雷·达里奥：理解自己思维模式的7个“原则”！

雷·达里奥，桥水基金的创始人。最近出了本新书《原则》，我还没开始看。

这部分文章依然是来源于farnam street的网站。讨论的正是雷达里奥在书中探讨的关于思维开放和封闭的两种人的特点。读完这篇文章也算是能对这本书起到管中窥豹，略知一二的作用。

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Why is it that some people seem to make constant progress in their professional and personal lives, while others appear to be doomed to repeat the same mistakes over and over?

为什么有些人在其职业领域和个人生活中能取得不断进步，而其他人却始终原地踏步、停滞不前，不断重复相同的错误？

While the answer isn’t cut and dry, I’ve noticed an interesting mindset difference between these two groups: they approach obstacles and challenges very differently.

答案可能不尽相同，但我注意到这两类人中存在着一种非常有趣的思维差异：他们面对问题和挑战的方式迥然不同。

The first group approaches life with an open mind — an eagerness to learn and a willingness to be wrong. The second group digs their heels in at the first sign of disagreement and would rather die than be wrong. The way each group approaches obstacles, it turns out, defines much of what separates them.

前者以开放的思维状态面对生活——渴望学习，愿意犯错。后者则正好相反，他们在困难面前停滞不前，宁死也不肯犯错。这种态度决定了其不同的人生。

So which group are you in?

那么你是那种人呢？

Before you smugly slap an open-minded sticker on your chest, consider this: closed-minded people would never consider that they could actually be closed-minded. In fact, their perceived open-mindedness is what’s so dangerous.

在你自鸣得意地为自己贴上思维开放的标签之前，你要明白：思维封闭的人永远不会觉得自己思维封闭、保守。事实上，他们将开放的思维视为一种冒险。

It’s a version of the Batesian Mimic Problem — are you the real thing or a copycat? Are you the real deal, or have you simply learned to talk the talk, to look the part?

这是贝叶斯模拟问题的一个版本—你是真实的自己？还是只是一个模仿者？你真的存在吗？还是仅仅学会了说话和看东西？

These are tough questions to answer. Nobody wants to admit to themselves that they’re closed-minded. But the advantages of having that courage are massive. The ability to change your mind is a superpower.

要回答这些问题其实很难。没有人愿意承认自己思维保守。但勇气的力量是巨大的，改变思维的能力是一种超级力量。

The rate at which you learn and progress in the world depends on how willing you are to weigh the merit of new ideas, even if you don’t instinctively like them. Perhaps especially if you don’t like them.

你学习和进步的速度取决于你有多大意愿去衡量新思想的价值，哪怕从内心中你并不喜欢它。特别是你抗拒的时候。

What’s more, placing your trust and effort in the right mentor can propel you forward, just as placing it in the wrong person can send you back to the starting point.

而且，对正确的人抱以信任和付出努力能够激励你前进。同样，将其投给错误的人也将将你拖回原点。

So how can you tell what camp you're in? How do you make sure you're being influenced by the right group of people?

所以，你当如何辨别自己属于哪一类人？如何确信自己正置身于真确的人群当中？

In his book Principles, Ray Dalio, self-made billionaire and founder of the largest hedge fund in the world, lays out seven powerful ways you can tell the difference.

雷·达里奥，白手起家的亿万富翁，同时是世界最大对冲基金桥水基金的创始人。在他的新书《原则》中列出了7条辨别标准。

买书点击阅读原文。

1. Challenging Ideas

1、挑战想法

Closed-minded people don’t want their ideas challenged. They are typically frustrated that they can’t get the other person to agree with them instead of curious as to why the other person disagrees

思维封闭的人不希望别人挑战自己的想法。当别人对其想法持有异议的时候会变得极为沮丧，而不是去想别人为什么不支持他的想法。

Closed-minded people are more interested in proving themselves right than in getting the best outcome. They don’t ask questions. They want to show you where you're wrong without understanding where you’re coming from. They get angry when you ask them to explain something. They think people who ask questions are slowing them down. And they think you’re an idiot if you don’t agree.

思维封闭的人热衷于证明自己是对的，而不是把注意力放在获得最佳结果上。他们不会提出问题。他们只想证明你错了，但不会深究背后的原因。当你要求他们做出解释的时候，他们会抓狂。他们认为质疑他们的人在拖他们的后腿。而且你要是不同意他的说法，他就认为你是个傻逼。

In short, they’re on the wrong side of right.

简而言之就是：他们站在了错误的一边。

Open-minded people are more curious about why there is disagreement. … They understand that there is always the possibility that they might be wrong and that it’s worth the little bit of time it takes to consider the other person’s views….

思维开放的人好奇的是别人为什么反对他...他们知道自己很有会犯错，所以值得拿出一些时间思考别人的意见。

Open-minded people see disagreement as a thoughtful means to expand their knowledge. They don’t get angry or upset at questions; rather, they want to identify where the disagreement lies so they can correct their misperceptions. They realize that being right means changing their minds when someone else knows something they don’t.

思维开放的人将异议视为拓展自己知识的思维工具。面对质疑，他们不会生气或者沮丧，他们希望获得反对的声音，这样他们就有机会纠正自己的误区。他们清楚要变的更好就要改变自己的思维，特别是当别人知道他们不知道的事情的时候。

2. Statements vs. Questions

2、陈述还是疑问？

Closed-minded people are more likely to make statements than ask questions.

思维封闭的人愿意下结论，而不是提出疑问。

These are the people who sit in meetings and are more than willing to offer their opinions, but never ask other people to expand on or explain their ideas. Closed-minded people are thinking of how they would refute the other person’s thoughts, rather than trying to understand what they might be missing.

这种人在会议中更愿意提出自己的观点，但是从不会要求别人拓展和解释他们的想法。思维封闭的人想的永远是如何去反驳别人的观点，而不是尝试理解他们可能正误解的东西。

Open-minded people genuinely believe they could be wrong; the questions that they ask are genuine.

思维开放的人真诚地认为自己可能是错的；所以他们提出的问题也是真诚地。

Open-minded people know that while they may have an opinion on a subject, it could count for less than someone else’s. Maybe they’re outside their circle of competence or maybe they’re experts. Regardless, they’re always curious as to how people see things differently and they weigh their opinions accordingly.

思维开放的的人知道，尽管自己对某一事物持有自己的看法，但是与其他人的相比不会那么重要。可能他们超出了自己的能力范围，或者可能对方是专家。无论如何，他们总是对别人如何看待问题感到好奇，并且会根据情况权衡自己的观点。

(At Syrus Partners, for example, Jeff’s financial analysis trumps mine when we disagree. Why? He’s simply better at it than I am. He finds things that business owners don’t even know about. Do I care that his analyses take precedence? No. Why? Because I want the best outcome.)

（举个例子，在塞雷斯合伙人公司，当我们产生分歧的时候，杰夫的财务分析胜过我。为什么？他就是比我在这方面更强啊！他发现了甚至企业老板都不了解的东西。我会介意他的分析更好吗？不会！为什么？因为我想要最好的结果。）

3、Understanding

3、理解

Closed-minded people focus much more on being understood than on understanding others.

思维保守的人在意的是被理解，而不是去理解。

People’s default behaviors offer a quick tell. When you disagree with someone, what’s their reaction? If they’re quick to rephrase what they just said or, even worse, repeat it, then they are assuming that you don’t understand them, rather than that you are disagreeing with them.

人们的默认行为会产生迅速的决断。当你不同意某人的时候，他们作何反应？如果他们会迅速复述自己刚刚说过的话，更甚的是，不断地重复它。然后他们会认为你不理解他们本身，而不是不同意他们的观点。

Open-minded people feel compelled to see things through others’ eyes.

思维开放的人觉得有必要透过他人的视角看待问题。

When you disagree with an open-minded person, they are quick to assume that they might not understand something and to ask you to tell them where their understanding is incomplete.

当你对一个持有开放思维的人表示不赞同的时候，他们会迅速的假设你可能对这个事物不是很理解，然后他们要求你说出，你不完全理解的地方是什么？

4. I Might Be Wrong, But…

4、我可能是错的，但是...

Dalio nails this one. I have nothing to add.

达里奥的这一段，我没有什么需要补充的。

Closed-minded people say things like “I could be wrong … but here’s my opinion.” This is a classic cue I hear all the time. It’s often a perfunctory gesture that allows people to hold their own opinion while convincing themselves that they are being open-minded. If your statement starts with “I could be wrong”…, you should probably follow it with a question and not an assertion.

思维封闭的人会说类似这样的话“我可能是错的...但是我的观点就是这样”。这是我一直所见的一个经典的提示。这是一个很敷衍的姿态，使自己相信自己的思维是开放的，但却抓着自己的观点不放手。如果你以我可能是错的...这种句式开头，你最好在其后加上一个问题，而不是断言。

Open-minded people know when to make statements and when to ask questions.

思维开放的人清楚自己应该何时下结论，合适提问题。

5. Just Shut Up

5、闭嘴

“Closed-minded people block others from speaking.”

思维封闭的人不给别人表达的机会。

They don’t have time to rehash something already talked about. They don’t want to hear anyone’s voices but their own. (Dalio offers a “two-minute rule” to get around this: Everyone has the right to speak for two minutes without being interrupted.)

他们没有耐心对已讨论过的内容做出改变。除了自己的，他们不希望听到别人的声音。（达里奥提出了一个两份钟法则：每个人都有两分钟表达而不被打断的权利）。

Open-minded people are always more interested in listening than in speaking.

思维开放的人更愿意倾听而不是表达。

More than that, they say things like, “Sam, I notice you’ve been quiet. Would you like to offer your thoughts to the group?”

不但如此，他们还总是说这样的话，比如：萨姆，我发现最近你太安静了。你愿意为大家提供一点意见吗？

“The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function.”——F. Scott Fitzgerald

一流智商的标准是头脑中存在两种截然相反的思想但并行不悖。（中庸就是这个道理）——弗朗西斯·斯科特·基·菲茨杰拉德

6. Only One Sperm Gets In

6、只允许一个“精子”进入

Closed-minded people have trouble holding two thoughts simultaneously in their minds.

思维封闭的人难以同时在头脑中容纳两种想法。

This reminds me of the memorable quote by Charlie Munger: “The human mind is a lot like the human egg, and the human egg has a shut-off device. When one sperm gets in, it shuts down so the next one can’t get in.” It’s our nature to close our minds around our favorite ideas, but this is not the ideal way to think and learn.

这使我想起了查理·芒格的名言：人类的思想很像卵子，卵子有一个关闭装置。当第一个精子闯进去的时候，它会关闭，使后面的精子进不去。排斥外界的想法是我们的天性，但是这绝不是思考和学习的最佳方式。

Open-minded people can take in the thoughts of others without losing their ability to think well—they can hold two or more conflicting concepts in their mind and go back and forth between them to assess their relative merits.

思维开放的人能在不失去自我思考能力的同时吸收他人的观点。他们能接受两个甚至以上矛盾的观念在头脑中，然后再评估这些想法的相对价值。

7. Humble Pie

7、屈辱

Closed-minded people lack a deep sense of humility.

思维封闭的人缺少谦卑。

Where does one get humility? Usually from failure—a crash so terrible they don’t want to repeat it. I remember when a hedge fund I was on the board of made a terrible investment decision. We spent a lot of time rubbing our noses in it afterward in an attempt to make sure we wouldn’t repeat the same mistake. In the process, we learned a lot about what we didn’t know.

谦卑之心来自于何处？通常来自于失败——一场他们不愿重提的巨大挫折。我记得，在一次对冲基金投资中，我做了一个非常糟糕的投资决策。为了确保我们不会重蹈覆辙，我们花了很多时间做事后分析，确保我们不会再犯同样的错误。在此过程中，我们学到了很多此前不知道的东西。

Open-minded people approach everything with a deep-seated fear that they may be wrong.

思维开放的人对任何事都充满敬畏，因为他们可能会犯错。

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If you recognize closed-minded behavior patterns in yourself, you’re not alone.

如果你意识到了你的思维封闭的行为模式，你就不再孤独。

We’re all somewhere on the continuum between open- and closed-minded by default. Further complicating things, it varies by day and subject.

默认的情况是，我们每个人都是处于开放与封闭之间的。更复杂的情况是，它会随着时间和主题而变化。

Staying open-minded won’t happen by accident.

开放思维不会偶然产生。

When you find yourself exhibiting these behaviors in the moment, acknowledge what’s happening and correct it. Don’t blame yourself. As soon as you can, find a quiet place and reflect on what’s going on at a deeper level. Try to do better next time. Remember that this stuff takes work.

当你发现自己此刻存在这些行为的时候，承认所发生的，然后纠正它。一旦你能纠正它，你就会发现内心的祥和，然后更深层次的反思正在发生的事情。尽量在下次做到最好。记住：这非常有用。

Maybe you have your self-worth wrapped up in being right, or maybe you’re not the right person to make a given decision. Or maybe it’s something else. Either way, this is something worth exploring.

也许你的自我价值是通过变得正确而包装起来的，或者你不是提供决策的正确人选。或者可能是些其他的东西。不管怎样，这是值得探索的。

I have one more thing to add: Being open-minded does not mean that you spend an inordinate amount of time considering patently bad ideas just for the sake of open-mindedness.

还有一点需要补充：变得思维开放并不意味着你要无节制地花费大量的时间，为了思维开放而去思考那些明显错误的想法。

You must have what Garrett Hardin calls a “default status” on various issues in your head. If someone offers you the proverbial free lunch, it’s OK to default to skepticism. If someone offers to build you a perpetual motion machine, I suggest you ignore them, as they’re violating the laws of thermodynamics. If someone offers to help you defraud the government and suggests that “no one will know,” I suggest you walk away immediately. There is wisdom in closed-mindedness on certain issues.

你必须针对各种主题有加勒特·哈丁所谓的“默认状态”在头脑中。如果有人请你吃“免费的午餐”，默认状态就是成为怀疑论者。如果有人想要给你建一个永动机，我建议你还是忽视他们，因为这违反了热力学定律。如果有人提议要帮助你欺诈政府并且不会有人知道，我建议你最好立马开溜。有些时候，思维封闭反倒是种智慧。

But consider this: Do you know anyone who doesn’t have any blind spots? I strongly doubt it. Then why would you be any different? As Dalio makes clear, you must be active in the process of open-mindedness: It won’t happen by accident.

但想一下这个问题：你认识没有任何认知忙点的人吗？我十分怀疑。那么，为什么你会有所不同呢？正如达里奥明确指出的那样，你必须热衷于让自己思维变得开放：因为这个过程不是一蹴而就的。