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28天速学英语:虚拟语气(第22天)

 sjw0923cn 2018-08-21

第22天:



虚拟语气



290 虚拟语气 形式

A 虚拟现在时形式与不带to的不定式完全相同;因此be的虚拟现在时形式不分人称均为be,所有其他动词的虚拟现在时其形式均与其一般现在时形式相同,只是第三人称单数不加s:

The queen lives here.女王住在这里(一般现在时)

Long live the queen!女王万岁!(虚拟语气)


B 除be动词之外,虚拟过去时形式与一般过去时形式完全相同,而be的虚拟过去时形式为I/he/she/it was或 I/he/she/it were。表示怀疑或不真实的结构中,常常用were而不用was:

He behaves as though he were the owner.他表现得就好像他是主人(其实他不是)

在日常口语中,常常用was来代替were(参见第225节)虚拟的过去常常被称为“不真实的过去”



291 虚拟现在时的用法


A 虚拟现在时常用在某些惊叹句中,表示一种祝愿或希望,时常是牵涉到某种超自然的力量:

(God) bless you!愿上帝保佑你!

God save the queen!愿上帝保佑女王!

Heaven help us!老天保佑我们!

Curse this fog! 这该死的雾!

Come what may,we’ll stand by you!

不管发生什么事,我们都将站在你一边!

请注意 if need be这一短语的用法,它的含义相当于 if it isnecessary(如果有必要的话):

If need be we can always bring another car.

如果有必要的话我们还可以再开一辆车来。


B 虚拟现在时有时用在诗歌中,或者表示某种愿望,或者用在条件从句或让步从句中:

Stevenson:Fair the day shine as it shone in my childhood.

史蒂文森:但愿阳光就像我童年时代那么灿烂。

Shakespeare:If this be error,and upon me proved…

莎士比亚:倘若这是个错误,在我身上得到证明……

Byron:Though the heart be still as loving…

拜伦:虽说此心热恋如初……


C 如在第235节中所述,某些动词后面常使用should+ 动词原形。如是be,则should有时可被省略:

He suggested that a petition(should) be drawn up.

他建议起草一份请愿书。

这样剩下一个不带to的不定式,就构成虚拟语气。



292 as if/as though+ 虚拟过去时

  

虚拟过去时也可用在 as if/as though之后,以表示当前不真实、不大可能或有疑问的事情(as if和as though之间没有什么区别):

He behaves as if he owned the place.

他的所作所为好像他是这个地方的主人。(其实他并不是这儿的主人,或很可能他不是主人,或我们并不知道他是不是主人。)

He talks as though he knew where she was.

他说话的神气就好像他知道她的下落似的。(其实他并不知道,或很可能不知道,或我们并不知道他是否知道。)

He orders me about as if I were his wife.

他对我指东指西的,就好像我是他的妻子似的。(其实我不是。)

as if/as though前面的动词也可用一般过去时而不用改变后面虚拟语气的时态:

He talks/talked as though he knew where she was.

如果指的是过去不真实的或设想的动作,则应在as if/asthough后面用过去完成时:

He talks about Rome as though he had been there himself.

他谈论起罗马来就好像他去过那里似的。(其实他没去过,或很可能没去过,或我们并不知道他去过没有。)

这里 as if/as though前面的动词也可变成一般过去时,而不用改变后面虚拟语气的时态:

He looks/looked as though he hadn’ t had a decent meal for a month.

他看起来好像已有一个月没有吃过一顿像样的饭了。



293 it is time+ 虚拟过去时

  

it is time后面跟不定式:

It’s time to start.

是动身的时候了。

或者与for+ 宾语+ 不定式连用:

It is time for us to go.

我们该走了。

或者与主语+ 虚拟过去时或过去进行时连用:

It is time we went.

我们该动身了。

It is time we were leaving.

(译文同上。)

这些形式之间在含义上稍有区别。

it is time+ 不定式仅表示做某一件事的适当的时间到了。

it is time+ 主语+ 虚拟过去时意味着已经稍迟于预定时间。可以在句中加上high以强调这一含义:

It’s high time we left.

我们早该动身了。

it is time+ I/he/she/it后面不能接were,而要接was:

It’s time I was going.

我该走了。

(关于条件句中的虚拟过去时/不真实的过去,参见第222节;关于位于would rather/sooner之后的虚拟过去时,参见第297节;关于位于wish+ 主语之后的虚拟过去时,参见第300节;关于间接引语中的不真实的过去,参见第310节。)



care like love hate prefer wish 01



294 care和like

  

care主要用于否定式与疑问式中。

A care for+ 名词/动名词与 like+ 名词/ 动名词的含义非常接近。

可以说:

(a) Does/Did Tom care for living in the country?/Does/Did Tom likeliving in the country?

汤姆愿意住在乡下吗?

(b)You don’t care for science fiction,do you?/You don’t like sciencefiction,do you?

你不喜欢科学幻想小说,是吗?

对上面(b)的回答可以是:

I don’t care for it./I don’t like it much./Oh yes, I like it.

我不喜欢它。/我不太喜欢它。/噢!不,我喜欢它。(最后一个回答中不能用care。)

care在疑问式中有时暗示一丝怀疑或犹豫:

Does Ann care for horror movies?

安喜欢看恐怖影片吗?(说话人认为她大概不喜欢,或说话人因为她竟好像喜欢看恐怖电影而感到惊讶。)

如用 would you care(for)…?时,怀疑或犹豫的色彩表现得更明显。

B would care和 would like

would care for+ 名词或would care+ 不定式与would like+ 名词/不定式相似。但是 would care(for)通常不用于肯定的陈述句。用would you care(for)…?表示的建议不如用would you like…?表示的建议那样自信。

(a)Tom:Would you care for a lift,Ann?

汤姆:安,你愿意搭我的车吗?(可能汤姆的车子不太舒服,而她又喜欢舒服。)

(b)Tom:Would you care to see my photos,Ann?

汤姆:安,你想看看我的照片吗?(他不敢肯定她是否愿意看。)

对(b)最好的回答方式是:

I’d like to see them very much.

我很愿意看。

同在肯定句中一样,这里用would like代替 would care。

在否定句中,用法也是相同的:

—I wouldn’t care to live on the 35th floor.

—Oh,I’d rather like it.

—我不在乎住在35层楼上。

—噢,我挺愿意的。

would care for/would like有时可与动名词连用。(参见第 295节B。)

C would have cared(for)和 would have liked

二者在此都指并未发生的动作:

Ann:I’d have liked to go with Tom.

安:我本倒愿意和汤姆一起走。(我想和汤姆一起走,可没能如愿以偿。参见第296节D,这里不能用care。)

Bill:But he walked all the way! You wouldn’t have cared for/have liked that,would you?/Would you have cared for/have liked that?

比尔:但他是一直走了去的!你总不愿意那样做吧?

D 请不要将care的上述用法与care for和care(about)混淆:

1 care for(=look after照顾)主要用于被动语态:

The old people were cared for by their families.

老年人受家庭照顾。

2 care(about)(=feel concerned关注,在乎)主要用于否定式与疑问式。

I don’t care(about)与 I don’t mind意思相似。因此常可用 I don’t mind代替 I don’t care:

—It will be very expensive.

—I don’t care/mind./I don’t care about/mind the expense./I don’ tcare/mind what it costs.

—这会很贵的。

—我不在乎。/我不乎花多少钱。/我不在乎要花多少钱。

但请注意 I don’t care(about)意指I am indifferent(to)(我满不在乎,漠不关心)而I don’t mind意指 I don’t object(to)(我不反对),如 He/It dosen’t worry/upset/annoy me(他/这不使我发愁/心绪烦乱/烦恼)。

I don’t mind 远远比 I don’t care更有礼貌,而且 I don’t care

常常令人听起来感到妄自尊大和自私。在否定疑问式中两者都可以使用:

Don’t you care/mind what happens to him?

你难道不关心他出什么事吗?

Didn’t you care/mind what happened?

当时出什么事你竟然不关心吗?

但在一般疑问句中这两者有较大的区别:

Do you care?相当于:

Are you concerned?/Do you feel concern?

你关心吗?/你在乎吗?

而Do you mind?常常是Do you object?(你反对吗?)的意思。

(另参见第263节。)



295 care,like,love,hate,prefer

  

A 用于条件句中时,这些动词之后常常接带to的不定式:

Would you care/like to come with me?

你愿意和我一起去吗?

I’d like to(come)very much./I’d love to(come).

我非常高兴去。

I’d hate to spend Christmas alone.

要我一个人过圣诞节,我会很不高兴的。

这里我们想的是将来的特定的动作。


B 但是,如果没有想到一个特定的动作而是谈及主语的一般喜好,则在 would care for,would like后面接动名词。注意这里的 would care for/would like可由 would enjoy代替:

She would like/would enjoy riding if she could ride better.

她要是骑马能骑得好一点,她会喜欢骑马的。

I wonder if Tom would care for/would enjoy hang-gliding.

我不知道汤姆是否会喜欢三角翼滑翔。

hate和prefer同样可以这样使用,但是比较少见。


C 如果 care for,like (=enjoy),love,hate和prefer用于现在时和过去时,后面一般接动名词:

He doesn’t/didn’t care for dancing.

他不喜欢跳舞。

They love/loved wind-surfing.

他喜欢冲浪运动。

He prefers/preferred walking to cycling.

他喜欢散步,不喜欢骑自行车。

但这里也可以用不定式,而且在美国英语中特别普遍:

They love/loved to run on the sands.

他们喜欢在沙滩上跑步。


D 请注意like也有认为是明智的或正确的的意思。这时like后常常可接不定式:

She likes them to play in the garden.

她愿意让他们在院子里玩。(她认为他们在那里玩是安全的。)

I like to go to the dentist twice a year.

我总爱每年去看两次牙医。(我认为这样是明智的。)

上面一句与 I like going to the dentist比较,后者含有我喜欢去看牙医的意思。同样:I don’t like to go(我不想去)常常意指 I don’t think it right to go(我认为去是不正确的)及I don’t like going(我不喜欢去)。

注意这两个否定式之间还有一个区别。I don’t like to go常常意指 I don’t go because I don’t think it right(我不去是因为我认为不该去)。I don’t like going常常意指 I go,although I

don’t enjoy it(尽管我不愿意去,我还是去)。同样:I didn’t

like to open the letter(我不想拆信)意为I didn’t open it be-cause I didn’t think it right to do so(我没拆开信,因为我认为不该这么做)。但I didn’t like opening the letter意为 I opened it reluctantly(我不情愿地拆开了信)。

E 在enjoy和dislike之后常常接名词/代词或动名词。



296 would like和 want

  

A 在下列情况下,这两个词可以互换使用:

1 用于请求或有关请求的问句中(但这里不使用 would not like,参见下面B1):

Customer:I’d like some raspberries,please./I want some raspberries,please.

顾客:请给我拿点儿木莓。

Greengrocer:I’m afraid I haven’t any.Would you like some strawberries?

蔬菜水果商:对不起,我没有木莓了。您来点草莓怎么样?

Customer:No,I don’t want any strawberries,thanks.

顾客:不,谢谢,我不想要草莓。(这里不能用 wouldn’t like。)

I would like常常要比 I want更有礼貌。

would you like?要比do you want?更有礼貌,也更殷勤。

would you like?可以含有愿意满足别人的希望的意思。do youwant?则不含有这种意思。因此,与顾客或客人打交道时,通常用 would you like?:

Caller:I’d like to/I want to speak to Mr X,please.

打电话者:我想找X先生说话。

Telephonist:Mr X is out.Would you like to speak to Mr Y?

话务员:X先生出去了。您跟Y先生说行吗?


2 如果不是提出请求而只是谈到愿望时,可以随意用would like或want的肯定式、疑问式或否定式。它们的意思没有区别,然而,I want要比I would like显得更自信。 I want通常不用于表示不可实现的愿望:

I would like to live on Mars.

但愿我能住到火星上去。

B would like和want在下列用法中不能互换:

1 表示邀请时用 would you like?结构,而不能用do you want?结构:

Would you like a cup of coffee?

您想喝一杯咖啡吗?

Would you like to come to the theatre?

您想来剧院看戏吗?

do you want?用于此处只表示一种询问,不含有邀请的意思。


2 wouldn’t like和 don’t want是有区别的。

don’t want表示没有某种愿望;wouldn’t like表示不喜欢。因此,wouldn’t like不能用来回答邀请或提议,因为在这种回答中 wouldn’t like的口气将是不礼貌的。在这里常用 don’t want或其他形式来代替 wouldn’t like:

—Would you like some more coffee?

—No,I don’t want any more,thanks./No,thanks.

—您再来点儿咖啡吗?

—不,不要了,谢谢。

C 在过去时中这两种形式的变化不同。在间接引语中want变为 wanted,而would like不起变化:

Tom said,‘I would like/want to see it.’

汤姆说:“我想看看它”。相当于:

Tom said he would like/wanted to see it.

汤姆说他想看看它。

但如果不用间接引语的结构来表示,只能说: Tom wanted to see it(这里我们不能用would like因为Tom would like to see it的意思是指现在或将来)。

D would like有两个过去形式:would like+ 不定式的完成式或would like+ 不定式/名词/代词。这些形式只能表示未能实现的愿望:

I’d like to have gone skiing./I’d have liked a day’s skiing.

我本想去滑雪的。(但我未能实现我的愿望。)



care like love hate prefer wish 02



297 would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer

  

would rather和would sooner之间没有区别,但经常听到的是would rather。

A would rather/sooner的主语与后面的动作的主语相同时,would rather/sooner之后常常接不带to的不定式:

Tom would rather read than talk.

汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。


1 would rather/sooner+ 不带to的不定式可用来表示现在的动作,以代替prefer+ 动名词:

Tom prefers reading to talking.

汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。

注意:would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式,而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。

prefer后面也可跟名词,而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形:

I prefer tennis to golf.相当于:

I’d rather play tennis than golf.

我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。

某些 prefer+ 名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来:He prefers dogs to cats(他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫)和 He would rather have dogs than cats(他宁可养狗而不愿养猫)意思并不完全相同。


2 would rather+ 不带 to的不定式不能表示过去的偏爱。所以与 Tom would rather read than talk相当的过去形式为 Tom preferred reading to talking/liked reading better than talking。(参见下面4。)


3 would rather+ 不带to的不定式可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式:

I’d rather fly than go by sea./I’d prefer to fly.

我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。

注意:用would prefer时,只提到你愿意做的这件事,而不提另外一件你不愿做的事,如上所述。因此,如想把愿意和不愿意的两个动作都提到,则要用would rather。

这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样:

—Would you like some gin?

—I’d prefer a coffee./I’d rather have coffee than gin.

—您想喝点杜松子酒吗?

—我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡,不想喝杜松子酒。


4 would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式,但后者带to:

We went by sea but I’d rather have gone by air/I’d prefer to have gone by air.

我们是乘船去的,可我本想乘飞机去。(我愿意乘飞机去,可我的愿望未能实现。)

这和 would like+ 不定式的完成式有点相似,would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望


B 如句子的两个主语不相同,可用主语+ would rather/sooner后面跟主语+ 过去时(虚拟语气)结构:

—Shall I give you a cheque?

—I’d rather you paid cash.

—我付给您支票行吗?

—我想您最好付现金。

注意:用would rather+主语+didn’t表示带否定意义的偏爱:

—Would you like him to paint it?

—No,I’d rather he didn’t(paint it).

—您想让他给它上油漆吗?

—不,我希望他不要这么做。

Ann wants to tell Tom,but I’d rather she didn’t(tell him).

安想告诉汤姆,但我不想让她告诉他。

然而,prefer与like相同,后面都跟宾语+ 带to的不定式:

I’d prefer you to pay cash.

我想你最好付现金。

I’d prefer him not to paint it.

我不想让他给它上油漆。

I’d prefer her not to tell Tom.

我不想让她告诉汤姆。



298 表示偏爱的另一些例句


A I like hot weather better than cold.相当于:

I prefer hot weather to cold.

I’d rather/sooner have hot weather than cold.

我喜欢热天,不喜欢冷天。


B I liked playing in matches better than watching them.相当于:

I preferred playing matches to watching them.

我喜欢参加比赛而不喜欢观看比赛。(这里不能用 would rather/sooner。)


C —Would you like to start today or would you rather wait/would you pre-fer to wait till tomorrow?

—I’d rather go today(than wait till tomorrow).I’d rather not wait./ I’d prefer to stary today.I’d prefer not to wait.

—你愿意今天动身呢,还是宁愿等到明天?

—我宁愿今天动身(而不愿等到明天)。我不想等了。

I’d rather deliver it by hand than post it.

这东西我宁愿亲手递交也不想邮寄。

He says he’d rather go to prison than pay the fine.

他说他宁愿蹲监狱也不肯交罚款。

I’d rather pay his fine for him than let him go to prison.

我宁愿替他交罚款,也不愿让他蹲监狱。

rather than… would+不带to的不定式可用于较正式的英语中:

Rather than let him go to prison, I would pay his fine myself.

我宁肯自己代他付罚款,也不愿让他蹲监狱。


D prefer与rather的一些例句:

—Do you want Ann to repair it herself?

—I’d prefer her to ring/I’d rather she rang the electrician./I’d rather

she didn’t try to repair it herself.

—您想让安自己来修吗?

—我想还是让她打电话给电工更好。/我不想让她自己修。

They want to camp in my garden but I’d rather they didn’t.I’d rather they camped by the river.

他们想要在我的园子里露营,不过我不想让他们在我的园子里露营。

我宁愿他们在河边露营。

He usually has a pub lunch,but she’d prefer him to come home for ameal/she’d rather he came home for lunch.She’d rather he didn’t spend money in pubs.

他一般在小酒馆里吃午饭,但她宁愿他回家吃饭/她宁愿他回家吃午饭。她不愿他把钱花在小酒馆里。



299 wish,want和would like

  

wish,want和would like都表示愿望。

A wish之后可以直接跟不定式或宾语+ 不定式:

—Why do/did you wish to see the manager?

—I wish/wished to make a complaint.

—为什么你要见经理?

—我要投诉。

The government does not wish Dr Jekyll Hyde to accept a professorship at a foreign university.

政府不想让杰基尔?海德博士接受某一外国大学的教授职务。

在不太正式的话语中可用want或would like:

I would like/want to speak to Ann.

我想跟安说话。

I wanted to speak to Ann.

我想跟安说话。

She doesn’t/didn’t want the children to stay up later.

她不想让孩子们睡觉太迟。(如果在这里用like来代替want,则意为她不赞成孩子们太迟去睡觉。话中表示了不喜欢的意思。)


B want和would like之后可直接跟名词:

He wanted a single room.

他想要单人房间。

wish的用法较为受限制一些:

可以用wish来表示祝愿某人幸运/成功/圣诞快乐等:

He said,‘Good luck!’

他说:“祝你好运!”相当于:

He wished me luck.

他祝我运气好。

也可在写信时说向某人致以好的/最好的愿望:

With all good wishes,yours Bill

祝你万事如意!你的比尔(写于信的末尾)

Best wishes for the New Year

致以新年的美好祝愿!(写于贺年卡上)

除这一类的祝愿语之外,wish之后一般不接名词作宾语。

wish+for之后可跟名词/代词,但通常含义是主语对自己的愿望得以实现不抱太大的希望。这主要用于感叹句中:

How he wished for a drink!

他多希望能有点东西喝!(大概他能得到点喝的这件事是没有希望的事。)

What he chiefly wished for was a chance to explain.

他主要希望能有一个解释的机会。(好像他不大可能有这个机会。)



300 wish+ 主语+ 虚拟过去时

  

A wish(that)+ 主语+ 过去时(虚拟语气;参见第290节B)这一结构用于对目前的情况表示遗憾:

I wish he was coming with us.

我多希望他能跟我们一起来。相当于:

I’m sorry he isn’t coming with us.

真遗憾他不能跟我们一起来。

wish可用在过去时中而不改变虚拟的意思:

He wished he knew the address.

他多希望他知道那个地址。相当于:

He was sorry he didn’t know the address.

他感到遗憾他不知道那个地址。

在间接引语中,虚拟过去时形式不用变化:

‘I wish I lived nearer my work,’he said.

“但愿我住得离工作地再近点,”他说。相当于:

He said he wished he lived nearer his work.

他说但愿他能住得离工作地再近点。


B wish(that)+ 主语+ 过去完成时(虚拟语气)表示对过去的情况表示遗憾:

I wish you had written to him.

但愿你给他写过信就好了。相当于:

I’m sorry you didn’t write to him.

真遗憾你没有给他写信。

wished可代替wish而不改变虚拟的意思:

I wished I hadn’t spent so much money.相当于:

I was sorry I had spent so much money.

(译文同上。)

变为间接引语时,这些动词不用变化:

‘I wished I had taken his advice,’she said.

“但愿我当时听了他的劝告就好了,”她说。相当于:

She(said she) wished she had taken his advice.

她(说她)但愿当时听了他的劝告就好了。


C if only的用法与此完全相同。它的意思与 wish相同,只是比wish更生动:

If only we knew where to look for him!

如果我们知道上哪里去找他就好了!



301 wish(that)+主语+would

  

A wish+主语+过去时态可以表示对现在的情况表示遗憾,如上面第300节所示:

I wish that he wrote more regularly.

我多希望他能勤来信。相当于:

I’m sorry he doesn’t write more regularly.

我很遗憾他来信不勤。


B wish+ 主语+ would的意思与上面所说的相似,但是它所表示的动作是从句的主语所能控制的。即:只要某人愿意,这种动作是可以改变的。wish+ would可表示主语现在愿意或不愿意进行某个动作,这常常是一种习惯性动作。

I wish he would write more often.

我多希望他肯常写信来。相当于:

I’m sorry he isn’t willing to write more often.

很遗憾,他不愿意常写信来。

I wish he would wear a coat.

我多希望他肯穿件外衣。相当于:

I’m sorry he refused to wear a coat.

可惜他不想穿外衣。

wish与would不能使用同一个主语,否则句子就会不符合逻辑。

因此不能出现 I wish+ I would这种结构。


C wish+ 主语+would也可表示对目前情况的不满以及希望能有所改变:

I wish he would answer my letter.

但愿他能给我写回信(我等他的回信已经很久了)

I wish they would change the menu.

我希望他们的饭菜能变变花样(我吃香肠吃腻了)

I wish they would stop making bombs.

我希望他们能停止制造炸弹

但说话人通常是对发生他所要求的变化不抱有多大希望。上面的第三个例句表示完全没有希望。如同在上面B中一样,wish+主语+ would在这里限于表示有可能事情有所改变。wish和would同样不能使用同一个主语

如果从句的主语是人,动作应该能受主语控制,句中仍然存在着愿意或不愿意的意思。但有时 wish+主语+would结构中从句的主语不是指人而是指物。这时就不能表示愿意或不愿意:

I wish it would stop raining.

我希望雨停下来

I wish the sun would come out.

我希望出太阳

I wish prices would come down.

我希望物价能降下来

I wish the train would come.

我希望火车会来

wish+主语+would在这里与would like非常相似。但wouldlike不限于表示事情有可能改变,也不含有对目前情况不满的意思。同时,would like结构也不暗示没有希望:

I would like Jack to study art.

我想让杰克学艺术。(我让他学艺术。/我希望他今后学习艺术)

I wish Peter would study art.

我多希望彼得肯学习艺术(彼得大概已拒绝学习艺术)


D I wish you would也可以用来表示请求。这里不表示说话人已感到对方会拒绝请求,但它暗示对方在某个方面使说话人感到恼火或失望。I wish you would help me常含有你本该已提出帮我的意思。I wish you would stop humming/interrupting/ asking silly questions表示说话人为哼歌曲声/打断/所问的愚蠢的问题而恼火。但是 I wish you would结构可用来表示对别人主动提出的帮助做出的反应,这时不含有不满意的意思:

—Shall I help you check the accounts?

—I wish you would.

—我帮你查对账目好吗?

—我希望你能这样做(你要能帮我,我会非常高兴)


E if only+ would在上文B及C中可代替 wish+ would,但不能用来代替D中的请求。

if only比wish更有戏剧性:

If only he would join our party!

他要是肯来参加我们的聚会,那该有多么好!--sky--

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