乱七八糟的稳定进近政策来源于傻傻分不清的概念！

爱游泳的黑熊 2018-04-03

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昨天讨论日本那个只能盘旋进近的通告，由此引发了一系列的问题，这里再和大家探讨一下。

很多航空公司发生进近问题、着陆问题，于是头疼医头，胡乱下药，随意提高稳定进近的标准，由此可能引发的许多问题，他们却没有注意到。

有时候有些无奈，很多飞行员，甚至公司高层管理人员在制定公司政策时，连最基本的飞行概念都搞不清楚，制定出来的政策也是让人啼笑皆非！

稳定进近的概念

以稳定进近为例，这些内容是飞安基金会推荐的，是全球普遍使用，被波音空客等制造商作为稳定进近的标准推荐使用的。

The following recommendations are consistent with criteria developed by the Flight Safety Foundation.

All approaches should be stabilized by 1,000 feet AFE in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) and by 500 feet AFE in visual meteorological conditions (VMC). An approach is considered stabilized when all of the followingcriteria are met:

the airplane is on the correct flight path
only small changes in heading and pitch are required to maintain the correct flight path
the airplane should be at approach speed. Deviations of +10 knots to – 5 knots are acceptable if the airspeed is trending toward approach speed
the airplane is in the correct landing configuration
sink rate is no greater than 1,000 fpm; if an approach requires a sink rate greater than 1,000 fpm, a special briefing should be conducted
thrust setting is appropriate for the airplane configuration
all briefings and checklists have been conducted.

Specific types of approaches are stabilized if they also fulfill the following:

ILS and GLS approaches should be flown within one dot of the glide slope and localizer, or within the expanded localizer scale
approaches using IAN should be flown within one dot of the glide path and FAC
during a circling approach, wings should be level on final when the airplane reaches 300 feet AFE.

Unique approach procedures or abnormal conditions requiring a deviation from the above elements of a stabilized approach require a special briefing.

Note: An approach that becomes unstabilized below 1,000 feet AFE in IMC or below 500 feet AFE in VMC requires an immediate go-around.

These conditions should be maintained throughout the rest of the approach for it to be considered a stabilized approach. If the above criteria cannot be established and maintained until approaching the flare, initiate a go-around.

以下是目视进近，不要理解错了！

At 100 feet HAT for all visual approaches, the airplane should be positioned so the flight deck is within, and tracking to remain within, the lateral confines of the runway edges extended.

As the airplane crosses the runway threshold it should be:

stabilized on approach airspeed to within + 10 knots until arresting descent rate at flare
on a stabilized flight path using normal maneuvering
positioned to make a normal landing in the touchdown zone (the first 3,000 feet or first third of the runway, whichever is less).

Initiate a go-around if the above criteria cannot be maintained.

IMC、IFR、VMC、VFR 傻傻分不清

对于FSF的建议，是在IMC，也就是仪表气象条件下，要求在1000英尺达到稳定进近的条件；而在VMC，也就是目视气象条件下，在500英尺达到稳定进近的条件。不是很多公司制定政策时错误理解的IFR和VFR，即仪表飞行规则和目视飞行规则。

简单地说，稳定进近使用1000英尺还是500英尺，不是和你的进近类型有关，是和你的天气条件有关。

看见跑道就是VMC吗？什么是VMC？

很多人说，如果改到500英尺，很多飞行员不稳定进近，他们会改口说是看见跑道了，目视气象条件。

在进近条件下：这个条件的飞行能见度要求5km，据云水平距离1500m，垂直距离1000英尺。

如果满足这个条件，才是VMC。