from channel to beam to achieve the required transmission capacity. Satellites can be crosslinked for enabling communications across the globe from different ground gateways. Advantages of the tactical communication system include small and mobile terminals, dynamic routing and low detection probability. It will provide tactical military communications, including maps and real time videos of the battlefield. The satellites will also offer other critical survivable, endurable and protected communications. The system is also expected to address cyber threats. Launching the military communication satellites United Launch Alliance (ULA) successfully launched the first AEHF spacecraft from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, in August 2010. The satellite was launched using the Atlas V 531 carrier under the project name USA-214 (AEHF SV-1). The satellite was deployed into the geosynchronous transfer orbit. The first two launch attempts were, however, unsuccessful due to malfunctioning of liquid apogee engine motor. The second AEHF was launched from the base aboard a ULA Atlas V Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) 531, in May 2012. An RD Amross RD-180 engine powered the Atlas Booster. Centaur upper stage was powered by a Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne RL10A engine. It was launched successfully at the second attempt after the first one failed because of an overtemp condition on the Centaur Interstage Adapter purge. AEHF-3 is expected to be launched in September 2013. The fourth satellite is currently under construction. Procurement of long-lead components have also been started for the fourth and fifth satellites. Contractors for the US's AEHF constellation programme Lockheed Martin Space Systems is responsible for the space and ground segments of the four AEHF satellites, including mission controls and system integration. Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems is the payload supplier. The US Air Force Military Satellite Communications Systems Wing at the Space and Missile Systems Center, at Los Angeles Air Force Base in California, is the project leader. Vanguard Space Technologies has been subcontracted to fabricate and test two spacecraft bus structures of the satellites. 类型 军用通信卫星 启动日期 AEHF 1: 2010年8月, AEHF 2: 2012年5月 制造商 洛克希德马丁空间系统 运算符 美国空军 寿命 14年 运载火箭 阿特拉斯第五 发射质量 6,168kg (13,600lb) 第一 AEHF (USA-214) 于2010年8月推出。 AEHF SHF 和流行性出血热通讯的有效载荷由诺曼公司提供。 第二 AEHF 卫星发射在 ULA 阿特拉斯 V EELV 531 配置车辆上。 该系统由美国空军空间司令部管理。 从纳维拉尔角 AF 站发射的高级极高频卫星。 美国先进的极高频 (AEHF) 卫星系统 先进的极高频 (AEHF) 系统是一系列的四军用通信卫星计划取代目前在轨军事系统。它将提供极高频 (流行性) 范围上行链路/交联能力和超高频 (SHF) 范围通信。 AEHF 是军用卫星通信系统机翼受保护卫星通信 (卫星通信) 组的一部分。它由美国空军空军空间司令部管理。 AEHF 航天器在地球静止轨道上的主要作用将是提供安全、可生存和接近世界范围的卫星通信。它将提供军事通信, 并共同为美国和国际合作伙伴-包括荷兰、英国和加拿大的武装力量服务。卫星将更具有抗干扰、安全、可生存和保护的能力, 为海、地、空部队资产提供全球通信。 AEHF 方案始于 1999年, 发展始于2001年。第一颗卫星, AEHF-1, 定于2007年发射。然而, 由于困难, 例如密钥加密要求, 它被延迟了。 它最终于2010年8月从阿特拉斯 V 运载火箭发射。第二颗卫星, AEHF-2, 于2012年5月发射。另外两颗 AEHF 卫星 (第五和第六) 也已签约。 AEHF 将允许进行广泛的任务, 如战略核和防卫行动、特别行动、战区导弹防御、空间行动和情报。 美国空军卫星系统的作战能力 AEHF 卫星是基于 A2100 卫星总线设计的, 并由霍尔电流推力器电力推进驱动。推进器在重新定位时控制卫星的轨道偏心。卫星发射时有大量的6,168kg。 AEHF 的能力在军事卫星系统以及 MILSATCOM 体系结构中得到了改进。AEHF 的吞吐量将比军事卫星高出十倍。AEHF 也大大增加了覆盖范围, 提供了跨越海军, 空中和陆上任务的战斗的连通性。 AEHF 系统由空间卫星、用户终端和地面任务控制以及相关的通信网络系统组成。四颗卫星将连接成一个星座。他们将提供连续覆盖从65º南到65º北纬24小时的一天。 任务控制部分由移动和固定控制站组成, 具有高度的可生存性。它处理卫星在轨道上, 监测卫星健康, 并提供监测和计划的行动。 终端段是一个固定和地面移动, 机载, 船舶和潜艇以及所有国际伙伴的其他终端网络。只有空军终端和空间和地面部分将获得卫星通信。这三段允许以指定的速率进行通信和数据传输, 范围从75bps 到大约8Mbps。 先进的极高频卫星的有效载荷 AEHF 通信卫星的干扰有效载荷包括机载信号处理、射频设备、crossbanded/SHF 通信天线、路由和控制软件以及 A2100 空间飞行器的硬件集成。 它包括两个上行/下行天线, 两个 SHF 下行相控阵, 两个通道, 一个上行出血热相控阵, 上行/下行地球覆盖喇叭和六上行/下行万碟天线。 负载控制 SHF 下行和交联功能, 流行性上行, 波束形成和板载零。它还控制信号处理, 时间和频率极端高, 中, 低的数据率的操作。 AEHF 星座比五当前轨道军事卫星更有效率和能力。在轨处理和可重构网络允许互操作性和动态命令和控制要求。卫星的天线波束是电子方向的, 可以从通道到波束进行映射, 以达到所需的传输容量。卫星可以被交联, 以便能够从不同的地面网关在全球进行通信。 战术通信系统的优势包括小移动终端、动态路由和低检测概率。它将提供战术军事通信, 包括地图和战场的实时视频。卫星还将提供其他重要的生存、耐用和受保护的通信。该系统还有望解决网络威胁。 发射军用通信卫星 联合发射联盟 (ULA) 于2010年8月在维拉维尔角空军基地成功地发射了第一个 AEHF 航天器, 从空间发射综合体41。 该卫星是在项目名称 USA-214 (AEHF SV-1) 下使用 Atlas V 531 载体发射的。卫星被部署到地球同步转移轨道。然而, 前两次发射尝试失败, 由于液体远地点发动机马达失灵。 第二 AEHF 是从基地发射的 ULA 阿特拉斯 V 进化的消耗性运载火箭 (EELV) 531, 在2012年5月。一个 RD Amross RD-180 引擎为阿特拉斯助推器提供动力。 半人马上舞台是由普拉特和惠特尼推力 RL10A 引擎的动力。它在第二次尝试成功地被发射了, 在第一个失败了, 因为温的情况在半人马级适配器清除。 AEHF-3 预计将于2013年9月推出。第四颗卫星目前正在建设中。第四和第五卫星也开始采购长期部件。 美国 AEHF 星座计划的承包商 洛克希德·马丁空间系统负责四 AEHF 卫星的空间和地面部分, 包括任务控制和系统集成。航空航天系统是有效载荷的供应商。 美国空军军事卫星通讯系统位于加州洛杉矶空军基地的空间和导弹系统中心, 是该项目的负责人。 先进的航天技术已转包给卫星的两个航天器结构的制造和测试。 |
|
|
