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青少年管弦乐队指南

 阿里山图书馆 2017-09-29
    

(本杰明.布里顿亲自指挥演奏的“指南”)
在乐友许茨的文章中提到了这首著名的现代音乐作品《青少年管弦乐队指南》,这是一首对于刚刚接触音乐和喜欢上古典的朋友来说,最好的用于了解乐队和乐曲的入门曲目,没有之一。这首变奏与赋格曲是英国现代天才的作曲家本杰明.布里顿于1946年受英国教育部委托为科教纪录影片《管弦乐队的乐器》而谱写的音乐。该曲的曲名叫作“普塞尔主题变奏曲”,众所周知,其主题来自于英格兰巴洛克时期的伟大作曲家普赛尔的歌剧《摩尔人的复仇》,原曲轻快活泼,呈现一种舞蹈节奏,而布里顿把速度放慢、配器做一调整,使主题呈示的时候变成一种庄严的圣咏风格,并在这个庄严、肃穆的主题基础上,采取一系列变奏和赋格的手法,既介绍了管弦乐队全奏,又呈现了不同声部、不同乐器的音色和特点,同时又展示了一系列令人目不暇接的作曲技法。全曲在结构上分为三个部分:一是普赛尔主题的呈示,二是由乐队不同声部和不同乐器担当的十三段变奏,三是在乐曲一个主要动机的基础上构筑起一首宏大的赋格曲。

该影片制作时配有解说词,后来录制的唱片也有加上解说词的。电影放映后,受到普遍欢迎,它不仅使广大青少年获益匪浅,甚至对具有较多音乐知识的听众来说也不啻为一种美好的享受。人们从这部作品中,领略到布里顿使一项平凡的日常工作——写电影配乐,升华为技巧娴熟、精细微妙的艺术创作。N年之前,我在中央电视台的节目里看到这部电影、听到这首乐曲,还有指挥家袁方的讲解,获益良多,成为我认识古典音乐、认识管弦乐队、领略艺术创作的精妙以及步入古典音乐之门的关键一步。

1964年作曲家本人本杰明.布里顿指挥伦敦交响乐团为Decca公司录制了全曲的录音,1986年DECCA将这个录音以CD发行,这张CD中还有他另两首作品《简单交响曲》和《布里奇主题变奏》,这个版本的“指南”可以说是这首乐曲的首选录音版本,也是一张演录俱佳的爱乐者必备的唱片。

      
(乐曲最初的9小节主题的“普赛尔主题”)

请完整地欣赏这首乐曲:
The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, op.34
London Symphony Orchestra;Benjamin Britten - Britten:The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra; Four Sea Interludes etc

很遗憾,没有找到电影的视频,但是有带有解说词的全曲视频:
附解说词如下:
音乐开始前先是由指挥讲解的一段解说词。然后,乐队按照(A)整个乐队、(B)木管乐器、(C)铜管乐器、(D)弦乐器、(E)打击乐器、(F)整个乐队的次序呈示主题。变奏主题是一段活泼、轻快的舞曲曲调,选自十七世纪著名音乐家普塞尔的戏剧音乐《摩尔人的复仇》。

在主题由各组乐器反复陈述之后,接着就是主题的十三段变奏,每段变奏前各配有一段解说词,逐一介绍演奏各段变奏的乐器:

第一变奏解说词:“现在让我们听一听每一种乐器演奏各自的一段变奏。木管乐器组音区的最高声部是声音明亮而甜美的长笛,还有它那尖声尖气的小兄弟——短笛。”

第二变奏解说词:“双簧管的音质温和而忧郁,但在作曲家需要时,它也能表现得足够有力。”

第三变奏解说词:“单簧管非常灵活。它的声音美丽、平顺而圆润。”
第四变奏解说词:“大管在木管乐器组中体积最大,声音也最低沉。”
第五变奏解说词:“弦乐器家族中的最高声部是小提琴。它们分成第一第二两组演奏。”

第六变奏 解说词:“中提琴比小提琴稍大,音响也较低。”
第七变奏解说词:“大提琴以丰满而热情的音色歌唱,请听这优美的歌声! ”

第八变奏解说词:“倍低音提琴是弦乐器家族中的老祖父,它声音沉重,嘟嘟嚷嚷的。”

第九变奏解说词:“竖琴有四十七根弦,还有七个踏瓣,用以变换弦的音高。”

第十变奏解说词:“铜管乐器家族从法国号(即圆号)开始。这些乐器是用铜管盘成圆形制成的。”

第十一变奏 解说词:“我希望你们都熟悉小号的声音。”
第十二变奏解说词:“长号的声音沉重、洪亮。大号更加沉重。”
第十三变奏解说词:“打击乐器种类繁多,我们不可能一一介绍,这里只介绍一些最常用的打击乐器。首先是定音鼓,大鼓和钹,铃鼓和三角铁,小鼓和木鱼,木琴,响板和锣,在这些乐器一一演奏之前,先听一听响鞭。”

令人意想不到的是,作者为打击乐器写了一段富于想象力的华彩乐段,由三个定音鼓提供旋律基础,其他各打击乐器则按解说词中的次序,以各自的变化形式加入这一舞曲的行列。在作为全曲结束的音乐中,布里顿魔术般地将前面介绍过的各种乐器构筑成一首绚丽多彩的赋格曲。随着各种乐器的加入,气氛也愈发热烈。最后,全曲以铜管乐器雄壮辉煌地重现放宽了节奏的变奏主题——“普塞尔主题”作为结束。

  

原文: Britten uses a unique style of Theme and Variation in "The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra." The full orchestra begins by playing the theme at the unison. Britten then gives each section a chance to be in the spotlight by allowing them to play the theme by themselves. The following list provides the order that the different sections of the orchestra play the themes, and what the narrated says before they are to come in.

A-Theme (Full Orchestra)

B-Woodwinds "The Woodwind are superior varieties of the penny-wistl. They are made of wood."

C-Brass "The first BRASS instruments were trumpets and hunting-horns. These are their modern descendants."

D-Strings "The STRINGS, large and small, are scraped with a bow or plucked with the fingers. Their cousin the Harp is always plucked."

E-Percussion "The PERCUSSION group includes drums, gongs, tambourines and anything else you hit. When you have heard them, the whole orchestra will play the melody again."

F-Theme-The full orchestra plays the unison theme once more before the piece goes into the variation section.

After each section gets to play the theme the piece then moves into the variations. The following list contains the narration which is read before each section is to come in.

A-"Now let us hear each instrument play a variation of its own. The highest of the Woodwind team is the clear, sweet voice of the FLUTE, with its shrill little brother, the PICCOLO."

B-"Oboes have a gentle plaitive quality, but they can be forcful enough when the composer wants them to.

C-"CLARINETS are very agile. They make a beautifully smooth, mellow sound.

D-"BASSOONS are the largest of the Woodwind team, so they have the deepest voices."

E-"The highest voices in the String family are the VIOLINS. They play in two groups-Firsts and Seconds."

F-"VIOLAS are a bit larger than Violins, and so are deeper in tone."

G-"CELLOS sing with splendid richness and warmth. Listen to this fine sound!"

H-"The DOUBLEBASSES are the grandfathers of the String Family, with heavy, grumbling voices."

I-"The HARP has forty-seven strings, and seven foot-pedals to alter the pitch of its strings."

J-"The BRASS family begins ith the HORNS. These are made from brass tubing coiled into a circle."

K-"I expect you all know the sound of TRUMPETS."

L-"The TROMBONES have heavy brassy voices. The BASS TUBA is heavier still."

M-"there is an enormous number of PERCUSSION instruments. We can't play them all, but here are the most familiar ones. First the KETTLE DRUMS-often called TIMPANI."

FUGUE-"We have taken the whole Orchestra to pieces. Now let us put it together in a Fugue. The instruments come in one after another, in the same order as before-beginning with the Piccolo. At the end, the Brass will play Henry Purcell's fine melody, while the others go on playing Benjamin Britten's Fugue."

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