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中 学 英 语 常 见 构 词 法 派生法：由词根(stems)加前缀(prefixes)和后缀(suffixes)构成新词。 一. 前缀 a-(形容词;副词)：almost, awake, aloud,alone, asleep, abroad, alive, arise, co-(共同)：co-exist, co-operate, co-operation over-(过于)：overcome, oversleep, overnight anti-(反,防)：anti-tank, anti-war re-(重复;再)：reusable, recycle, recall, rebuild, return, redesign, remarry, rewrite, retell, reopen super-(超级,上层)：superstar, superman, supermarket, superhero tele-(远程)：telephone, telegraph, telescope(望远镜) mis-(误)：mistake, misunderstand(误会) en-(使可能)：encourage, enable(使成为可能) dis-(否定)：disappear, disagree, disappoint, dishonest, dislike, discover, discourage in-/il-/im-/ir-(不;非)：inside,impolite, impolitely, impossible, imoveable, independent, independence, irregular, irresponsible, indirect, incomplete, invisible(看不见的),illogical(不合逻辑的), illegal(非法的), un-/non-(不;非)：uncomfortable, uncrowed, uneasy, unexpected, unbelievable, unknown, unusual, unusually, unuse, unuseful, unusefully, unfair, unfairness, unluck, unlucky, unluckily, unable, unhappy, unfit, non-conductor(非导体), non-sense, 二. 名词后缀 -er(…者)：customer, leader, manager, officer, partner, ruler, stranger, climber, keeper, maker, owner, banker, reporter, teenager, winner, foreigner, thinker, swimmer, traveller, worker, teacher, reader, listener, speaker, cleaner, helper, waiter, player, singer, dancer, driver, writer, runner, beginner, passenger, lover, skier, murderer, learner, printer, researcher, Londoner, New Yorker -or(器具;…者)：actor, competitor, visitor, professor, doctor, director, collector, instructor(教员) 备注一：通常加“-er/-or ”多为“男性”,加“-ess”多为“女性” waiter男招待, waitress女服务员, actor男演员, actress女演员, lawyer律师, lawyeress女律师, prince王子, princess 公主 备注二：从主动,被动上来看,加“-er\-or”为主动,加“-ee ”为被动 examiner 主考人,监考员 examinee 参加考试者,受试人(被监考者) employer 雇主(雇佣别人) employee雇员(被雇佣) interviewer会见者 interviewee 被接见者,被访问者 -ese(…地方的人)：Chinese, Japanese -ian(精通…的人;…地方的人)：musician, magician, historian, physician, technician -ist(专业人员)：artist, pianist, tourist, terrorist, physicist, scientist, socialist, journalist(新闻记者), dentist, instrumentalist -ment(性质;状态)：government, instrument, achievement, amusement, excitement, improvement, movement, argument, development, agreement -ion：discussion, expression, decision -dom(…范围)：freedom, kingdom -ness(性质;状态)：business, happiness, shyness, illness, kindness, carelessness, sickness, fairness, unfairness, godness, hardness, forgetfulness, darkness -ship：friendship, relationship, leadership, hardship(困苦) -tion(动作;过程;结果)：pollution, suggestion, invention, action, examination, graduation, pronunciation, communication, competition, conversation, satisfaction, education, organization, location, protection, relation, preparation, resolution, collection, operation, impression -hood(…关系,…状况)：childhood, neighborhood, brotherhood, sisterhood -th(某种状况或性质)：growth, warmth, truth, death, health, length, strength -ty(…性)：safety, activity -ce(…性)：importance, difference, confidence, dependence, independence, silence, performance -boy, -girl, -man, -woman(表示人的词来构词)： cowboy牛仔, playboy花花公子, salesgirl女店员, salesperson推销员, workman产业工人, postman邮递员, workwomen劳动妇女 三. 形容词后缀 -t：important, different, confident, dependent, independent, silent -al：international, educational, national, historical, medical, musical, professional, social, typical, normal, personal, physical, traditional, accidental, central, environmental, general -an：American, European, Canadian, Italian, Australian, Indian -ern：southern, northern, eastern, western, modern -ful：helpful, harmful, painful, thankful, peaceful, successful, truthful, awful, cheerful, grateful, useful, careful, wonderful, forgetful, hopeful, colorful, beautiful -ary：secondary, imaginary -able/ible：reasonable, horrible, believable, unbelievable, mobile, valuable, disable, available, comfortable, terrible, possible, impossible, enjoyable, moveable, imoveable, workable, countable, uncountable, eatable -ish：foolish, childish, swedish(瑞典的), British, English -ive：active, creative, native, expensive -y：windy, sunny, cloudy, rainy, wealthy, dirty, sleepy, healthy, hairy, icy, noisy, foggy -less：careless, homeless, meaningless, useless, colorless, helpless, hopeless, motherless -ous：serious, humorous, famous, dangerous, courageous, continuous -tic：scientific, fantastic -en：wooden, fallen, golden -ing(修饰物)：interesting, exciting, boring, tiring, surprising -ed(修饰人)：interested, excited, bored, tired, surprised 四. 动词、副词和数词后缀 -fy(使…化)：simplify, beautify, satisfy, electrify -en(使…变得)：strengthen, lengthen, widen, fatten, blacken, thicken, quicken, harden, soften, weaken -ize(使…成为)：realize (实现), modernize, organize -ly(方式;程度)：freely, exactly, lastly, normally, politely, impolitely, wisely, actually, specially, especially, heavily, mostly, recently, simply, suddenly, beautifully, cheaply, clearly, comfortably, finally, loudly, probably, quietly, quickly, seriously, weekly, badly, terribly, perfectly, truly, angrily, carefully, hardly, completely, slowly, kindly, nearly, really, usually, happily, easily -ward(s)(方向)：towards, backward, eastward, forward -teen(十)：fourteen, fifteen, eighteen -ty(整十位数)：twenty, forty, thirty -th(序数词)：twelfth, fifth, eighth, ninth, twentieth 五. 截短法:单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法,主要有截头,去尾,截头去尾等形式。 ①截头 telephone→phone airplane→plane ②去尾mathematics→maths examination→exam kilogram→kilo laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi ③截头去尾 influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script 六. 混合法:英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词,前半部分表属性,后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。 news broadcast→newscast新闻广播 television broadcast→telecast电视播送 smoke and fog→smog烟雾 photo and graphy→photography摄影,摄影术 helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场 class(班级)+room(房间)→classroom(教室） black(黑色的）+board(木板)→blackboard(黑板） note(记录)+book(簿本) →notebook(笔记簿) hide(躲藏)+ and(和)+seek(寻找)→hide-and-seek(捉迷藏) forget(忘记)+ me(我)+not(不)→forget-me-not勿忘(我)草 Jack(男孩名)+ in(在…里面)+ the + box(盒子)→jack-in-the-box(玩偶箱) 七.转化法 1.名词→动词 rain n.雨→rain v.下雨 water n.水→water v.浇水 land n.陆地→land v.着陆 name n.名字→name v.命名 milk n.牛奶→milk v.挤奶 [注意]不少动词转化为名词或名词转化为动词,词义没有什么大变化。 如: answer(回答), change(变化), fight(打架), love(爱), rest(休息), smile(微笑), shout(喊), study(学习), visit(访问), wish(希望), work(工作)等。 2.形容词→动词 last adj.最后的 last v.持续 tidy adj.整洁的 tidy v.使整洁 own adj.自己的 own v.拥有 3.形容词→名词 back adj.后面的 back n.背部,后面 light adj.明亮的 light n.灯 4.动词→名词 stop v.停止 stop n.车站 lift v.举起 lift n.电梯 5.现在分词→名词 boat—boating build—building begin—beginning cross—crossing meet—meeting turn—turning say—saying train—training mean—meaning open—opening |
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