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【考前冲刺】特殊句型

 匠人朱胖胖 2018-06-13

特殊句式包含:

A. 倒装句

B. 强调句

C. 省略句

D. 插入语

E. 反义疑问句

F.等。

 倒装 

谓语或谓语的一部分放在主语之前的语法现象,就称之为倒装。从倒装的形式来看,可分为完全倒装部分倒装两大类。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前,而而后者仅指助动词、情态动词或be动词等置于主语之前。


一. 完全倒装

完全倒装又可称为全部倒装。完全倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有: 


(1)here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run等表示来去或状态的动词。 


例如: 

Then came the teacher. 那时老师来了。  

Here is your letter. 你的信。 


(2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。


例如:Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老大妈。 


注意:上述全部倒装句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。

例如:Here he comes. 他来了。

Away they went. 他们走开了。


二. 部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装放到主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do,does或did,并将其置于主语之前。 


(1)句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way,  not until…等。


例如:

Never have I seen such a performance. 

从未见过如此糟糕的表演。 


Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 

无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。

 

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 

母亲一直到孩子入睡后才离开房间。 


(2)当Not until位于句首时,句子要倒装。其结构为:Not until+从句状语从句或表时间的词语+助动词主句主语+谓语+... 


例如:

Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.

直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。


Not until next week will the sports meet be held.

直到下周才开运动会。

典型例题 

1. Why can’t I smoke here? 

At no time ______ in the meeting-room 

A. is smoking permittedB. smoking is permitted 

C. smoking is it permittedD. does smoking permit 

答案A。这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not only,not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time. 


2. Not until the early years of the 19th century ______ what heat is. 

A. man did knowB. man know 

C. didn’t man knowD. did man know 

答案D。看到Not until…的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C、D中选一个。该句的正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 如果将not和until提到句子前时,就用倒装句。 



三. 以否定词开头作部分倒装

如有结构:Not only…but also, Hardly / Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等,要用倒装句。


例如: 

Not only did he refuse the gift, but also he severely criticized the sender. 

他不但没有收下礼物,而且还狠狠地批评了送礼的人。


Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 

她刚出门,就有个学生来访。 


No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 

她刚出门,就有个学生来访。 

典型例题 

No sooner ______ than it began to rain heavily. 

A. the game beganB. has the game begun 

C. did the game beginD. had the game begun 

答案D。具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及not only…but(also),no sooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when等等。 


注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,第一个分句才用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only…but also只连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构,如:Not only you but also I am fond of music。 


四. so, neither, nor作部分倒装

用这些词表示“也”、“也不”的句子要部分倒装。


例如:

Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 

汤姆会讲法语,杰克也会。 


If you won’t go, neither will I. 

你不去,我也不去。 

典型例题 

— Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? 

— I don’t know, _____. 

A. nor don’t I careB. nor do I care 

C. I don’t care neitherD. I don’t care also 

答案:B。nor为增补意思“也不关心”,因此句子应倒装。A答案中错在用don’t再次否定,C答案中neither用法不对,且缺乏连词。D答案缺乏连词。 


注意:当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。 

例如:

Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 

汤姆邀我去踢球,我去了。 

— It’s raining hard. 雨下得真大

— So it is.。是呀。 


五. only在句首倒装的情况

例如:

Only in this way, can you learn English well. 

只有这样,你才能学好英语。 


Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 

叫了三次,他才来参加会议。 


如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。


例如: 

Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 

病得很重时,他才卧床休息。


六. as, though 引导的倒装句 

as / though引起的倒装分三种情况:表语、动词原形及状语的倒装。


(1)表语的倒装

一般直接将表语提前到句首,若表语是带不定冠词a / an的单数可数名词,倒装后,不定冠词a / an须被省略。如:

Fine as / though he looks, he is ill with some serious diseases.

Child as / though he is, he knows much about the society.


(2)原形动词的倒装

A. 动词前面带有情态动词may,might,will,would,can,could等时,只将行为动词提到句首,而这些情态动词保留在原处。

B. 若动词前面没有情态动词时,应在动词原来的位置加上助动词do的适当形式。

C. 用于这一句型的动词一般是不及物动词,而不能是系动词或及物动词。如:

Swim as / though he can, he can’t swim so far. 尽管他会游泳,但是他游得不那么远。

Run as / though he did, he didn’t run fast enough to catch the bus. 虽然他跑,但是他跑得不够快而没有赶上汽车。


(3)状语倒装

In the classroom as / though he stays, he doesn’t read his texts. 尽管他待在教室里,但他不读书。

Carefully as / though he worked, he made some mistakes. 尽管他工作很细心,但还是出了一些差错。


七. 其他部分倒装

(1)so… that句型中的so位于句首时,需倒装。

例如: 

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 

他害怕得很,动也不敢动。 


(2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中。

例如: 

May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。 


(3)在虚拟语气条件句中,从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词,可将if 省略,把were,had,should移到主语之前,用部分倒装形式。

例如: 

Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的话,就再试一次。 

典型例题: 

1. Not until the early years of the 20th century ______ what a computer is.  

A. man did knowB. man knewC. didn’t man knowD. did man know 

答案为D。否定词Not在句首,要求用部分倒装的句子结构。 

2. Not until I began to work ______ how much time I had wasted.  

A. didn’t I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn't realizeD. I realize 

答案为B。 

3. Do you know Tom bought a new car? 

I don’t know, ______. 

A. nor don’t I careB. nor do I care

C. I don’t care neitherD. I don’t care also  

答案为B。句中的nor引出部分倒装结构,表示“也不”。由so,neither,nor引导的倒装句,表示前一情况的重复出现。其中,so用于肯定句,而neither,nor用在否定句中。



强调句

强调句是为了对一定语境下的部分内容进行突出而采用的一种修辞手段。

强调的方式主要有以下三种:

一、使用强调句型进行强调

1、陈述句的强调句型:

It is/ was + 被强调部分(主、宾、状)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)其它部分

强调句的否定句形式为:It is / was not + 被强调部分+ that / who ...

2、一般疑问句的强调句型:同上,只是把is/ was提到it前面。

3、特殊疑问句的强调句型:

被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分?

When and where was it that you were born?

4、注意:构成强调句的it本身没有词义;强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who,即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此,that, who不可省略;强调句中的时态只用两种,一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时,用It was … ,其余的时态用It is … 。

5not … until … 句型的强调句

句型为:It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分

普通句:He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.

强调句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.

注意:此句型只用until,不用till。但如果不是强调句型,till, until可通用;因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了,that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。

二、.使用倒装句进行强调

三、利用词语进行强调

(1)verygood andnice and、强调名词

 You are the very person for this job. 

(2)right/just强调副词性词组

  I put that book right here a moment ago.

(3)on earthin the worldthe hell 、置于疑问词后,表示“到底,究竟”以加强语气。

     What on earth is the matter there

  那里究竟发生了什么事?

(4)ever系列强调

This is the best ever!

Whatever you do, wherever you go, I will waiting for you .

(5)It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语,需要强调谓语时,用助动词do/ doesdid

He did write to you last week. 

上周他确实给你写了信。

Do be careful when you cross the street. 

过马路时,务必(千万)要小心啊!

注意:此种强调只用do/ doesdid ,没有别的形式;后面的谓语动词用原形。


省略句

省略是为了使句子更简洁,同时又不影响句子意义的表达。

一、功能词的省略 

1、冠词的省略

a) 两个并列的名词前面,第二个可以省略

注意:如果省去冠词会误会为一个人则不省略。

b) 家庭成员后面列举的可以省略

c) 表示独一无二的职位前,这个职业不具体指只是某个人前的冠词,比如总统,主席

2、介词的省略

have difficulty / problem / trouble+in+ving

spend in+ving

there is no use / sense / point +in+ v-ing

stop / prevent from+ v-ing

be busy +in+ving

end up +(by) +ving

take turns (at ) +ving

have a good / great /fun /hard / time +in+ving

3、连词的省略:not (only)but(also); that 定语从句,等

二、.句子成分的省略 

1.可省略主语和谓语。

A word about your composition.我现在谈一下你的作文。(省略了I'll  say...)

Though tiredhe was not disheartened.他虽然累了,但没有泄气。(省略了he was...)

2.可省去从句。

You have done better this time.这一次你做得好些了。(省去从句than you did before)

3.可用不定式to,省去前面提到的谓语动词。

Jack didn’t pass the driving testbut he still hope to.(to后省去了pass)

杰克没有通过驾驶证考试,但他仍希望能通过。

4.可用sonot省略前面提到的事,表肯定与否定。

—Do you think it’s going to rain over the weekend?你认为周末会下雨吗?

—I believe not/I believe so.我想不会/我想会的。

(I don’t believe it’s going to rain)

5.根据不同语境可省略不同成分。如:

only ifIf onlywhat so ever, in case

三、句子的省略 

1特殊疑问句的省略。

Where to?去哪里? (=Where are you going to?)

What for?为什么? (例如:What do you come here for?你来这里干什么?)

Why not do it?为什么不做那件事呢? (=Why don’t you do it?)

How/What about(sb)doing sth ? 做某事怎么样?

2比较从句中的省略

I love classic music more than (I like)rock and roll.

He is no longer so shy as (he was) before.

3在时间状语和条件状语从句中的省略

While (I was) on the street, I came across a friend of mine.

If (you are) offered help, never forget to say “Thank you!”

If (it is) possible, I would like to go there tomorrow.

4在其他状语从句中的省略

I won’t go there unless (I am) invited

Things have turned out just as (they were) expected

How beautiful ( it is) !

5在并列从句中的省略

The girls are very hard-working; the boys (are very hard-working) too.

The news made some people happy, but (it made) some (other people) sad

6命令和请求

No talking!

Silent, everybody!

7特定问题的回答

—Where have you been?—(I’ve been) Out.

—Have you been waiting long?—(I’ve been waiting for) About an hour.

8.简略的提问句

—Tom, go and water the flowers.

—Why (do you make) me (water the flowers)?

四、习惯上的省略(没有意义)。


插入语

(略)


反义疑问句

反意疑问句也叫附加疑问句。它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。

一、反意疑问句


反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。其中附加疑问句是对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问,起证实作用,一般用于证实说话者所说的事实或观点。


(表示说话者对某事有一定看法,但又不完全确定,需要对方加以证实。)翻译为“是吗”


二、反意疑问句的回答


回答时,事实是肯定的用Yes;

若事实是否定的则用No。


三、反意疑问句的特殊情况


1.反意疑问句中问句部分的动词与陈述部分的动词在语气上成相反的对应关系即:肯定+否定? 否定+肯定?

You can’t do it, can you?  

你不能做它,是吗?

They are very late for the meeting, aren’t they?  

他们开会迟到了,是吗?


2.附加问句的主语应与陈述句的主语保持一致且只能用人称代词替代。

You come from Beijing, don't you?  

你来自北京,是不是?


3.当陈述句中含有be动词,助动词,或是情态动词时,反问句部分由这些词加上主语人称代词构成:

Be动词包括:am, is, are, was, were

助动词有:do, does, did, have(用在完成时), has(用在完成时)等

情态动词有:can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should


He will go home, won’t he? 

他要回家了,是吗?

She doesn’t like to eat popcorn, does she?  

她不喜欢吃爆米花,是吗?


4.have的不同用法,反义疑问句用不同的动词

(1)have 表“有”时,反义疑问句谓语动词用have/do都行

He has a new car, doesn’t/hasn’t he?


(2)have表“吃,喝,玩,度过,举办”等是,反义疑问句谓语动词用do

He has supper at home every day, doesn’t he?

They had a good time in Beijing, didn’t they?


(3)have to表“不得不,必须”时,反义疑问句谓语动词用do

Kite has to help her mother, doesn’t she?


(4)had better表“最好”时,反义疑问句谓语动词用had

We had better go to school at once, hadn't we?


(5)have用在完成时中,反义疑问句谓语动词用have

They have known the matter, haven’t they?



5.(1)反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little, few, never, hardly, seldom,nobody, nothing, no one, none, neither等否定意义的词时,问句部分用肯定式。


She never tells a lie, does she? (不用doesn’t she?) 

她从不说谎,是吗?

He was seldom late, was he? (不用wasn’t he?) 

他几乎不迟到,是吗?
He is hardly able to swim, is he?
There is little milk in your cup, is there?


(2)当陈述部分所含的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀构成的,(也就是有un, dis-前缀、less-后缀等含有词缀而意思否定的词),当做肯定句处理,其后的反意疑问句依然用否定结构。

It is unfair, isn't it? 这不公平,是吧?

He dislikes English, doesn’t he?


6.陈述部分为There + be + 主语时,问句部分用动词+there?形式。

There are two cakes on the plate, aren’t there?  

碟子里有两块蛋糕,是吗?


7.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am……时,问句部分习惯上用aren’t I?

I am a very honest man, aren’t I?  

我是个很诚实的人,是吗


8.陈述部分的主语为不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything时,问句部分的主语用it。

Something is wrong with the computer, isn’t it? 

电脑有问题了,是吗?

Nothing has happened to them, has it? 

他们什么事也没发生,是吗?


9.陈述部分的主语为不定代词somebody (someone), anybody (anyone), nobody (no one), everybody (everyone) none, neither时,问句部分的主语用he或 they,这时问句动词的数应和he或 they一致。

Someone has taken the seat, hasn’t he? 

有人已经坐了位置,是吗?

Everyone has done their best in the game, haven’t they? .

每个人在比赛中已经尽力了,是吗?



10.陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时,反意疑问句的主语用it,当陈述部分的主语是指示代词these或those时,其反意疑问句的主语用they。例如:

This is a plane, isn't it? 

这是一架飞机,是吗?

These are grapes,aren't they? 

这些是葡萄,是吗?


11.当陈述部分有情态动词must,问句有4种情况:

(1)mustn't表示“禁止,不可,不必”时,附加问句通常要用must.

You mustn't stop your car here, must you?

你不能把车停在这地方,知道吗?


(2)must表示“有必要”时,附加问句通常要用needn't.

They must finish the work today, needn’t they?

他们今天要完成这项工作,是吗?


(3)当must用来表示对现 在的情况进行推测时,问句通常要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。

He must be good at English, isn’t he? 

他英语一定学得很好,是吗?

She must be a good English teacher, isn’t she? 

她一定是位优秀的英语老师,是吗?


12.当陈述部分谓语动词是need,且这些词被用作实义动词时,其反意疑问句需用do的适当形式。若need 为情态动词,疑问部分用need构成。

We need to help them, don’t we?

You needn’t go there, need you?


13.陈述部分为祈使句

(1)若为let’s引导,反问句用shall we?

Let’s go home together, shall we? 

让我们一起回家,好吗?


(2)若为let us/me引导 和否定祈使句,都用will you?

Let us stop to rest, will you? 

让我们停下休息,好吗?

Don’t make any noise, will you? 

别弄出噪音,好吗?


(3)肯定祈使句则用will you 或won’t you 都行

Do sit down, won’t you? / will you?

 请坐,好吗?

You feed the bird today, will you? 

今天你喂鸟,是吗?

Please open the window, will you? (won’t you?) 

打开窗,好吗?


14.陈述部分是主从复合句时,反义疑问句主语常与主句主语一致。

She said she would come tomorrow, didn’t she?


【补充】但主句主语为第一人称I/We,谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, expect等时,反义疑问句主语常与从句主语一致,并注意否定前移。

I think he is a good student, isn’t he?

We don’t think you are right, are you?







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