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【荟萃分析】子宫颈细胞学和高危型人乳头瘤病毒感染多中心临床资料分析

 渐近故乡时 2018-04-05


欧美国家自20 世纪50 年代起采用宫颈脱落细胞学检查方法进行宫颈癌筛查,极大地降低了宫颈癌的发病率和死亡率。20 世纪90 年代出现的宫颈液基细胞学制片方法在许多国家现已逐渐取代传统的巴氏涂片(CPS)。对人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的致癌机制的发现及研究,促进了HPV 检测方法的发展,国际上现主要用于细胞学检查(ASC-US 分流)或与细胞学联合筛查。美国FDA 在2014 年批准了Cobas4800HPV 检测方法可以用于宫颈癌的初筛。本文通过对国内多家医院及实验室已在国外专业学术期刊上发表的关于宫颈细胞学和HPV 检查的研究论文进行综合分析[1-21]。这些数据的报告单位包括了妇产科专科医院、大型的综合医院以及大型独立实验室;就人群而言覆盖范围包括了华北、华东、华南以及西南地区,数据具有一定的代表性,对其进行综合性分析可为中国建立宫颈癌的筛查策略提供一定的参考。


不同机构宫颈细胞学的TBS 报告率与CAP 比较


TBS(The Bethesda System) 是宫颈细胞学判读系统。在大样本的前提下,一个特定的国家或地区每个细胞学实验室的各项判读结果比例应是较为恒定的。从这些数据可以得出各类异常细胞的判读率、ASC/SIL 等信息,便于不同国家、地区和实验室之间比较。美国病理医师协会(CAP)每年公布一份美国各实验室检测得到的百分位数,作为各实验室的参考。表为复旦大学附属妇产医院(复旦妇产)、广州金域医学检验中心(广州金域)液基细胞学TBS 报告率以及CAP 386 个实验室的统计结果[1,12,20,22]

复旦妇产医院液基细胞学的总阳性率为4.6%,ASCUS为2.3%,ASC/SIL 为1.3[1]。广州金域液基细胞学的总阳性率为8.1%,ASC-US 为4.6%,ASC/SIL 为1.6[12]。各类型判读的比例基本与美国的参考数据一致,但腺上皮AGC 则比例明显偏低,说明对于腺上皮病变的判读标准的掌握还需商榷。不满意率在复旦妇产医院明显较低,这与对不满意细胞学涂片的判读标准把控不严和医院诊疗常规不尽合理有关。


不同宫颈细胞学制片方法TBS 报告率的比较


欧美地区虽然广泛采用液基方法制备细胞学涂片,但仍有少数国家或医院使用CPS。CPS 的成本低廉,有研究认为其筛查病变的敏感性和阳性预测价值不亚于液基细胞[23]。复旦妇产医院在同一时间段内有1 525 549 例采用CPS。这些涂片的阳性率仅为0.8%,明显低于液基细胞学方法[1]。广州金域676 445 CPS,阳性率为3.5%,也低于液基细胞学的阳性率[12],提示液基细胞学方法可能比CPS 提高了宫颈细胞学筛查的敏感性。另一项218 195 例宫颈癌筛查中,细胞学阳性率为4.33%ASC-US 2.59%ASC/SIL为2.07[17],说明在严格质量控制基础上,CPS 制片方法也可以达到较好的筛查效果。总的来说,国产液基产品和进口液基产品在异常细胞检出率方面并无明显差异[12,20]


HPV 感染在异常宫颈细胞学中的阳性率


高危HPV(HR-HPV)感染率可作为细胞学判读的质控依据之一,HR-HPV 的检测结果也可以辅助细胞学进行分流。欧美国家资料总结较多[24],而国内相关文献资料有限。复旦妇产医院2 092 例妇女宫颈细胞学结果为HSIL,同时总的HR-HPV 阳性率为89.2%,HR-HPV 检测采用HC2、Cervista 和Cobas4800 方法进行检测,其阳性率分别为88.1%,90.7% 和93.9%,方法之间无统计学差异[2];广州金域报道,宫颈细胞学为HSIL、ASC-H、LSIL、ASCUS和NILM 的女性HR-HPV 阳性率分别为90.5%、80.8%、77.7%、35.1% 和12.1%, 均在CAP 标准范围之内[14,18]

HR-HPV 阳性率在ASC-US 的病例中差异较大。国外报道HR-HPV 阳性率在ASC-US 的比例一般介于25%~50%。复旦妇产医院ASC-US 女性的HR-HPV 阳性率偏高为50%,可能与ASC-US 报告率较低(2.26%)有关[1]


宫颈细胞学与组织病理学结果比较


研究发现,82.6%(1 994/2 414 例)细胞学为HSIL 组织学证实为CIN2 及以上病变,其中10% 的患者确诊为宫颈癌[16]。另一篇文章显示,5 987 例细胞学为LSIL 的女性,半年内组织学随访发现15.2% 为CIN2/3,66.9% 为CIN1[18]

CPS 为HSIL 的妇女,组织学证实CIN2 以上为82.8%[17]。复旦妇产医院2351 例细胞学HSIL 病例中,89.3% 组织学证实为CIN2 及以上病例,其中14.9% 为宫颈癌[2]


HPV 感染率人群比较


目前,中国有多种HPV 检测方法用于临床,包括定性或定量检测方法和基因分型检测。在美国HR-HPV 的检测主要用于细胞学判读为ASC-US 患者的分流,但现在也对30 岁以上妇女进行联合筛查[25]。赵方辉等汇总了国内17 个地区数平均HR-HPV 阳性率为17.7%,且农村与城镇人口无显著差异[26]。一项基因分型数据显示,51 345例HPV 检测阳性率为26%;其中21.1% 为HR-HPV 感染,8.4% 为低危型HPV 感染。HPV 阳性病例中,72.3% 为单一型感染,最常见的感染型别为HPV52(5.05%)、HPV164.76%)、HPV582.93%)、HPV561.71%)、HPV59(1.67% HPV181.56%)。年龄<>30 岁组人群HRHPV感染率为33.8%30~49 岁感染率为22.8%50 岁及以上感染率为29.3%[19]。复旦妇产医院送检女性HPV 总阳性率为27.4%。美国报道一般人群HC2 HPV 检测的阳性率为6.5%[27]。美国2012 440 家实验室HR-HPV 阳性率的中分位数为20%13.8%~28.4%[28]


HPV 检测阴性的宫颈癌


对组织学诊断为宫颈癌的477 例患者1 年内HR-HPV检测结果进行分析,发现在复旦妇产医院477 例宫颈癌病例中,1 年内HPV 检测阴性率为15.5%,其中鳞癌阴性率为14.7%,腺癌为33.3%。HPV 与细胞学同时阴性占3.9%,其余几家医院也均存在一定比例HPV 阴性率,见表2。这些临床液基标本检测的HR-HPV 是否为真阴性?复旦妇产医院和广州金域通过多对HPV 通用引物的PCR 方法及罗氏的线性HPV 分型试剂盒,分析HR-HPV 阴性的宫颈癌组织学样本:PCR 检测显示45.9%(28/61 例)HPV DNA阳性,44.3%(27/61 例)线性分型阳性。75% 癌组织PCR和基因分型检测均为HPV 阴性,提示这些病例的肿瘤发生可能与HPV 无关,或由于感染滴度极低,即使极为敏感的PCR 方法也检测不到[5],故单独依赖HR-HPV 检测可能会漏诊部分宫颈癌,特别是腺癌。


组织学确诊CIN2/3 患者的HR-HPV 阴性率


一项组织学诊断为CIN2/3 且半年内有HR-HPV 检测结果的病例进行分析显示,在10 950 例病例中,7.9% 在诊断前6 月内HR-HPV 阴性。各处阴性率略有差别,介于6.2%-9.8% 之间( 表3)[31]。上海市第七人民医院发现242例CIN2/3 病例的HR-HPV 阴性率为29.8%[29]。一项4 539 例CIN2/3 患者6 月内有HPV 基因分型检测结果显示, 最常见的5 种HPV 型别为:16、58、33、52、18 和31 型[31]。研究说明,大约8% 的CIN2/3(HSIL)患者HR-HPV 检测阴性,如以HR-HPV 作为一线筛查,这些癌前病变患者就有可能遗漏。

综上所述,宫颈细胞学检查与HR-HPV 检测在宫颈癌及癌前病变的筛查中均有重要的作用,片面地强调其中的任一项均失之偏颇。HR-HPV 检测的敏感性相对高,然而特异性较低,且临床实验室资料也显示宫颈癌及宫颈高级别病变患者也有较高HR-HPV 阴性率,结果不可忽视。细胞学检查特异性相对较高但敏感性稍低,实验室质控不严时尤其如此,如不考虑经济成本,联合筛查为最佳方法。

宫颈细胞学判读需要有可靠的质量控制体系以确保其准确性。每年CAP 发表一份全美国TBS 报告总结分析数据供各实验室参考。相较而言,我国的细胞学质控并未引起足够的重视,相应的国家级的质控体系还没有建立起来,也缺乏相应的统计数据。不可否认HR-HPV 检测在宫颈癌筛查的重要性,但HR-HPV 检测也需要相应的质控措施。

在美国,临床上常用的HR-HPV 检测方法仅4 种由FDA批准通过的(HC2、Cervista、Cobas4800 和Aptima), 且CAP 有严格的质量检查制度。中国现至少有60 多种HPV检查方法,对各个实验室缺乏全国统一的质量控制系统。中国宫颈癌筛查工作任重而道远。

致谢:感谢江炜、王志莲、谢凤祥、吴涛审阅文章并提出宝贵意见。

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