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著名文学家郭沫若曾为它的精湛技艺和传神造型折服，于是咏诗叹之—— “巧夺天工凭妙手，石湾该是美陶湾。” 不难看出，诗中所赞叹的对象正是位于广东省佛山市石湾镇的石湾窑。 石湾窑，是我国陶瓷史上著名的民窑，以陶塑和建筑陶瓷著称。丝路君惊闻，石湾窑的历史最早可追溯到新石器时代晚期。 您还别不信，因为在河宕遗址上出土过不少约五千年前的陶瓷碎片，可见居住在石湾河宕的先民们早就开始制作印纹陶器。 Located at Shiwan town, Foshan city of Guangdong province, Shiwan Kiln is well-known for its architectural ceramics and ceramic sculpture. 河宕遗址出土陶片 石湾窑创烧于唐，繁盛于明清，至今仍延续烧造。开始时在阳江地区，明代时迁至南海县石湾镇，并迎来工艺和规模上的大发展。 Shiwan Kiln began to fire ceramic as early as in Tang dynasty. Many kilns had been built along the Dongping River, the mother river of Foshan, producing a large number of ceramics. 唐代开始，佛山的“母亲河”东平河上已出现了生产陶瓷器的窑场。北宋时期，随着广州对外贸易的发达，刺激了石湾陶瓷业的发展。 全国重点文物保护单位南风古灶、高灶陶窑 据说，当年石湾窑火兴旺，成为了佛山重要的陶瓷生产和外销基地。 By the Northern Song dynasty, the prosperity of foreign tarde in Guangzhou stimulated the development of ceramics in Foshan, thus making Shiwan Kiln a significant kiln for exported porcelain. 明代，朝廷恢复了广州对外贸易中心的地位。 佛山作为当时新兴工商业城镇，手工业、商业十分繁荣，是全国“四大名镇”之首，进一步促进了石湾窑的发展。 宋石湾窑长颈瓶 Foshan thrived in the handicraft industry during Ming dynasty as Guangzhou became the largest trade hub in China, which contributed to the development of Shiwan Kiln. 为适应社会多元化需求，明代后期石湾窑开始仿制中原名窑产品。 因善仿宋代钧窑釉色而名扬天下，被称为“广钧”；因其胎为陶土，又被称为“泥钧”。 明石湾窑仿钧釉三足炉 Shiwan Kiln is also famous for imitating the Jun Kiln, a noted kiln from Henan province. Later, craftsmen of Shiwan Kiln created new kinds of ceramic products, such as furnishings, stationery, sacrificial vessels and Buddhist figures, in order to meet the needs of people from different segments of the society. 后来，石湾窑工们为了满足社会各阶层人士需要，在原有的基础上增加了陈设器皿、文房用具、祭器、仙佛道人物等品种。 明代红陶狮子一对 Ceramic sculpture, with diverse styles and colorful glaze, formed a new category of ceramics in Shiwan Kiln, and sort of innovated the ceramic production. 这类陶器讲究造型规整多样、釉色多彩缤纷、打破了石湾传统生产日用陶器的格局，从而形成了石湾窑生产的一个全新门类，即艺术陶塑。 明石湾窑翠毛釉撇口瓶 清代，随着广州对外贸易新发展，石湾制陶业进入鼎盛时期，生产规模庞大、产品种类繁多，陶业行会盛行。 至乾隆年间发展到大盆行、钵行、花盆行、黑釉行、古玩行等二十二行。 During Qing dynasty, Shiwan Kiln entered its heyday with a wide variety of products. According to historical records, Shiwan wares were excellently made and had fascinated the imperial family at that time. 清中晚期，石湾人物雕塑艺术迅速发展，融入了现实生活题材，造型、釉彩渐入佳境，表现出世俗化的情感愿望。 清石湾窑黄炳作黑猫 这一时期题材十分丰富，有仙佛道人物、市井人物、鸟兽鱼虫、瓜果器皿、仿古供器与仿历代名窑产品等。 尤其是人物塑像手法精练，造型丰富，神态生动，具有较高的思想性和艺术欣赏价值，被人们亲切地称之为“石湾公仔”。 清石湾窑抓背瘦骨仙 Artistic ceramics boomed at this time as well. There were varieties of artistic ceramics, including figures, animals, vessels, micro-sculptures and garden wares. In particular, the figures were life-like and expressive. 在屈大均的所著的《广东新语》还有这样的记载：“石湾瓦缸，胜于天下。”石湾窑产品不仅广为民间使用，还上贡至宫廷受到皇室喜爱。 民国红变釉达摩 民国初年，由于洋货冲击，石湾陶瓷业遭受严重打击。为了挽救民族工业，一些新型陶瓷企业先后成立，他们利用人才、技术、资金优势，在制陶工艺和烧窑技术上进行大胆的改革和创新。 In the early republican period, Shiwan Kiln business went downturn due to the inflow of imported goods. New ceramic companies were set up to vitalize the national industries. 一些名师走出石湾，前往景德镇、澳门等地学习交流，并积极学习西方雕塑手法，把中外先进的雕塑造型手段运用到陶塑创作中，使石湾人物塑像艺术水平达到新高度。 These companies make use of talents, technologies and capital, making bold reforms and innovations in the production of pottery. Some craftsmen also actively learned western sculpture techniques and applied them to ceramic production. 2004年10月18日，广东石湾陶瓷博物馆也正式对外开放。2006年5月20日，石湾陶塑技艺被列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。 Guangdong Shiwan Ceramics Museum was opened on October 18, 2004, and the Shiwan ceramic sculpture skill was listed in the first national intangible cultural heritage list. Source: WeChat（丝路云帆） |
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