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介词 系动词 情态动词

 HARRY何 2018-10-11

介词

·       介词:
是用来表示它后面的名词(代词)或起名词作用的短语、从句与句中其他成分之间的关系。
介词是英语中很活跃的词,一般置于名词之前。它常和名词或名词性词语构成介词短语。
同一个介词常和不同的词语搭配形成固定搭配,表示不同意义。

·       介词分类:
一、表示地点位置的介词
1at, in, on, to, for
          at
表示在小地方;表示“在……附近,旁边”。
          in
表示在大地方;表示“在……范围之内”。
          on
表示毗邻,接壤,“在……上面”。
          to
表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤;或“到……”。
2above, over, on 在……上
          above
指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与below相对;
          over
指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。
          on
表示某物体上面并与之接触。
         
例:The bird is flying above my head. 小鸟在我的头上飞。
                  There is a bridge over the river.
在河上有一座桥。
                  He put his watch on the desk.
他把他的表放在了桌子上。
3below, under在……下面
          under
表示在……正下方
          below
表示在……下,不一定在正下方
         
例:There is a cat under the table. 桌子底下有一只猫。 
                  Please write your name below the line.
请在横线下写上你的名字。
4besidebehind beside 表示在……旁边
          behind
表示在……后面

二、表示时间的介词
1inonat在……时
          A
in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。
                
如:inthe1950s, in1989, insummer, inJanuary, inthemorning等。
          B
on 表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。
               
如:on May 1st, on Monday, onNew Years Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。
          C
at 表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。
               
如:at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of, at the age of, at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。
2after在……之后 “after+一段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后;
       
after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。

三、其它常用介词
1about关于,附近,大约,周围,随身.
          I have bought a book about Shakespearean.
我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。
          There are about fifteen trees in the picture.
大约有十五棵树在图片里。
2across横过,对面,交叉,在……的对面
          Can you swim across the river?
你能游过河吗?
          We live across the street.
我们住在街的对面。
3along沿着,顺着.
          They are walking along the river.
他们沿着河行走。
4by 被……,在……的近旁,在……之前,不迟于,以……为手段。
         The class room was cleaned by the students.
教室由学生们打扫干净了。
          Miss Lucy came to China by air.
露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。
5for为……,因为……,至于……。
          He works for this company.
他为这家公司工作。
          She came back to the classroom for she had lef the books in the class room.
她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。
6from从……,来自……,因为……
          Where are you from?
你是哪里人?
          He diedf rom an accident.
他死于一场事故。
7of……的,属于……
          This is a map of  China.
这是一张中国地图。
8with使用、和……在一起
          We write with a pen.
我们用笔写字。
          Can you go to the park with me?
你能和我一起去公园吗?
 
注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:We meet every day.

·       小学常见介词:
1.on
(1)
------上面  The book is on the desk.
(2)
------(哪一天/星期)What do you do on Wednesday?
(3)
------(月、日)My birthday is on August 2nd.
2. in
1)在------里面  The pens are in the pencil-box.
(2)
------(哪一年/月)His birthday is in October.
He worked here in 1992.
(3 )
------(地方) He works in Dongguan.
(4 )
------之内    What are you going to do in 20 years?
(5 )
------(早上、下午、晚上)
I do morning exercises in the morning every day.
I usually play basketball in the afternoon.
I often do my homework in the evening.
3. under
------底下  There is a ball under the bed.
4. near
------附近  There is a book shop near our school.
5. in front of
------前面  A boy is standing in front of the house.
6. beside
------旁边  A football is beside the door.
7. next to
紧挨着 There is a bus station next to No. 13 Middle School.
8. over
------正上方 A bridge is over the river.
9. on the left
------左边  The bookstore is on the left.
10. on the right
------右边  The hospital is on the right.
11. before
在……之前  Mike sits before me.
12. after
------以后  He went home after school.
13. in the middle
------中间 The road is in the middle.
14.  at
(1)
------(小地方) I am at school today. I was at home yesterday.
(2) 
------(点钟)  I usually go to school at 8:00 am.
(3)
看一看   Look at the blackboard.
(4)
在中午  at noon
15.  behind
------后面     There is a broom behind the door.
16
for
(1)
This present is for you.
(2)
为了 Thank you for telling me the way to the zoo.
(3)
作为 We have some chips and hamburgers for lunch.
17
to
(1)
  Take your sport shoes to the P.E class.
(2)
Happy birthday to you. Give it to your friend.
18. from
来自  I am from China. = I come from China.
19. from --- to
------------  Line up from shorter to taller.
We have class from Monday to Friday.
20. of
------
   He is a student of Kama School.
21. by
1)在------之前   We must be at home by 6 oclock.
2)乘------交通工具  People can go to the moon by spaceship.
I go to school by bus.
22
with
(1)
   I write a letter with a pen.
(2)
------一起  He went to Shenzhen with his parents.
23. between
------------之间  There is a football match between Class One and Class Three.
24. into
------   Sharks can dive into the deep cold water.
25. like
1)象------  The twins are like their father.
2)长相------怎样? Whats he like?
26. up
向上   Put up your hands if you have any questions.
27. down
向下  Put down all the books here.
28.  about
(1)
大约;关于  Its about 6:00 now.
(2) ------
怎么样? What about---? How about---?
29. what for
为什么   But what for?

·       介词用法口诀:
早、午、晚要用inat黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in
将来时态in...以后,小处at大处in
有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in
特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in
介词atto表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。
日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,
收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、著论。
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。
特定时日和"……"on后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前onin
步行、驴、马、玩笑oncabcarriage则用in
at
山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。
工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。
……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类know to man
this
thattomorrowyesterdaynextlastone
接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。
over
under正上下,abovebelow则不然,
若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。
beyond
超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。
besides
except分内外,among之内along沿。
同类比较except,加for异类记心间。
原状because of, owing to due to表语形容词
under
后接修、建中,offrom物、化分。
before
after表一点, agolater表一段。
before
能接完成时,ago过去极有限。
since
以来during间,since时态多变换。
与之相比beside,除了last but one
复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。
快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。
but for
否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。
ing
型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。
之后、关于、在......方面,有关介词须记全。
in
to外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。

介词短语

·       介词:
是一种用来表示词与词,词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。
介词和它的宾语构成介词短语,在句中作状语,表语,补语,定语或介词宾语。
例: infrontof……前面 infrontof意思是……前面,指甲物在乙物之前,两者互不包括;
         
其反义词是behind(在……的后面)。
例:Therearesomeflowersinfrontofthehouse. 房子前面有些花卉

小学常见介词短语:
1. wait for 
等候  Wait for me. I want to go shopping with you.
2. help ---with--- 
------------  I can help my mom with some housework.
3. at home
在家 He was not at home yesterday.
4. hold on
保持,别挂机  Hold on, please. Hes writing an e-mail in the study..
5. on foot
步行  I go to school on foot.
6. get to
到达  I usually get to school at 8:00 am.
7. get on
上车   Get on the No. 28 bus when it stops.
8. get off
下车   Get off at the third station.
9. turn on
打开 Its dark in the room. Please turn on the light.
10turn off
 关闭    We should turn off the light before we leave.
11. on holiday
度假  My family are going to Canada on holiday.
12. play with
()------  I can play with the snow in winter.
13. a glass of
一杯  There is a glass of water on the desk.
14. put on
穿上 Its cold today. Put on your sweater please.
15. take off
脱下  Its hot now. Take off your coat.
16. put away
放好  Put away your books. We are going to have a P.E class.
17. look for
寻找  I am looking for my dog.
18. on time
准时  I get to school on time every day.
19. in time
及时   The man fell down. The doctors came in time.
20. go on a trip
去旅行  We are going on a trip tomorrow.
21. at night
在深夜 The policeman usually works at night.
22. be grateful to
感激某人   I am very grateful to my mother.
23. listen to
------   I like listening to music.
24. pass ---to---
------传递------ He passes the ball to Mike.
25. fly into
飞进------   The ball flies into Johns face.
26. run into
跑进……  I run into the hotel.
27. what for
 为什么   But what for?
28. come on
加油! Come on!

 

 

 

系动词

·       系动词:
亦称连系动词,作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,亦称补语(形容词),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

句子结构分为主谓宾和主系表两种。

主谓宾:主语+谓语动词+宾语。

主系表:主语+系动词+表语。


be
(是)是最基本的系动词。小学涉及到的系动词需要掌握的am, is, are 
如:I am from Beijing. 我来自北京。 
My mother is a teacher.
我的妈妈是一位老师。 
除了系动词be,常用的系动词还有look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、feel(感觉到)、become(变成)、smell(闻起来)等。
例:The boy looks very happy. 这个男孩看起来很高兴。 
        The dish smells good.
这盘菜闻起来很香。

·       be动词意思和用法:
一般的意思是:
是,此种用法,有多种变化形式,
isamarewaswerebeingbeento be.
另外,be动词还有成为的意思。
根据句子中不同的人称、数和时态,应该选择相应的
be动词。

要看句语的时态:

如果是一般过去时,就用was/were

如果是一般现在时,就用am/is/are

如果是一般将来时,就用will be

然后看主语的人称及复数形式:

一般过去时:

第一人称和第三人称的单数形式,则用was

第一人称和第二人称、第三人称的复数,则用were

一般现在时:

第一人称单数形式,用am

第三人称单数形式,用is

第一人称复数、第二人称、第三人称的复数形式,则用are

一般将来时:

will be

一般时态有关be动词的口诀:

我用am,你用areis连接他//它,复数形式就用are

 

be动词的用法:
现在时 I am, you are, he is, we are, you are, they are
(缩略式 I'm, you're, he's, we're, you're, they're),
(否定缩略式 I'm not, isn't, aren't),
过去时 I was, you were, he was, we were, you were, they were
(过去时否定缩略式 wasn't, weren't),
过去分词been,现在分词being
英语的“be”是个特殊动词;有些语言,如马来文等,并没有“be”这样的动词。
“Be”
除了原形的“be”之外,还有另外七种形式:
am, is, are, been, being, was, were.
在句子中,“be”可以是主动词(The Principal Verb)或助动词(The Auxiliary Verb)

·       系动词Be(am, is, are )的用法:
一、口诀:
我用am,你用areis连着他,她,它;
单数名词用is,复数名词全用are
变疑问,往前提,句末问号某丢弃;
变否定,更容易,be后莫忘记;
疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。

二、Be动词在一般过去时中的变化:
1
amis在一般过去时中变为was
2
are在一般过去时中变为were
3
、带有waswere的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和am is are一样,即否定句在waswere后加 not,一般疑问句把waswere调到句首。

情态动词

·       情态动词:
是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。
情态动词后面加动词原形。情态动词词义不完全,不能单独作谓语,只能与动词原形一起构成谓语。
情态动词有四类:
只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might)……
可做情态动词又可做实义动词:needwill
具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used toought to
情态动词表猜测:一肯一否三不定(must一肯,can not一否,maymightcould,三不定。)
注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观。
常用的有:can  may  could  must   have  use  .canmaymustshouldneed 
例:Kate can swim. 凯特会游泳。 
        May I borrow your dictionary, Ann?
安,我可以借用你的字典吗? 
        Shall we meet at seven o’clock tomorrow?
我们明天七点见面怎么样?

·       情态动词的语法特征:
情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
情态动词除ought have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s
情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。  
情态动词两要点;动词原形跟后面,说话语气较委婉,can"能力"may"许可",must"责任""义务",否定回答"needn't";should"应该",would"",have to "被迫"表客观.
注释:must构成的一般疑问句作否定回答只能用needn't.

·       比较can be able to
1.can/could
表示能力;可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。
be able to
可以用于各种时态。例如:
They will be able to tell you the news soon
他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2.
只用be able to的情况:
a
.位于助动词后。
b
.情态动词后。
c
.表示过去某时刻动作时。
d
.用于句首表示条件。
e
.表示成功地做了某事时,用was/were able to,不能用could。例如:
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out
.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out
他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。
注意:could有时不表示时态
1.
提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。例如:
 Could I have the television on?
我能看电视吗?
Yes
you can / No you can't 可以/不可以。
2.
在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如:
He couldn't be a bad man
他不大可能是坏人。

比较maymight:
1.
表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。例如:
May God bless you
愿上帝保佑你!
He might be at home
他可能在家。
注意:might 表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比may 小。
2.
成语:may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨"。例如:
If that is the case
we may as well try.如果情况确实如此,我们不妨试一试。

比较have tomust:
1.
两词都是必须的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。例如:
My brother was very ill
so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night
弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard

他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
2.have to
有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如:
He had to look after his sister yesterday
他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。
3.
否定结构中:don't have to表示"不必"mustn't表示"禁止"。例如:
You don't have to tell him about it
.你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it
.你不得把这件事告诉他。

比较shallshould:   
1).shall
用于第一人称,征求对方的意见。   
What shall we do this evening?
  
2).shall
用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。   
①. You shall fail if you don’t work hard.(
警告)   
②. He shall have the book when I finish it.(
允诺)   
③. He shall be punished.(
威胁)  

willwould的用法:
1
.表示请求、建议等,wouldwill委婉客气。如:
Would you pass me the book?
2
.表示意志、愿望和决心。如:
I will never do that again.
They asked if we would do that again.
3
.用“will be”“will(would) + have + 过去分词的结构表示推测,主要用于第二、三人称。
前者表示对目前情况的推测,后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如:
This will be the book you want.
He will have arrived by now.
The guests would have arrived by that time.
I thought you would have finished this by now.
4
will表示习惯、请求,固有性质等。
Everyday he will sit here hour after hour doing nothing.
(习惯)
Will you help me with my English?
(请求)
The door won't open.
(固有性质)
5
Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
Would
表过去习惯时比used to正式,并没有现已无此习惯的含义。如:
The wound would not heal.
During the vacation he would visit me every week

6
.表料想或猜想。如:
It would be about ten when he left home.
What would she be doing there?
I thought he would have told you all about it.

·       情态动词用法口诀:
情态动词两特点,动词原形接后面,说话语气较委婉。
can"
能力"may"许可"must"责任""义务"
否定回答needn’t换,"需要"need,dare""
should"
应该"would""haveto"被迫"表客观。

·       情态动词表示推测的用法:
 can
could may might must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:
1
)情态动词+动词原形,表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。例如:
I don't know where she is
she may be in Wuhan.我不知道她在哪儿,可能在武汉。

2
)情态动词+动词现在进行时,表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。例如:
At this moment
our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时,想必我们老师正在批改试卷。

3
)情态动词+动词完成时,表示对过去情况的推测。例如:
The road is wet
It must have rained last night.地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4
)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时,表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。例如:
Your mother must have been looking for you
.你妈妈一定一直在找你。

5
)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can'tcouldn't表示。例如:
Mike can't have found his car
for he came to work by bus this morning
迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意:couldmight表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如canmay

 

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