特稿｜冬奥专栏——项目篇（2）

冬奥专栏

冬

奥

项

目

今日介绍大项“滑冰（Skating）”的3个分项——速度滑冰（Speed Skating）、花样滑冰（Figure Skating）和短道速滑（Short Track），及另一大项“冬季两项（Biathlon）”。

A Brief Introduction to

Winter Olympic Sports (II)

冬奥会运动项目简介（中）

译/孟洁冰

 Speed Skating

速度滑冰

Speed skating is a competitive form of ice skating in which the competitors race each other in travelling a certain distance on skates. Types of speed skat­ing are long track speed skating, short track speed skating, and marathon speed skating. In the Olympic Games, long-track speed skating is usually referred to as just “speed skating”, while short-track speed skating is known as “short track”.

速度滑冰是一项竞速类滑冰比赛，选手穿着冰鞋滑行一段距离后，需要相互交换赛道。速度滑冰的比赛包括长距离比赛、短距离比赛和马拉松比赛。在奥运会上，长距离比赛通常称为“速度滑冰”，而短距离比赛称为“短道速滑”。

Speed skating appeared for the first time in 1924 at the first Olympic Win­ter Games in Chamonix. Initially, only men were allowed to participate. It was only at the Lake Placid Games in 1932 that women were authorised to compete in speed skating, which was then only a demonstration sport. It was not until the 1960 Games in Squaw Valley that women’s speed skating was officially included in the Olympic programme.

速度滑冰在1924年第一届沙莫尼冬奥会上首次亮相，最初只设男子组比赛。在1932年的普莱西德湖冬奥会上，女选手获准参加速度滑冰比赛，当时仅作为表演项目。直到1960年斯阔谷冬奥会，女子速度滑冰才正式列入奥运会比赛项目。

Races are run counter-clockwise on a 400-meter oval. The events almost al­ways follow the European system, which consists of skaters competing two-by-two. Skaters must change lanes every lap. The skater changing from the out­side lane to the inside has right-of-way. Skaters may be disqualified for false starts, impeding, and cutting inside the track. If a skater misses their race or falls they have the option to race their dis­tance again. There are no heats or finals in long track, all rankings are by time.

比赛在400米椭圆形冰道上进行，选手按逆时针方向滑行。这个项目基本一直采用欧洲竞赛规则，即两两进行比赛，必须每圈交换赛道，从外道换到内道的选手可以优先通过。选手可能因为起跑犯规、推挤和切入跑道而被取消比赛资格。如果选手未能正常滑跑或者摔倒时，可以选择重新开始比赛。速度滑冰没有预赛或决赛，以完成时间决定所有名次。

中国队参赛名单：于静、张虹、郝佳晨、刘晶、李丹、韩梅、田芮宁、郭丹、高亭宇、谢嘉轩、王洪利、杨涛、阿尔成哈孜·夏开尼

（中国速滑队迄今已在冬奥会上获得1金3银3铜，都是女选手在500米和1000米项目中获得的，这也是中国队在平昌冬奥上冲击奖牌的重点项目。）

Figure Skating

花样滑冰

Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, duos, or groups perform on figure skates on ice. It was the first win­ter sport included in the Olympics, in 1908. Olympic sports in figure skating comprise the following disciplines:

花样滑冰是选手穿着花样滑冰鞋在冰上表演的运动项目，包括单人滑、双人滑和团体比赛。1908年，花样滑冰成为奥运会的首个冬季运动项目。花样滑冰的奥运会项目包括以下几个小项：

● Singles competition for men and women (who are referred to as “ladies” in ISU rulebooks), wherein individual skaters perform jumps, spins, step se­quences, spirals, and other elements in their programs.

● 男子单人滑和女子单人滑（women在国际滑冰联盟规则手册中称为ladies），个人选手在节目中表演跳跃、旋转、接续步、燕式步和其他技术动作。

● Pair skating teams consist of a wom­an and a man. Pairs perform elements that are specific to the discipline such as throw jumps, in which the man ‘throws’ the woman into a jump; lifts, in which the woman is held above the man’s head in one of various grips and positions; pair spins, in which both skaters spin together about a common axis; death spi­rals; and other elements such as side-by-side jumps and spins in unison.

● 双人滑团队由一位女选手和一位男选手组成，两人要表演双人滑特有的技术动作，比如抛跳（女选手借助男选手抛出的力量完成跳跃）、托举（男选手以不同的握法和姿势把女选手举过头顶）、双人旋转（两位选手围绕共同的轴心旋转）、螺旋线以及其他技术动作（比如并肩跳跃和联合旋转）。

● Ice dancing is again for couples consisting of a woman and a man skat­ing together. Ice dance differs from pairs in focusing on intricate footwork performed in close dance holds, in time with the music. Ice dance lifts must not go above the shoulder.

● 冰舞由一名女伴和一名男伴共同在冰上表演。冰舞与双人滑的区别在于，冰舞注重配合音乐节奏在舞伴始终靠近彼此的舞蹈表演中呈现复杂的步法；冰舞的托举高度一定不能超过肩膀。

The four disciplines of men’s singles, ladies’ singles, pair skating and ice dancing also appeared as part of a team event for the first time at the 2014 Win­ter Olympics.

2014年冬奥会首次设立花样滑冰团体赛，包括男子单人滑、女子单人滑、双人滑和冰舞四个项目。

中国队参赛名单：隋文静、于小雨、彭程、李香凝、王诗玥、韩聪、张昊、金杨、金博洋、闫涵、柳鑫宇

（今日截稿前，花样滑冰双人滑组合隋文静/韩聪以总分235.47摘银，为中国队获得平昌冬奥会第二枚奖牌，另一对中国选手于小雨/张昊获得第八名。男单选手金博洋即将向冬奥会奖牌发起冲击。）

Short Track Speed Skating

短道速滑

Short track speed skating is a form of competitive ice speed skating. In com­petitions, multiple skaters (typically be­tween four and six) skate on an oval ice track with a circumference of 111.111 metres (364.54 ft). The rink itself is 60 metres (200 ft) by 30 metres (98 ft), which is the same size as an interna­tional-sized ice hockey rink. Short track speed skating is the sister sport to long track speed skating.

短道速滑是一项竞速类滑冰运动。在比赛中，多位滑冰选手（通常为四到六人）沿着111.111米（364.54英尺）的椭圆形赛道滑行。比赛场地的面积为60米×30米（200英尺×98英尺），与国际冰球场地面积相同。短道速滑是长道速度滑冰的姊妹运动。

In short track speed skating, athletes compete not against the clock, but against each other. This introduces the elements of strategy, bravery and skill needed for racing.

在短道速滑比赛中，运动员不仅要与时间赛跑，还要和对手较量。这项比赛要求选手具备策略、勇气和技术等要素。

After having been a demonstration sport at the 1988 Games in Calgary, short track speed skating became part of the Olympic programme in Albertville in 1992, with two individual events and two relays. The discipline comprises men’s and women’s events. Since the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin, the pro­gramme of this discipline has included eight events. 

在1988年卡尔加里冬奥会上，短道速滑作为表演项目首次亮相，此后在1992年阿尔贝维尔冬奥会上成为正式比赛项目，设立了两项个人赛和两项接力赛。短道速滑包括男子和女子项目。2006年都灵奥运会以来，短道速滑已经拥有八个小项。

In recent Games, China and South Korea have emerged to challenge North American dominance in this event. In­deed at the 2006 Turin Games, it was South Korea who emerged as the nation to beat, winning an incredible six gold medals, and 11 medals in total.

最近几届冬奥会上，中国和韩国对北美选手在这个项目的统治地位发起了挑战。韩国在2006年都灵冬奥会上成为该项目的强者，赢得了六枚金牌，总共斩获十一枚奖牌。

中国队参赛名单：范可新、周洋、曲春雨、韩雨桐、李靳宇、武大靖、韩天宇、任子威、许宏志、陈德全

（2002年盐湖城冬奥会，杨扬在短道速滑女子500米比赛中问鼎冠军，实现了中国冬奥金牌零的突破。本届冬奥会，中国队最多的争金点仍集中在短道速滑。武大靖和范可新是重点争金队员。）

Biathlon

冬季两项

A biathlon competition consists of a race in which contestants ski through a cross-country trail system whose total distance is divided into either two or four shooting rounds, half in prone position, the other half standing. Depending on the shooting performance, extra distance or time is added to the contestant’s total running distance/time. The contestant with the shortest total time wins.

冬季两项比赛中，选手在越野滑雪比赛场地滑行，过程中进行两轮或四轮射击，一半为卧射，另一半为立射。根据射击成绩的高低，选手要在总滑行距离/时间上增加额外的距离或时间。总计用时最少的选手获胜。

For each shooting round, the biathlete must hit five targets and receives a pen­alty for each missed target, which varies according to the competition rules.

在每轮射击中，冬季两项运动员每一射击点射五发子弹，每脱靶一次要接受惩罚，惩罚内容根据比赛规则有所不同。

In order to keep track of the contes­tants’ progress and relative standing throughout a race, split times (interme­diate times) are taken at several points along the skiing track and upon finish­ing each shooting round. The large display screens commonly set up at biathlon arenas, as well as the informa­tion graphics shown as part of the TV picture, will typically list the split time of the fastest contestant at each interme­diate point and the times and time dif­ferences to the closest runners-up.

为在比赛过程中追踪选手的进度和相对排名，需要在选手经过滑雪赛道上的几个计时点和完成每轮射击后，计算他们所用的分段时间（中途时间）。冬季两项的场地通常会设置大型显示屏，电视画面上也会显示成绩表，通常会列出每个中间点速度最快选手的分段时间，以及成绩最接近的选手所用的时间和时间差距。 

中国队参赛名单：张岩、唐佳琳

（本届冬奥会，唐佳琳、张岩两人凭借外卡资格，代表中国队参加冬季两项女子7.5公里短距离和女子15公里个人赛的比赛。）

（中英对照部分选自《英语世界》冬奥增刊）