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英语短语固定搭配的用法,千万不要理解错了

 武小靖妈妈 2018-07-23
我们非母语英语学习者遇到的第一个英语单词中,有一个音节动词,如make, get, take, go, put ,还有介词与副词如in, on, up, down, for, out, over。这些词单独时很容易理解,比如说He made a cake or She climbed up the tree他做蛋糕或她爬上树,都不会有任何困难。对于初学者来说,最大的问题是当它们出现在固定短语组合中时,称为短语动词。英语中有很多这样的动词,在很多情况下,它们的意义不能从组成部分猜测出来。一个刚开始学英语听力的人,took off his hat他摘下帽子,这句子应该不难理解它是什么意思,但是The plane took off飞机起飞的句子可能会有问题,更不太可能知道He took off his teacher 的意思(模仿他的老师)。同样地,她毫无困难的会理解He put a picture up他把照片挂起来的意思,但她怎么能理解He put me up(他给了我一张床过夜)?
许多短语动词有一个以上的意思,如前一段中的take off,使英语学习者的学习变得更加复杂。再举一个短语动词put down的例子。下面的每一种用法都有不同的含义:
  • He finished the book and put it down on the table.他把书写完,放在桌子上
  • You’re always putting me down. (criticise / humiliate)你总是让我失望。(批评/羞辱)
  • The police quickly put down the riots. (stop / crush) 警察迅速镇压了骚乱。(停止/挤压)
  • I had to have my dog put down. (kill)我得把我的狗放下来。(杀戮)
不仅如此,很多短语搭配不仅有两个,而且有三个组成部分。这样的动词往往特别难理解,因为学习者听到一串单词,每一个字都很清楚,但组合起来却毫无意义。下面是一些常见的三部分动词,它们的含义和例子:
  • get up to (do) - What have you been getting up to lately?做-最近你在干什么?
  • put up with (tolerate) - I can’t put up with his rudeness any more忍受(容忍)——我再也忍受不了他的粗鲁了。
  • go in for (like) - I don’t go in for team sports参加(比如)-我不喜欢团体运动。
  • come out with (say) - She’s always coming out with the most outrageous remarks说出来——她总是说出最无礼的话来。
  • go/come down with (to fall sick) - Sorry, I won’t be at work today. I think I’ve come down with the flu.得了重病-对不起,我今天不上班了。我想我得了流行性感冒。
然而,简单理解短语动词是不够的。因为他们在日常会话中是如此普遍,第二语言学习者如果希望在说英语时听起来自然,就需要知道如何正确使用。正确使用短语动词不仅是了解其意义的问题,而且还必须学习语法。短语动词的特殊意义通常决定句子中的组成部分的顺序。举个例子,Could you put up my parents ..and Could you put my parents up .. put up的意思是在晚上给张床。但是,如果put up意思的是显示或产生,只有一个可能的单词顺序。比如说,He put up a good fight but was finally defeated他打了一场好战,但最终失败了,不可能说He put a good fight up...同样地,你可以说He put the light out 或He put out the light他把灯熄灭了,或者他熄灭了灯,意思是熄灭或关掉。但是当put out 表明为了帮助别人,做一些不方便的事情,只有一个单词的顺序是正确的。那就是Don’t put yourself out,而不是Don’t put out yourself.。
测试:
我们来看看大家今天的学习结果
下面每一个句子都包含一个常用的短语动词。在看下面的答案之前,试着猜出那些你还不知道的意思:
1. It’s up to him.2. He’s not up to it.3. He’s in for it.4. He’s got it in for me.5. I don’t get on with him.6. I don’t take to him.7. He takes after his father.8. He took me in with his story.9. He took it out on me.10. He took me up on my offer.11. He is put out you didn't come.12. He turned down my suggestion.13. I think he's gone off me.14. He turned up late again today.
答案
1. It’s up to him.-这是他的决定。
2. He’s not up to it他不能胜任。-他不够好或者不够强壮。
3.He’s in for it.他惹麻烦了-他为自己的所作所为而陷入困境。
4. He’s got it in for me 他使我的生活不愉快(他老是缠着我。)
5. I don’t get on with him我跟他相处不好。-我们没有友好的关系。
.6. I don’t take to him我不喜欢他-我不喜欢他
7. He takes after his father他长得像他父亲。
8. He took me in with his story.他用他的故事欺骗了我。
9. He took it out on me他对某事感到愤怒,结果使我受苦。
10. He took me up on my offer他接受了我的提议。
11. He is put out you didn't come-你没来,他很生气。
12. He turned down my suggestion他拒绝了我的建议。
13. I think he's gone off me我想他不再喜欢我了。
14. He turned up late again today他今天又迟到了。
If you didn’t know what to make of these sentences (i.e. you didn’t understand them), don’t let it get you down (i.e. don’t be despondent); you could just do with (i.e. you need) extra practice!
如果你不知道这些句子是什么意思(如 you didn’t understand them),不要让它使你沮丧,多做练习就好。

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