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1. Esthesioneuroblastoma （嗅神经母细胞瘤） 2.Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma（腺样囊性癌） 3.Chondrosarcoma（软骨肉瘤） 4.Juvenile Angiofibroma（青少年纤维血管瘤） 5.Meningioma（脑膜瘤） 6.Neuroendocrine Tumor（神经内分泌肿瘤） 7.Rabdomyosarcoma（横纹肌肉瘤） 8.Encephalocele（脑膨出） 和Metastasis（ 转移瘤） Esthesioneuroblastoma Esthesioneuroblastoma（嗅神经母细胞瘤） is a rare, malignant neoplasm arising from the olfactory epithelium （嗅上皮）located in the upper part of the nasal cavities（鼻腔）. Molecular studies indicate basal progenitor cells（基底部母细胞） of the olfactory epithelium as the origin of esthesioneuroblastoma. It represents 1–5% of malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity. Clinical symptoms include epistaxis（鼻出血）, nasal obstruction（鼻塞）, and craniofacial pain（头面部疼痛）. Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Chondrosarcoma Juvenile Angiofibroma Juvenile angiofibroma（青少年纤维血管瘤） occurs adjacent to the sphenopalatine foramen（蝶腭孔） in the nasal cavity. Large tumors are frequently bilobed（两叶的） or dumbbell-shaped（哑铃型）, with one portion of the tumor filling the nasopharynx and the other portion extending to the pterygopalatine fossa（翼腭窝）.Lateral spread of the tumor is directed toward the pterygopalatine fossa, bowing the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus（上颌窦）.The infratemporal fossa（颞下窝） is subsequently involved. Occasionally, the greater wing of the sphenoid may be eroded, exposing the middle fossa dura. Involvement of the cribriform plate is unusual. Meningioma Neuroendocrine Tumor Neuroendocrine tumors（神经内分泌肿瘤） arise from distinct cells in the body that are ubiquitous（普遍存在的） in the human body. They most commonly arise from the GI tract, but can also arise from the pituitary gland（垂体）, the thyroid（甲状腺）, the adrenals, the pancreas, and the lungs. neuroendocrine tumors can be quite diverse（各样的） in terms of their malignant potential. Some can be benign in nature while others can be malignant. Neuroendocrine tumors of the ethmoid sinus are rare. Rabdomyosarcoma Rabdomyosarcoma (RMS，横纹肌肉瘤) is the most frequent sinonasal（鼻窦的） malignancy in children, although it has been reported in adults. RMS is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Since skeletal muscle is present throughout the body, RMS can be seen at numerous locations in the body.RMSs account for 5–8% of childhood cancers and 70% of all rhabdomyosarcoma cases are diagnosed in the first ten years of life. RMS rarely affects adults, no obvious race predilection exists and overall, RMS occursslightly more frequently in males than females. There are two main types of RMS that occur in children: (1) Embryonal type（胚胎型）, this is the most common type and it tends to occur in the head and neck area, bladder, vagina, and in or around the prostate and testes. (2) Alveolar type（肺泡型）, this type occurs more often in large muscles of the trunk, arms, and legs and typically affects older children or teenagers. |
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来自： zskyteacher > 《五官颈部》
