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【Netty 专栏】Netty源码分析之服务启动

 太极混元天尊 2018-05-18

技术文章第一时间送达!

源码精品专栏

 

本文主要分析Netty服务端的启动过程。

Netty是基于Nio实现的,所以也离不开selector、serverSocketChannel、socketChannel和selectKey等,只不过Netty把这些实现都封装在了底层。

从示例可以看出,一切从ServerBootstrap开始。

ServerBootstrap实例中需要两个NioEventLoopGroup实例,按照职责划分成boss和work,有着不同的分工:
1、boss负责请求的accept
2、work负责请求的read、write

NioEventLoopGroup

NioEventLoopGroup主要管理eventLoop的生命周期。
eventLoop是什么?姑且把它看成是内部的一个处理线程,数量默认是处理器个数的两倍。

img

NioEventLoopGroup构造方法:

public NioEventLoopGroup() {  
   this(0);  
}  
public NioEventLoopGroup(int nThreads) {  
   this(nThreads, null);
}  
public NioEventLoopGroup(int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {  
   this(nThreads, threadFactory, SelectorProvider.provider());  
}  
public NioEventLoopGroup(  
           int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory, final SelectorProvider selectorProvider)
{  
   super(nThreads, threadFactory, selectorProvider);  
}  

MultithreadEventLoopGroup是NioEventLoopGroup的父类,构造方法:

protected MultithreadEventLoopGroup(int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory, Object... args) {  
   super(nThreads == 0? DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_THREADS : nThreads, threadFactory, args);  
}  

其中 DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_THREADS 为处理器数量的两倍。

MultithreadEventExecutorGroup是核心,管理eventLoop的生命周期,先看看其中几个变量。
1、children:EventExecutor数组,保存eventLoop。
2、chooser:从children中选取一个eventLoop的策略。

构造方法:

protected MultithreadEventExecutorGroup(int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory, Object... args) {
   if (nThreads <=>0) {
       throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format('nThreads: %d (expected: > 0)', nThreads));
   }
   if (threadFactory == null) {
       threadFactory = newDefaultThreadFactory();
   }
   children = new SingleThreadEventExecutor[nThreads];
   if (isPowerOfTwo(children.length)) {
       chooser = new PowerOfTwoEventExecutorChooser();
   } else {
       chooser = new GenericEventExecutorChooser();
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < nthreads;="" i="" ++)="">
       boolean success = false;
       try {
           children[i] = newChild(threadFactory, args);
           success = true;
       } catch (Exception e) {
           // TODO: Think about if this is a good exception type
           throw new IllegalStateException('failed to create a child event loop', e);
       } finally {
           if (!success) {
               for (int j = 0; j < i;="" j="" ++)="">
                   children[j].shutdownGracefully();
               }
               for (int j = 0; j < i;="" j="" ++)="">
                   EventExecutor e = children[j];
                   try {
                       while (!e.isTerminated()) {
                           e.awaitTermination(Integer.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
                       }
                   } catch (InterruptedException interrupted) {
                       Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                       break;
                   }
               }
           }
       }
   }
   final FutureListener terminationListener = new FutureListener() {
       @Override
       public void operationComplete(Future future) throws Exception {
           if (terminatedChildren.incrementAndGet() == children.length) {
               terminationFuture.setSuccess(null);
           }
       }
   };
   for (EventExecutor e: children) {
       e.terminationFuture().addListener(terminationListener);
   }
}
protected EventExecutor newChild(  
           ThreadFactory threadFactory, Object... args)
throws Exception
{  
     return new NioEventLoop(this, threadFactory, (SelectorProvider) args[0]);  
}  

1、根据数组的大小,采用不同策略初始化chooser,如果大小为2的幂次方,则采用PowerOfTwoEventExecutorChooser,否则使用GenericEventExecutorChooser。

其中判断一个数是否是2的幂次方的方法,觉得很赞。

private static boolean isPowerOfTwo(int val) {
     return (val & -val) == val;
}

2、newChild方法重载,初始化EventExecutor时,实际执行的是NioEventLoopGroup中的newChild方法,所以children元素的实际类型为NioEventLoop。

接下去看看NioEventLoop类。

NioEventLoop

每个eventLoop会维护一个selector和taskQueue,负责处理客户端请求和内部任务,如ServerSocketChannel注册和ServerSocket绑定等。

img

NioEventLoop构造方法:

NioEventLoop(NioEventLoopGroup parent, ThreadFactory threadFactory, SelectorProvider selectorProvider) {  
     super(parent, threadFactory, false);  
     if (selectorProvider == null) {  
         throw new NullPointerException('selectorProvider');  
     }  
     provider = selectorProvider;  
     selector = openSelector();  
}  

当看到 selector = openSelector() 时,有没有觉得亲切了许多,这里先不管 selector,看看SingleThreadEventLoop类。

SingleThreadEventLoop是NioEventLoop的父类,构造方法:

protected SingleThreadEventLoop(EventLoopGroup parent, ThreadFactory threadFactory, boolean addTaskWakesUp) {
   super(parent, threadFactory, addTaskWakesUp);
}

啥事都没做…

继续看SingleThreadEventLoop的父类SingleThreadEventExecutor

从类名上可以看出,这是一个只有一个线程的线程池, 先看看其中的几个变量:
1、state:线程池当前的状态
2、taskQueue:存放任务的队列
3、thread:线程池维护的唯一线程
4、scheduledTaskQueue:定义在其父类AbstractScheduledEventExecutor中,用以保存延迟执行的任务。

构造方法:

protected SingleThreadEventExecutor(EventExecutorGroup parent, ThreadFactory threadFactory, boolean addTaskWakesUp) {
   if (threadFactory == null) {
       throw new NullPointerException('threadFactory');
   }
   this.parent = parent;
   this.addTaskWakesUp = addTaskWakesUp;
   thread = threadFactory.newThread(new Runnable() {
       @Override
       public void run() {
           boolean success = false;
           updateLastExecutionTime();
           try {
               SingleThreadEventExecutor.this.run();
               success = true;
           } catch (Throwable t) {
               logger.warn('Unexpected exception from an event executor: ', t);
           } finally {
               for (;;) {
                   int oldState = STATE_UPDATER.get(SingleThreadEventExecutor.this);
                   if (oldState >= ST_SHUTTING_DOWN || STATE_UPDATER.compareAndSet(
                           SingleThreadEventExecutor.this, oldState, ST_SHUTTING_DOWN)) {
                       break;
                   }
               }
               // Check if confirmShutdown() was called at the end of the loop.
               if (success && gracefulShutdownStartTime == 0) {
                   logger.error(
                           'Buggy ' + EventExecutor.class.getSimpleName() + ' implementation; ' +
                           SingleThreadEventExecutor.class.getSimpleName() + '.confirmShutdown() must be called ' +
                           'before run() implementation terminates.');
               }
               try {
                   // Run all remaining tasks and shutdown hooks.
                   for (;;) {
                       if (confirmShutdown()) {
                           break;
                       }
                   }
               } finally {
                   try {
                       cleanup();
                   } finally {
                       STATE_UPDATER.set(SingleThreadEventExecutor.this, ST_TERMINATED);
                       threadLock.release();
                       if (!taskQueue.isEmpty()) {
                           logger.warn(
                                   'An event executor terminated with ' +
                                   'non-empty task queue (' + taskQueue.size() + ')');
                       }
                       terminationFuture.setSuccess(null);
                   }
               }
           }
       }
   });
   threadProperties = new DefaultThreadProperties(thread);
   taskQueue = newTaskQueue();
}

代码很长,内容很简单:
1、初始化一个线程,并在线程内部执行NioEventLoop类的run方法,当然这个线程不会立刻执行。
2、使用LinkedBlockingQueue类初始化taskQueue。

到目前为止,相关的处理线程已经初始化完成。

ServerBootstrap

通过serverBootstrap.bind(port)启动服务,过程如下:

/**
* Create a new {@link Channel} and bind it.
*/

public ChannelFuture bind() {
   validate();
   SocketAddress localAddress = this.localAddress;
   if (localAddress == null) {
      throw new IllegalStateException('localAddress not set');
   }
   return doBind(localAddress);
}
img

doBind实现如下

private ChannelFuture doBind(final SocketAddress localAddress) {
   final ChannelFuture regFuture = initAndRegister();
   final Channel channel = regFuture.channel();
   if (regFuture.cause() != null) {
       return regFuture;
   }
   if (regFuture.isDone()) {
       // At this point we know that the registration was complete and successful.
       ChannelPromise promise = channel.newPromise();
       doBind0(regFuture, channel, localAddress, promise);
       return promise;
   } else {
       // Registration future is almost always fulfilled already, but just in case it's not.
       final PendingRegistrationPromise promise = new PendingRegistrationPromise(channel);
       regFuture.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
           @Override
           public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
               Throwable cause = future.cause();
               if (cause != null) {
                   // Registration on the EventLoop failed so fail the ChannelPromise directly to not cause an
                   // IllegalStateException once we try to access the EventLoop of the Channel.
                   promise.setFailure(cause);
               } else {
                   // Registration was successful, so set the correct executor to use.
                   // See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2586
                   promise.executor = channel.eventLoop();
               }
               doBind0(regFuture, channel, localAddress, promise);
           }
       });
       return promise;
   }
}

1、方法initAndRegister返回一个ChannelFuture实例regFuture,通过regFuture可以判断initAndRegister执行结果。
2、如果regFuture.isDone()为true,说明initAndRegister已经执行完,则直接执行doBind0进行socket绑定。
3、否则regFuture添加一个ChannelFutureListener监听,当initAndRegister执行完成时,调用operationComplete方法并执行doBind0进行socket绑定。

所以只有当initAndRegister操作结束之后才能进行bind操作。

initAndRegister实现

final ChannelFuture initAndRegister() {
   final Channel channel = channelFactory().newChannel();
   try {
       init(channel);
   } catch (Throwable t) {
       channel.unsafe().closeForcibly();
       // as the Channel is not registered yet we need to force the usage of the GlobalEventExecutor
       return new DefaultChannelPromise(channel, GlobalEventExecutor.INSTANCE).setFailure(t);
   }
   ChannelFuture regFuture = group().register(channel);
   if (regFuture.cause() != null) {
       if (channel.isRegistered()) {
           channel.close();
       } else {
           channel.unsafe().closeForcibly();
       }
   }
   return regFuture;
}

1、负责创建服务端的NioServerSocketChannel实例
2、为NioServerSocketChannel的pipeline添加handler
3、注册NioServerSocketChannel到selector

大部分的过程和NIO中类似。

NioServerSocketChannel

对Nio的ServerSocketChannel和SelectionKey进行了封装。

构造方法:

public NioServerSocketChannel() {
   this(newSocket(DEFAULT_SELECTOR_PROVIDER));
}
private static ServerSocketChannel newSocket(SelectorProvider provider) {
   try {
       return provider.openServerSocketChannel();
   } catch (IOException e) {
       throw new ChannelException(
               'Failed to open a server socket.', e);
   }
}
public NioServerSocketChannel(ServerSocketChannel channel) {
   super(null, channel, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
   config = new NioServerSocketChannelConfig(this, javaChannel().socket());
}

1、方法newSocket利用 provider.openServerSocketChannel() 生成Nio中的ServerSocketChannel对象。
2、设置SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT事件。

AbstractNioMessageChannel构造方法

protected  AbstractNioMessageChannel(Channel parent, SelectableChannel ch, int readInterestOp) {
   super(parent, ch, readInterestOp);
}

啥也没做…

AbstractNioChannel构造方法

protected AbstractNioChannel(Channel parent, SelectableChannel ch, int readInterestOp) {
   super(parent);
   this.ch = ch;
   this.readInterestOp = readInterestOp;
   try {
       ch.configureBlocking(false);
   } catch (IOException e) {
       try {
           ch.close();
       } catch (IOException e2) {
           if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
               logger.warn(
                       'Failed to close a partially initialized socket.', e2);
           }
       }
       throw new ChannelException('Failed to enter non-blocking mode.', e);
   }
}

设置当前ServerSocketChannel为非阻塞通道。

AbstractChannel构造方法

protected AbstractChannel(Channel parent) {
   this.parent = parent;
   unsafe = newUnsafe();
   pipeline = new DefaultChannelPipeline(this);
}

1、初始化unsafe,这里的Unsafe并非是jdk中底层Unsafe类,用来负责底层的connect、register、read和write等操作。
2、初始化pipeline,每个Channel都有自己的pipeline,当有请求事件发生时,pipeline负责调用相应的hander进行处理。

unsafe和pipeline的具体实现原理会在后续进行分析。


回到ServerBootstrap的init(Channel channel)方法,添加handler到channel的pipeline中。

void init(Channel channel) throws Exception {
   final Map<>, Object> options = options();
   synchronized (options) {
       channel.config().setOptions(options);
   }
   final Map<>, Object> attrs = attrs();
   synchronized (attrs) {
       for (Entry<>, Object> e: attrs.entrySet()) {
           @SuppressWarnings('unchecked')
           AttributeKey key = (AttributeKey) e.getKey();
           channel.attr(key).set(e.getValue());
       }
   }
   ChannelPipeline p = channel.pipeline();
   final EventLoopGroup currentChildGroup = childGroup;
   final ChannelHandler currentChildHandler = childHandler;
   final Entry<>, Object>[] currentChildOptions;
   final Entry<>, Object>[] currentChildAttrs;
   synchronized (childOptions) {
       currentChildOptions = childOptions.entrySet().toArray(newOptionArray(childOptions.size()));
   }
   synchronized (childAttrs) {
       currentChildAttrs = childAttrs.entrySet().toArray(newAttrArray(childAttrs.size()));
   }
   p.addLast(new ChannelInitializer() {
       @Override
       public void initChannel(Channel ch) throws Exception {
           ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
           ChannelHandler handler = handler();
           if (handler != null) {
               pipeline.addLast(handler);
           }
           pipeline.addLast(new ServerBootstrapAcceptor(
                   currentChildGroup, currentChildHandler, currentChildOptions, currentChildAttrs));
       }
   });
}

1、设置channel的options和attrs。
2、在pipeline中添加一个ChannelInitializer对象。


init执行完,需要把当前channel注册到EventLoopGroup。
其实最终目的是为了实现Nio中把ServerSocket注册到selector上,这样就可以实现client请求的监听了。看看Netty中是如何实现的:

public ChannelFuture register(Channel channel, ChannelPromise promise) {
   return next().register(channel, promise);
}
public EventLoop next() {
   return (EventLoop) super.next();
}
public EventExecutor next() {
   return children[Math.abs(childIndex.getAndIncrement() % children.length)];
}

因为EventLoopGroup中维护了多个eventLoop,next方法会调用chooser策略找到下一个eventLoop,并执行eventLoop的register方法进行注册。

public ChannelFuture register(final Channel channel, final ChannelPromise promise) {
   ...
   channel.unsafe().register(this, promise);
   return promise;
}

channel.unsafe()是什么?
NioServerSocketChannel初始化时,会创建一个NioMessageUnsafe实例,用于实现底层的register、read、write等操作。

eventLoop.execute(new Runnable() {
  @Override
  public void run() {
     register0(promise);
  }
});
private void register0(ChannelPromise promise) {
   try {
       if (!ensureOpen(promise)) {
           return;
       }
       Runnable postRegisterTask = doRegister();
       registered = true;
       promise.setSuccess();
       pipeline.fireChannelRegistered();
       if (postRegisterTask != null) {
           postRegisterTask.run();
       }
       if (isActive()) {
           pipeline.fireChannelActive();
       }
   } catch (Throwable t) {
       // Close the channel directly to avoid FD leak.
       closeForcibly();
       if (!promise.tryFailure(t)) {
       }
       closeFuture.setClosed();
   }
}
public void execute(Runnable task) {
   if (task == null) {
       throw new NullPointerException('task');
   }
   boolean inEventLoop = inEventLoop();
   if (inEventLoop) {
       addTask(task);
   } else {
       startThread();
       addTask(task);
       if (isShutdown() && removeTask(task)) {
           reject();
       }
   }
   if (!addTaskWakesUp) {
       wakeup(inEventLoop);
   }
}

1、register0方法提交到eventLoop线程池中执行,这个时候会启动eventLoop中的线程。
2、方法doRegister()才是最终Nio中的注册方法,方法javaChannel()获取ServerSocketChannel。

protected Runnable doRegister() throws Exception {
   boolean selected = false;
   for (;;) {
       try {
           selectionKey = javaChannel().register(eventLoop().selector, 0, this);
           return null;
       } catch (CancelledKeyException e) {
           if (!selected) {
               // Force the Selector to select now  as the 'canceled' SelectionKey may still be
               // cached and not removed because no Select.select(..) operation was called yet.
               eventLoop().selectNow();
               selected = true;
           } else {
               // We forced a select operation on the selector before but the SelectionKey is still cached
               // for whatever reason. JDK bug ?
               throw e;
           }
       }
   }
}

ServerSocketChannel注册完之后,通知pipeline执行fireChannelRegistered方法,pipeline中维护了handler链表,通过遍历链表,执行InBound类型handler的channelRegistered方法,最终执行init中添加的ChannelInitializer handler。

public final void channelRegistered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx)
       throws Exception
{
   boolean removed = false;
   boolean success = false;
   try {
       initChannel((C) ctx.channel());
       ctx.pipeline().remove(this);
       removed = true;
       ctx.fireChannelRegistered();
       success = true;
   } catch (Throwable t) {
       logger.warn('Failed to initialize a channel. Closing: ' + ctx.channel(), t);
   } finally {
       if (!removed) {
           ctx.pipeline().remove(this);
       }
       if (!success) {
           ctx.close();
       }
   }
}

1、initChannel方法最终把ServerBootstrapAcceptor添加到ServerSocketChannel的pipeline,负责accept客户端请求。
2、在pipeline中删除对应的handler。
3、触发fireChannelRegistered方法,可以自定义handler的channelRegistered方法。

到目前为止,ServerSocketChannel完成了初始化并注册到seletor上,启动线程执行selector.select()方法准备接受客户端请求。

细心的同学已经发现,ServerSocketChannel的socket还未绑定到指定端口,那么这一块Netty是如何实现的?
Netty把注册操作放到eventLoop中执行。

private static void doBind0(
       final ChannelFuture regFuture,
       final Channel channel,
       final SocketAddress localAddress,
       final ChannelPromise promise)
{
   channel.eventLoop().execute(new Runnable() {
       @Override
       public void run() {
           if (regFuture.isSuccess()) {
               channel.bind(localAddress, promise)
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE_ON_FAILURE);
           } else {
               promise.setFailure(regFuture.cause());
           }
       }
   });
}
public ChannelFuture bind(SocketAddress localAddress, ChannelPromise promise) {
   return pipeline.bind(localAddress, promise);
}
@Override
public ChannelFuture bind(SocketAddress localAddress, ChannelPromise promise) {
   return tail.bind(localAddress, promise);
}
@Override
public ChannelFuture bind(SocketAddress localAddress, ChannelPromise promise) {
   if (localAddress == null) {
       throw new NullPointerException('localAddress');
   }
   validatePromise(promise, false);
   return findContextOutbound().invokeBind(localAddress, promise);
}
private ChannelFuture invokeBind(final SocketAddress localAddress, final ChannelPromise promise) {
   EventExecutor executor = executor();
   if (executor.inEventLoop()) {
       invokeBind0(localAddress, promise);
   } else {
       executor.execute(new Runnable() {
           @Override
           public void run() {
               invokeBind0(localAddress, promise);
           }
       });
   }
   return promise;
}
private void invokeBind0(SocketAddress localAddress, ChannelPromise promise) {
   try {
       ((ChannelOutboundHandler) handler()).bind(this, localAddress, promise);
   } catch (Throwable t) {
       notifyOutboundHandlerException(t, promise);
   }
}
@Override
public void bind(
       ChannelHandlerContext ctx, SocketAddress localAddress, ChannelPromise promise)

       throws Exception
{
   unsafe.bind(localAddress, promise);
}

最终由unsafe实现端口的bind操作。

public final void bind(final SocketAddress localAddress, final ChannelPromise promise) {
       if (!ensureOpen(promise)) {
           return;
       }
       try {
           boolean wasActive = isActive();
           ...        
           doBind(localAddress);
           promise.setSuccess();
           if (!wasActive && isActive()) {
               pipeline.fireChannelActive();
           }
       } catch (Throwable t) {
           promise.setFailure(t);
           closeIfClosed();
       }
   }
protected void doBind(SocketAddress localAddress) throws Exception {
   javaChannel().socket().bind(localAddress, config.getBacklog());
}

bind完成后,且ServerSocketChannel也已经注册完成,则触发pipeline的fireChannelActive方法,所以在这里可以自定义fireChannelActive方法,默认执行tail的fireChannelActive。

@Override
public ChannelPipeline fireChannelActive() {
   head.fireChannelActive();
   if (channel.config().isAutoRead()) {
       channel.read();
   }
   return this;
}

channel.read()方法会触发pipeline的行为:

 @Override
public Channel read() {
   pipeline.read();
   return this;
}
@Override
public ChannelPipeline read() {
   tail.read();
   return this;
}
@Override
public ChannelHandlerContext read() {
   findContextOutbound().invokeRead();
   return this;
}
private void invokeRead() {
   EventExecutor executor = executor();
   if (executor.inEventLoop()) {
       invokeRead0();
   } else {
       Runnable task = invokeRead0Task;
       if (task == null) {
           invokeRead0Task = task = new Runnable() {
               @Override
               public void run() {
                   invokeRead0();
               }
           };
       }
       executor.execute(task);
   }
}
private void invokeRead0() {
   try {
       ((ChannelOutboundHandler) handler()).read(this);
   } catch (Throwable t) {
       notifyHandlerException(t);
   }
}

最终会在pipeline中找到handler执行read方法,默认是head。

至此为止,server已经启动完成。

目前在知识星球(https://t./2VbiaEu)更新了如下 Dubbo 源码解析如下:

01. 调试环境搭建
02. 项目结构一览
03. API 配置(一)之应用
04. API 配置(二)之服务提供者
05. API 配置(三)之服务消费者
06. 属性配置
07. XML 配置
08. 核心流程一览
...
一共 60 篇++

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