FLTA 外语教师联盟 教学互动价值平台 关注 备课I答疑I资讯 教学中总有些东西值得分享 @外语教师联盟 外语教师联盟每周一 “专项语法难题探微”栏目 首期知识点为大家带来了 定语从句(可点击阅读原文查看)
本期第二个知识点 非限定性动词 第二讲 无to不定式的用法 本期内容导图(点击查看大图) 定 语 从 句 动词不定式前一般加小品词to作为标志。但在有些情况下不定式符号to可以省略或不用。无to式不定式和带to的不定式一样,几乎可以用作句中的所有成分。 A 作主语 无to不定式在较古老的英语中,常可用作主语,但现在少见了,只是在包含动词do的结构作表语的句子中,动词不定式to才可省去。 例如: Turn off the tap was all I did. 关上水笼头就是我所做的全部事情。 Press the button is the only thing you have to do. 按电钮就是你唯一要做的事情。 在书面语言中,偶尔可见到并列不定式作主语而省去to的现象,这时常带有祈使语气,而且其主语往往用逗号与连系动词分开。 例如: Kill or be killed, eat or be eaten, was the law. 杀害或被杀,吞食或被吞食,这就是法则。 Go or not go, is a problem. 去还是不去,这还是个问题。 B 作谓语 不定式不能用来作谓语,但可以和助动词、情态动词以及半助动词等一起构成合成谓语。 a.与助动词do(does, did)连用,构成谓语动词的否定式疑问式。 例如: He doesn ' t live here. 他不住在这儿。 Did you go fishing yesterday? 你昨天去钓鱼了吗? 当助动词do用来加强语气时,无to不定式可用于肯定句中。 例如: Do tell us what has happened. 一定得告诉我们所发生的事情。 b.与助动词shall/should,will/would连用构成谓语动词的肯定、疑问及否定形式。 例如: They asked the driver if he would kindly stop the bus. 他们请司机行行善,把车子停下来 。 While you take part in discussion with other firms and in conferences, I shall keep in the background. 在你与其他公司讨论和会谈时,我将不出面。 c. 和半助动词had better , had rather , had sooner , would rather , would sooner 等连用,构成合成谓语。 例如: If you want to stay out of trouble, you had best not make any mistakes. 如果你不愿意惹麻烦 , 你最好不要出差错 Liu Hu-lan would (had) rather (sooner) die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。 d. 与情态动词may/might, can/could, must, will/would, shall/should, need, dare, used to, ought to等连用,构成合成谓语。 例如: This sort of thing can’t go on. 这种事情不可能继续下去。 Do I need to show my pass every time I come to the public library? 我每次来公共图书馆都有必要出示证件吗 ? If the aggressors dare to come, they will never be able to get away. 侵略者敢于来犯,就叫他们无法逃回。 在情态动词ought后面,不定式符号to通常是不可省略的。但在美国英语中,如果ought用于否定句和疑问句,不定式符号to有时可以略去。 例如: Ought you smoke so much? 你该吸这么多烟吗? You oughtn’t smoke much. 你不该吸这么多烟。 e. 在以why开头的疑问句,要用无to不定式作谓语。 例如: why spend such a lot of money ? 为什么花这么多钱? why stay here ? 为什么呆在这儿? 若问句为否定式,只要在无to不定式前加否定词not即可。 例如: Why not give it up and go to bed? 为什么不就此罢休而去睡觉? Why not apologize and ask his pardon? 为什么不向他道歉,请求他的原谅呢? C 作宾语 无 to 不定式作宾语主要见于以下两种情况: a.在美国英语中,动词help后跟无to不定式作宾语是一个极为普遍的现象。在英国英语中,也有时出现。 例如: Then he helped sweep the floors of the waiting rooms. 随后他就帮助打扫候车室。 All this has helped raise farm yields steadily. 所有这些促使了农业产量不断增长。 b.在介词but, except, besides, than, save等前若有实义动词do时,常用无to不定式作其介词的宾语。 例如: What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳,你还爱好什么? He did nothing else than laugh. 他只是笑笑而已。 D 作表语 当主语中心词受one, first, only等或形容词最高级修饰,或主语是all,或是what引起的从句,而且后面必须跟有实义动词do的定语从句或作定语用的不定式短语时,作表语的动词不定式可省略to。 例如: All he would do is (to) smile. 他只是笑了笑。 'Mrs Quonsett,' Tanya said, 'since you've had so much free travel from Trans America, the least you can do is help us a little.” 塔尼亚说,“昆西特太太,你在环美航空公司的飞机上免费旅行过这么多次了,你至少也得帮我们点忙。” What John did to his suit was (to) ruin it. 约翰对待自己的衣服的方式就是毁坏它。 E 作宾语补足语 a. 在表示感官和认识的动词(如see , notice , hear , watch , observe , feel , find , look at , listen to 等 )的宾语后。 例如: Indeed, that is true, for I have seen him do it. 的确,这是事实,我是亲眼看见他这样做的。 It was then that noted a change come over his face. 就在那时候,我看见她脸部表情发生了变化。 当这些动词用于被动语态时,其后用作主语补足语的动词不定式要带to。 例如: I was listened to by them to repeat what Uncle Li had said the day before. 他们听我把李大叔头天说的话又讲了一遍。 b. 在使役动词 make , have , bid , leave ( -let ) 后。 例如: This sort of thing can’t go on. Bid him go home. 叫他回去 。 We will have the boy mail this letter this afternoon. 我们叫那个男孩今天下午把信发出去。 Leave him go. 让他走吧。 必须指出,动词have通常不用于被动语态。当动词make,bid用于被动语态时,不定式要有to;当let用于被动语态,后跟单音节(双音以上例外)的不定式时,不定式一般不带to。 例如: He was bid to sit down. 他遵命坐了下 The prisoners were let go. 那些犯人获释出狱了。 c. 在动词help和意义为“经验”、“观察”的know以及charge后,作宾语补足语的动词不定式有to无to都可以。 例如: I never knew him (to) act without thinking. 我从未发现过他轻率行事。 I charged him ( to ) go with her . 我要求他跟她一道去。 This helped them adopt a correct attitude towards the masses. 这有助于他们对群众采取正确的态度。 但当不定式短语to be…作动词know的宾补时,to不可省去。例如: I will speak against anything I know to be wrong. 任何事情我认为是不对的我就要反对。 F 作状语 在口语中,尤其是美语口语中,动词go和come的后面可以接无to不定式作状语,多用于表示命令建议、请求或意愿的句子中。 例如: I'd like to go hear a concert this evening. 我很想今晚去听听音乐 Come have supper with us. 来同我们一起吃晚饭吧。 He asked me to come see him. 他要我来见他。 这种结构不能用于 come,go是一般现在时或与 to be, to have 构成分析形式动词的场合。 例如不能说: *I come have a talk with you. *I have come have a talk with you. * I go tell her. * I went tell her. G 在其他情况下 a. 在两个或更多的不定式连用时 , 如果它们在句子中的语法作用是一样的或类似的,通常只是第一个不定式带to , 后面的可不带to。 例如: In the old days, Mr Li never got enough to eat or (to) wear. 在旧社会,老李总是吃不饱穿不暖 。 It is necessary for us to read more and (to) have more practice. 我们多读、多练习是很有必要的。 He wanted to put my chameleon on a tartan rug and (to) watch it change colour. 他要把我的变色蜥蜴放在一块格子地毯上,看它变色。 但是如果对两个不定式进行对比、强调时,第二个不定式里的to不可省去。例如: I came not to upbraid but to serve and to free you. 我不是来责备你,而是来为你效劳,使你获得自由。 b. 在 cannot but,cannot choose but,cannot help but 等习惯语中,其后要用无to不定式。 例如: One's world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does. 一个人的世界观必然在其言行中表现出来 。 I cannot choose but go. 我非去不可。 The application of cold compress cannot help but reduce the swelling. 用冷敷必然可以消肿。 c. 在与动词 let , make , hear , go 等连用构成固定的短语动词时,要用无to不定式。 例如: I’ve heard say that your country is very beautiful. 我听说你们国家很美。 Let go of my hand, please. 请你放开我的手 The children are making believe that they’re princes and princesses. 孩子们假装是王子和公主 。 Mr. Johnson let his business go hang after his wife died. 约翰逊先生在他妻子死后 , 对其事业漠不关心了 。 |
|