极简英语语法——定语从句

本篇和我之前发的《极简英语语法，一图囊括所有》相呼应，是其中一个分支的详解。

简单句，是三种从句句型之一，在总图中的位置如下：

定语从句的结构

• 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词，或代词，或句子
  

• 关系词：关系代词或关系副词，that ，which，who，whose等，指代先行词，在从句中充当成分。

• 从句：起描述或限定作用

他是需要帮助的人。

最简形式是简单句He is the man，从句who needs help作定语修饰the man。

你在网上买的书明天到

最简形式是 The book will arrive, 从句that your ordered online修饰the book作定语。

1. 定语从句的类型——根据关系词分类

1.1 关系代词定语从句

1.1.1 关系代词特性

• 代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词

• 在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分

• 关系代词在定语 从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1.1.1 指人：who, whom, that, whose

• He is the man who/that wants to see you.

• The man whom I want to see is him.

• She was the girl whom/that I saw in the restaurant.

• A child whose father is lazy will be raised through widowed parenting. 有懒爸爸的孩子会被丧偶式育儿养大。

• I, from whom you will learn a lot, is a self-employed person. 我，一个让你将来学会很多东西的人，是一名自由职业者。

• You are no longer the man that you used to be. 你不再是吴下阿蒙。

1.1.2 指物: which, that, whose, of which

• He lives in a villa whose history is longer than his father. 他住在一座年龄比他父亲还大的老别墅里

• Above the the mountains are the clouds, whose exquisiteness is faithfully reflected by the lake. 山上有云，其精致被湖面忠诚地呈现。

• This is the pen whose owner is a talented student. 就是这支笔，它的主人是学霸。

• This is the pen (which) you want. 在从句中做宾语，可省略。

• This ship in which we crossed the strait is broken. 我们乘坐过海峡的船是艘破船。

• The picture which is taken by me is professional. 我拍出的照片很专业。

1.1.3 特殊用法

1.1.3.1 只能用that 不能用which

先行词为everything， anything，all，little，much等不定代词时；

• Everything （that） the light touches is our kingdom. 凡阳光能照耀之地，便是我们的国度。

• Is there anything that I can do for you?

• Jenny told her mother all that had happened.

先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰时；

• The only thing I expect of you is to love, and be loved in return.

先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；

• This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.

• This is the first time that she love a boy so deep.

先行词有人又有物时；

• There are people and goods and plane that can be transported to the recipient 20 minutes after the plane was landed. 飞机运载的人和货物可在20分钟内被转运至接待处。

当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。

• Who is the girl that won the champion?

1.1.3.2 不能用that，只能用which

介词前置时；

• This is the teacher the son of whom is a famous doctor. 这就是儿子是名医的那位老师。

• China has many islands, the second largest of which is Hainan Island. 中国有很多岛屿，其中第二大的是海南岛。

• Is that the new media for which you often write articles?这就是你经常投稿的新媒体吗？

非限定性定语从句中

先行词本身是that

• The clock is that which tells the time，钟表是用来表示时间的。

• The knife is that which is used to kill. 刀子是用来杀戮的。

1.2 关系副词定语从句

1.2.1 where =at, in, on which

• Beijing is the place where (in which) the capital of China is.

• He want to find the place where he worked 10 years ago.

1.2.1 why=for which

• This is the reason why (for which) he refused our offer.

• I do not know the reason why he failed.

1.2.3 when=during, in, on which

• By the time you arrive, we had waited for you for 2 hours. You are so late!

• There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 有时你不得不屈服。

• I still remember the time when I met her for the first time. She was so young and so beautiful. 记得小苹初见，两重心字罗衣。

• Every time when you go away, you take a piece of me with you. 歌词

2. 根据从句效用分类

2.1 限定性定语从句

2.1.1 特点

• 从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。

• 不能被省略，否则句意就不完整

• 大部分定语从句都是限定性的

2.2.2 例句

• This is the boy you are looking for.

• I lost my heart in the girl in which I fall in love last time.

• She was the girl whom/that I saw in the restaurant.

• Here is somebody who wants to speak to you.

2.2 非限定性定语从句

2.2.1 特点

• 解释说明作用

• 从句被省略后，句意完整

2.2.2 例句

• I like singing for the very reason that(for which) she dislikes it. 我喜欢唱歌，基于同样的原因，她不喜欢。

• He has a brother who works in Google. 他有个在谷歌工作的兄弟。（我们不知道他有几个兄弟，但是肯定有一个在谷歌工作，补充说明）

• His wife, who loved him very much, went to see him. 他的妻子，爱他至深，赶过去看他。

• An loquat tree in the yard, which I planted in the year my wife died, is like a canopy now. 庭有枇杷树,吾妻死之年所手植也,今已亭亭如盖矣