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巴勒斯坦 Palestine 上一期我们简单介绍了巴勒斯坦的国家概况，今天请跟随我们继续深入了解那个迷人的巴勒斯坦，去感受它的美食、服饰、音乐、舞蹈…… You may know a little about basic Palestine from our last article, today please follow us to touch it further and learn its food, clothes, music and dances... Let's go!  ★ 国名的由来/Identification “巴勒斯坦”是罗马人在公元前2世纪给位于约旦西部地中海东岸（今中东地区）整片地域起的名字。追根溯源会发现这个名字又源自希腊词“古拉斯蒂纳”（Palaestina），意为“非利士人的土地”，而“非利士人”是一个在公元前12世纪前后于埃及东北部靠近现在加沙的一小片海岸地区定居下来的航海民族。 众所周知，巴勒斯坦也被作为是基督教、犹太教和伊斯兰教的圣地。很多重要的宗教事件都发生于此，特别是在耶路撒冷城。  Palestine is the name the Romans gave in the second century C.E. to a region of the present-day Middle East situated on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Seawest of Jordan. The name is derived from the Greek Palaestina, or 'Land of the Philistines,' a seafaring people who settled a small coastal area northeast of Egypt, near present-day Gaza, around the twelfth century B.C.E. Also known as the Holy Land, Palestine is held sacred by Christians, Jews, and Muslims, some of the most important events in each religion having taken place there, especially in the city of Jerusalem. ★ 社会与文化/Society & Culture 巴勒斯坦文化与其邻近的黎凡特国家——黎巴嫩，叙利亚，伊拉克和约旦以及阿拉伯世界的其他国家非常相似。阿拉伯文化对巴勒斯坦社会和文化有显著影响。巴勒斯坦人的身份特征和独特性可以在海关、宗教、语言、文学、艺术、服饰和音乐等各文化层面中寻找到踪迹。 Palestinian culture closely resembles the one of its neighboring Levantine countries Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Jordan as well of the rest of the Arab world. The Arabian culture also has a marked influence on the Palestine Society and Culture. The major aspects and uniqueness of the Palestinian Identity can be found in the customs, religion, languages, literature, art, costumes and music. ★ 语言/Language 在巴勒斯坦，通用语言是具有不同方言的阿拉伯语以及部分希伯来语，巴勒斯坦社会也会使用亚美尼亚语，以及其他小语种，如撒玛利亚阿拉姆语等。 The languages that are mostly spoken in the country are those of the Arabic with different dialects along with some Hebrew speaking people. The Armenian language is also used in Palestine Culture and Society, along with other languages like Samaritan Aramaic. ★ 舞蹈/Dance Dabke是巴勒斯坦人的土著民俗舞蹈形式。它具有典型的乡村传统特征，通常人们会在婚礼和节日等社交场合中表演这种舞蹈，庆祝生命的自然轮回。Dabke是一种由男女合作共同完成的团体舞蹈：舞蹈时需要双手交叉，并且要跟着传统乐器的演奏节拍舞动，同时还伴随着踩脚的动作。 这种舞蹈是合作与团结的象征，也是巴勒斯坦人民的力量、忠诚、乐观和决心的象征。当他们跳起这种舞蹈，是他们在庆祝对彼此和对土地的骄傲和感激之情。这种舞蹈被视为一种不可或缺的共同追求，而不是一种个人表演或运动，它会出现在新生儿的诞生时刻，会出现在公司或家庭的成立典礼上，也出现在婚礼现场。 Dabke is the indigenous folkloric dance form practiced and performed by Palestinians. It is of typical village tradition, traditionally performed in social occasions such as weddings and feasts, celebrating the natural cycle of growth and fertility. Dabke is a group dance performed by both women and men——hands locked and timed steps, they circulate to the beat of rhythmic music played on traditional instruments, while stomping their feet. It is a symbol of cooperation and solidarity, and of the strength, loyalty, joy and determination of the Palestinian people. It’s a celebration of the feelings of pride and gratitude they have for one another and for their land. The dance is viewed as an integral communal pursuit rather than an individual performance or exercise, it is used to welcome a new born, the inauguration of a business or home, or to commemorate a couple at their wedding.
★ 民俗歌曲/Folklore Songs 从远古传承下来的故事、寓言和传说在缅怀过去、表达现实的严酷以及不放弃对未来正义的希望方面起着至关重要的作用。巴勒斯坦有很多流行的歌曲和故事是代代相传的，如母亲、祖母和祖父常常承担着传承的角色。 民俗歌曲不断适应着当今的巴勒斯坦局势。大多数歌曲都是表达有关悲伤，尊严和期盼回归土地等情感的诗歌。无论是身在海外还是本土，巴勒斯坦人都喜欢演唱这些歌曲，甚至在其他阿拉伯人中也广受欢迎。  The stories, fables and legends passed down from generation to generation play a vital role in remembering the past, expression of the harsh present realities while maintaining hope for justice in the future. These popular songs and stories have been passed by the hakawait a popular story teller, as well as by mothers, grandmothers and grandfathers. Folklore songs are constantly adapted to fit the current Palestinian situation. Most songs are based on poetry expressing sorrow, dignity and hope for return to the land. They are sung by Palestinians in Palestine and the Diaspora, and are even popular amongst other Arab populations. ★ 服饰/Custumes 巴勒斯坦人民和他们生活方式的多样性在服饰方面得到了极大的体现。传统服装多由半游牧的贝都因人和农民手工制作的。男装已经成为巴勒斯坦人反抗战争的象征，尤其是黑白相间的卡菲亚。另一方面，传统女装色彩更加丰富且充满活力。尽管一些来自农村的妇女每天都穿这种衣服，但它们如今也成了婚礼等特殊场合的宠儿。 这些服装中，那种山区和沿海妇女穿着的衣服越来越流行。尽管它们有许多相似之处，但是每个地区或村落在颜色、图案和结构上各有特色，这种衣服都是用天然材料制成的，例如棉、麻、羊毛或丝绸。 The diversity of the Palestinian people and their ways of living is reflected immensely on their costumes and embroidery. Costumes are traditionally handcrafted by semi-nomadic Bedouins and villagers. Men’s dress has become a symbol for Palestinian resistance, specifically the white and black kaffiya. Women’s dress on the other hand is traditionally much more colorful and vibrant. While some women from villages wear them on a daily basis they have become more of an outfit used at special occasions like weddings. The most popular of these dresses are the ones worn by women villagers in the hills and coastal regions. Despite the many similarities amongst them, each region or cluster of villages had its distinct use of color, pattern and structure. The cloth is made out of natural materials such as cotton, linen, wool or silk.
★ 刺绣/Embroidery 刺绣是一种语言。最早的巴勒斯坦刺绣结合了几何与花草树木的图案。后来，更多的鸟类和动物图案被加进来，但很少用人类形象。每一个刺绣图案都有自己的名字，它们通常是以自然环境中的物品命名。比如，棕榈树和柏树的图案就被视为是与生命相关的，这种观念可以追溯到数千年前。 Embroidery is a language. The earliest Palestinian embroidery combines geometric patterns with some motifs such as flowers and trees. Later, these patterns were supplemented by more motifs, birds, animals, but few human figures. Every embroidery pattern, like every stitch, has a name. Patterns are usually named after things in the natural surroundings. Palms and cypresses are associated with the tree of life that goes back thousands of years.
★ 美食/Music 法拉菲尔、鹰嘴豆泥、塔博勒沙拉、藤叶包、mjaddarah和makhlouba等食物都是阿拉伯中东地区，特别是巴勒斯坦、约旦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩的地道美食。这些美食强调营养、经济和美味的基本原则。制作时最常用的材料是豆类制品和蔬菜，他们用这些富含蛋白质的素食代替肉类，再配上天然的佐料就异常美味了。肉类一般用于制作其他菜肴。 但是，大多数巴勒斯坦菜多用谷物（特别是扁豆、蚕豆和鹰嘴豆）和蔬菜，加上大量的橄榄油和柠檬汁、洋葱和大蒜，以及各种提味的香料。某些当季的野生草本植物和野菜也是巴勒斯坦美食的一部分。主餐之外，人们还会喝咖啡或茶。人们饮用咖啡的时候通常只倒半杯（这样味道更浓厚），夏天喝茶时人们通常用薄荷来配，而冬天的时候就以野生的miramiya（一种有香味的鼠尾草）调味。 Falafel, hummus, tabbouleh, stuffed vine leaves, mjaddarah, makhlouba, and other “health” foods are native to the Arab Middle East and particularly Palestine, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. They are based on principles of nutrition, economy and good taste that can only be produced over hundreds of years of cultural practice. Beans and vegetables are common ingredients, being high in protein as a substitute for meat, along with natural additives that enhance taste and presentation. Meat is used in other dishes. But, typically, Palestinian food uses grains (particularly lentils, fava beans and chick peas), vegetables, usually a lot of olive oil and lemon juice, onions and garlic, and a variety of taste-enhancing spices. In season, certain wild herbs and wild vegetables are part of the Palestinian diet. After the main meal, coffee or tea is served. Coffee is made thick and is served in demicups, while tea is flavored either with mint in the summer or wild miramiya (an aromatic species of sage) in the winter months.
结语-The End 多一分了解是不是多一分向往了呢？巴勒斯坦神奇与美妙远不止我们介绍的这些。世界文化名片致力于打造世界文化传播与交流的前沿阵地，为大家提供接触世界的广阔窗口，希望大家持续关注我们，跟着我们游历世界~ Now you know more about Palestine, whether you want to travel there and touch it by yourself? World Culture Cards commits itself to building a big platform for culture exchanging and spreading. Please follow us all over the world~ |
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