引言
i.随机临床试验之I级依据:2015年9月23日,脊柱甘露语林发布「胸腰椎爆裂骨折新视点:早期不带支具下地亦不影响疗效」,加拿大西安大略大学伦敦医疗科学中心骨外科之学者所行之多中心前瞻性随机临床试验研究,提示胸腰段粉碎骨折早期下地、不带支具,既经济又不影响疗效 ii.长期随访研究依据:2016年4月26日,脊柱甘露语林发布「BJJ-胸腰椎爆裂骨折自然史:早期活动不影响工作生活」,英国Oswestry脊柱外科中心之学者,进行之长期随访研究,提示无神经症状之胸腰椎爆裂骨折,不手术、早期活动,自然恢复效果良好
脊柱骨折之理念回顾
Denis脊柱三柱之念
AO分类
AO分类之三种基本类型:A为前柱之压缩;B两柱损伤,后方或前方横向损伤;C两柱损伤并旋转图片源于文献[3]开放获取之文
AO分类之修订版
脊柱骨折之应力分担分类
TLICS之胸腰椎损伤分类与严重度评分
TLICS之骨折损伤形态:A压缩 B旋转/移位 C牵张
小结 以要言之,西医学界自1930年,不断探索脊柱骨折,尤其是胸椎与腰椎之分型;仁者见仁,智者见智;无论何种分型,皆归于整体而客观评估损伤之严重度,以及指导后续治疗。 胸椎腰椎爆裂骨折——椎管内骨块之自然吸收
Chakera等之典型病例1 1983年12月,一名 29岁伤者,神经功能完全损害:Frankel分级A——全瘫;予以过伸枕垫于脊柱伤处下方和留置导尿;1周后出现深静脉血栓栓塞和肺栓塞,予以抗凝治疗;6周后保护下拄拐逐渐下地活动,住院11周; CT示胸12爆裂骨折,椎管内骨块几乎完全压迫 1986年4月——伤后28个月,再行CT示:椎管内骨块自行吸收、椎管重塑可观;神经功能恢复至Frankel分级D级 Chakera等之典型病例2 1985年7月,一名16岁男伤者,双下肢肌力感觉减退,大小便正常,腰2骨折,椎管内骨块压迫明显,神经功能为Frankel D级;以过伸枕保持过伸3周,再1周后保护下下地活动 1986年3月——伤后9个月,椎管内骨块吸收明显,椎管重塑,亦复如是;神经功能亦完全恢复,Frankel E级
典型病例1:损伤时之侧位片与CT:腰1压缩爆裂骨折,骨块凸入椎管,椎管前后径降低55% 典型病例1:伤后14个月之后续CT 左:骨块吸收与椎管重建开始;中和右:伤后33个月,两个相邻平面之薄层CT:椎管重建,椎管恢复至75% 典型病例2 损伤时之侧位片与CT;腰2压缩爆裂骨折,椎管内骨块压迫,前后径减少至40% 典型病例2 后续跟踪:2年半后,腰2楔形变增加,椎管内骨块吸收,椎管重建,恢复至正常之75%
典型病例 33岁男伤者,左图:腰2爆裂骨折,伤后6小时之CT;右图:伤后28个月,椎管最窄平面之CT
结语
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