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初中英语:介词

 缘来是你9520 2019-01-14

【教学目标】

1.熟练掌握常用介词的基本用法(表示时间、日期、地点、位置、方式等)。例如:inonatoftofrombywithforaboutafterbefore等。

2.掌握上述介词的其他用法及所学其他介词的一般用法。

 

一、介词的定义: 

介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其他词语与句中其他词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可以与名词或相当于名词的其他词构成介词短语。

on the desk在桌上               

in Shanghai 在上海

by accident 偶然的               

on purpose 故意的

drop out of school 辍学

in front of school 在学校前 

 

二、介词的分类

()简单介词。例如:

    outatoveronunderpast to

()复合介词。例如:

withoutontooutsidewithininto

()短语介词。例如:

    because ofin front ofinstead of

 

三、常见介词的用法

(一).表示在何时常用介词atonin

    早午晚要用in , 年月季周in在前; 

     将来时态in… 以后。

    in the morningafternoon, evening)在早上(下午,晚上)

    in summer在夏天

    in 20082008

    in May5

    in five years 五年以后

At :

黎明午夜时与分,几岁之前用at;

at dawn ,黎明,破晓  

at noon, 正午,中午

at night; 在夜里

at seven, 在七点钟 

at eight thirty 在八点半 

at half past ten.在十点半 

at the age of ten 十岁的时候

at the beginning of 在开始的时候。

 

on:

日子、节日、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前onin.

on Sunday在星期日

on Children’s Day. 在儿童节

On August eighth, 2011. 2011年八月八日

on Sunday morning    在星期日的早上

on the morning of June 1    61日的早上

on a cold winter night    在一个寒冷的冬夜

 

during期间    from…to …

during the summer holiday  在暑假 

during the night 在晚上 

from Monday to Friday    从周一到周五

from 7 o’ clock to 9 o’ clock    7点到9

 

Since 接点,for 接段,现在完成里面见。 

句子词组since 后,绝对不与for相连。 

I have lived in Beijing since 2005。(时间点) 

我自从2005年就开始居住在北京。

I have already learned English for seven years.

我已经学习英语七年了。 (一段时间) 

I have learned English since I was eight years old

我自从8岁以来就学习英语了。(后面接句子) 

I have lived in Beijing since 6 years ago.

我六年前开始居住在北京的。 (后接词组)

before之前用完成, ago 之前用过去 

She said that she had married him five years before.

他说他们五年前已经结婚了。 

I have never been to Los Angeles before.

我之前从没有去过洛杉矶。

He will come back before eleven o’clock.

他将在十一点前回来。 

His father died ten years ago.

他的父亲十年前死了 

 

after, in, later 表以后, 

In 接段时表将来,after 接点将来用; 

After 段点皆可表过去。Later 段时后面表过将。 

He will reach here in two days.

他两天后到达这里。 

I think he will come here after three o’clock.

我认为他将三点钟之后来这。 

He started to go after three days rest.

他休息了三天之后又走了。

Three days later, he  appeared before all the people who thought him dead.

三天后,他出现在所有认为他已经死的人面前。

I will call again later.

我晚点再打来。

 

till until 直到, not …until 直到才。

肯定句延续词till/until ;  否定句延续瞬间not until.

He will wait for me till/until 11 o’clock.

他将等我到11点。

He didn’t arrived at home until 11 o’clock yesterday.

他昨晚直到11点钟才到家。

He didn’t do his homework until 7 o’clock.

他直到7点钟才开始做作业。

 

by“……前;截至……”,常用于完成时。例如:

He had finished his homework by 5 o’ clock yesterday    afternoon

他昨天下午5点前就做完作业了。

We had learned eight hundred words by the end of last  week

截止到上周末,我们已经学了800个单词了。

 

past & to

Past “表超过

To “表差几分

ten past two 210

ten to two 150

 注意:

 thisthatlastnextevery等词前不加介词。例如:

 last night   昨天晚上

 this morning  今天早上

 

基础过关

1. Do you often get up early ____ the morningLingling?

 Aat           Bon           Cin           DOf

【解析】早午晚要用in  at 用在时分前。 on 到天时。这道题考查的是时间介词的用法。in the morning只在of 后面有天时 on in  

2. The kids are going to have a party ____ Children’s Day

A. in                Bon             Cat            DOf

【解析】 日子,节日,年月日,星期前面都用on , 日子,节日,年月日,星期加上早,午,晚也要用on . 答案为B

3. —When did you leave home this morning?

  —____half past seven

AAt             BOn            CIn           DTo

【解析】at 用在黎明,午,夜,时与分;at  dawn, at noon, at night, at 7:00 时间的表达可以直接写出数字8:30;另外一种就是由介词to, past 连接分与时的表达。 Half past eight =8:30    ten to ten =9:50 等。答案为A

4. —What did you do ____ Sunday morning?

  —we just stayed at home and watched TV

 Aon              Bin              C at           D for

【解析】 看到morning,很多同学会想到早午晚要用in 而选择B。其实咱们还有另外一句话,就是日期,节日,星期,年月日前要用on代替in

5. They will have a math test          two days.

A. for        B. at         C. in        D. after

解析:三天之内应用in,而不要受中文影响用after after three days 是个不定的时间范围,即没有一个准确的时间。5天、6天、10天全是after three days

答案: C

 

(二)表示方位地点的介词In 接大,at 接小 

He arrived in Shanghai three days ago.

三天后他到达了上海。

I usually arrive at school at 8:15 every morning.

我通常8:15到校。

at the gate在大门口

at the end of the road在路的尽头

 

 

 There is a boy on the building .

一个男孩在大厦顶层。 

The sun is shinning over the building.

正午的太阳在大厦的上空直射着。 

The snow white cloud is flying above the building.

天空偶尔飘过雪白的云。 

The football was   buried under the building.

有个足球被埋在大厦下面。 

The red cross is below the building.

红十字符号在大楼的斜下方。 

The red ring is on the right of the building and the purple ring is on the left.

红色的圆环在大厦的右侧,紫色的在左侧。

Some children are playing basketball in front of / before the building.

有些孩子在大厦前面打篮球。 

There is a dark window and a lot of light windows in the front of the building.

有一个黑暗的窗子和很多光亮的窗子在大楼的前部。 

Some children are playing hide-and-seek behind the building.

一些孩子在大厦的后面玩捉迷藏的游戏。 

There are a lot of families living inside the building.

有很多家庭居住在这座楼里。

There are a lot of body builders outside the building.

大楼的外面有很多健身器材。

 There is a swimming pool between Building A and Building B.

在大厦AB之间有个游泳池。(两者之间)

There is a dustbin among building A, building B and Building C.

在大厦ABC之间有个垃圾桶。

A red mark is in the middle of the wall of Building C.

大厦C的中间有颗红心。

There is a big tree near building A and beside the tree sits a cute cat. = a cute cat is sitting by the tree.

A 号大楼附近有棵大树。树的附近卧了一只可爱的猫。 

There is some grass around the cat.

猫藏在草丛中。  

 

基础过关

1. Look           the map           China           the wall, please.

Aafter, of, in                       B. at, of, in        

C. after, in, on                        D. at, of, on  

【解析】 look at ,而on the wall在墙表面挂着,而in the wall 则是在墙内,如:There is a hole in the wall.墙上有个洞。Look after 照顾的意思。

2. We won the relay race. And there was a big smile __our teacher's face.

A. off          B. near           C. on          D. between

【解析】 on sb’s face是固定搭配在某人的脸上。 Between强调两者之间。 Near 附近, 有一定的距离。 Off 外面。答案为C

3. —Why are you standing thereMaggie?

  —I can’t see the blackboard clearlyTwo tall boys are  sitting____me

Abehind    Bin front of     Cbeside    Dnext to

【解析】behind 后面, in front of 前面;beside 在旁边。Next to 紧挨着。我看不清黑板,因为两个高个子男孩坐在我前面。

4. Uncle Wang lives _____ a farm, but he works ______ a factory.

 A. in; in            B. to; in           C. in; at         D. on; in

【解析】在农场上用on a farm 在工厂里用in the factory. 所以答案为D

5. The bridge _____ the river is made ______ big stone.

  A. on; from    B. over; of     C. above; in    D. of; into

【解析】on 在上面, over 在正上方,有一定的距离,above在斜上方。 我们知道桥是在河的正上方。所以用over Be made of 是由原料制成成品,看出原材料。From看不出来 be made in +产地。 be made into +成品而非原料。答案为B

 

(三) 、方向介词 

1.in  on  to  in 在内,on 比邻,to 很远 

Beijing lies in the north of China

北京位于中国的北部。(北京包含在中国之内)

Japan is to the east of China

日本在中国的东面。(日本不包含在中国之内)

Russia is on the north of China

俄罗斯在中国的北面。(俄罗斯不包含在中国之内,但与中国接壤)

 

2. acrossoverthrough & past“穿过

across 表面, through 内部, over 跨越 past  从旁边经过。 

If you see the green lightyou can walk across the street

如果你看见绿灯亮了,你可以穿过街道。

The train ran through the tunnel

火车穿过隧道。

I can jump over the fence

我能跳过那座围墙。

We walked past the hospital

我们从医院旁边经过。 

 

out of表示从里到外,从……出来,有动感。

into表示从外到里,进入……”,有动感。

The students walked out of the classroom When the class was over 

一下课,学生们就走出了教室。 

She poured some water into the glass

她把一些水倒进了玻璃杯里。

 

基础过关

1. I can’t swim _____ the river _____ a piece of wood.

A. across; without               B. through; with

C. over; on                     D. in; by

 

【解析】横渡河流,across, through是沿着河从河头到河尾的游。 Without 没有,with是伴随,拥有;题意为我不能横渡这条河没有一块木板所以答案为A

2. Shanghai  lies ________ the east of China.    

A. to      B. in        C. on       D. at

解析:此题考查学生是否掌握了表达位置的用法。在表达东、西、南、北的方位时。在范围之内用in , 在范围之外用to,相邻用on答案: B

3. How can you go ______ the street when the traffic is heavy?

Aacross       B. cross      C. around     D. past

【解析】across 是横穿马路。 Cross 是动词横穿不与动词连用。 around 周围,past 是经过。题意为当车辆很多的时候你怎么能横穿马路。

 4. The river goes ______ the city from west to east.

Athrough      B. over       C. into       D. throughout

【解析】这条河流从城市的西部流到东部。 是纵穿城市的。另外城市高楼林立,河流是从内部纵穿的,所以应该选择through. A over 是从上部横快。 Throughout 是到处,遍及。 

5. The small town lies _____ the three mountains.

Aamong       B. inside       C. into      D. between

【解析】among 是三者或三者以上的之间, between 是两者之间。 Inside 是在内部。 Into是进入。 这个小镇位于三座山之间。 应该选择A

 

方式介词: in   with   by

in 颜色,语言,材料,方式  

The girl in red is my sister.

穿红色衣服的女孩是我的姐姐。

Can you express yourself in English.

你能用英语表达自己吗? 

I want to sign my name in black ink.

我要用碳素笔签名。 

In this way, I can feel much more comfortable.

这样我感觉舒服多了。  

With 具体的工具,手段,身体部位。

He likes writing with a pen

他喜欢用钢笔写东西。 

I made this shirt with my hand.

我亲手做的T恤。 

I don’t believe it until I see it with my eyes

直到我亲眼目睹我才相信。

By方式,手段,by +交通工具乘坐。 

Only by this means is it possible to persuade him

只有用这种方法才能劝得动他。 

I go to school by bike 

我骑车上学。 

 

 

基础过关

1. Lin Lin often practices English ____ chatting with her American friend

Ain        Bby        Cfor        DWith

【解析】by 表示方式,in颜色,语言,材料。玲玲经常练习英语通过和她美国的朋友。 By chatting 习惯用法。答案为B

2. I go to school ___ bus every morning.

A. in         B. by           C. on          D. at

【解析】by后直接加交通工具,表示乘某种交通工具去某地。等于 I take a bus to school .

3. Is the girl _____ red _____ duty today?

  A. with; on       B. on; for        C. of; at        D. in; on

【解析】in+ 颜色 ,语言,原材料。 With加具体的工具。在值日是on duty. 所以答案为D

4. She asked me to sit _____ her and help her _____ Chinese.

  A. between; at            B. beside; with

 C. before; in                 D. on; of

【解析】 help sb. with sth. 是固定搭配。所以后者应该选择with 而前者说她要我坐在她的旁边。前面都可以。 Between 是两者之间,on 直接排除。 所以答案为B

5. Can you answer this question ___ English?

A. by        B. in          C. with        D. from

【解析】 in 表示用语言、声音、或材料,如:He answered the question in a low voice.

6. John cut the pear _____ four pieces ______ a knife.

   A. in; by         B. into; with       C. with; by        D. to; in

【解析】with +具体的工具 with a knife , with a pen.  With one’s hands . Cut into 切成。答案为B.

五、其他常用介词 

表示关于的介词。例如:on  about

On 专业 about 泛泛 

He bought a book on the radio

他买了一本关于无线电方面的专著。

He told some stories about this city

他讲了关于这个城市的一些故事 

表示数量的介词 

about“大约……”

over “超过……,在……以上,相当于“more than”

around“大约……”

My grandmother is about 70 years old

我的奶奶大约70岁了。

My grandmother is over 70 years old

我的奶奶70岁了。

It’s around 3 o’ clock

现在大约3点了。

except“……以外除去”  表示同类事物之间的关系。

except for“除了……以外如果不是若非

表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定。它不表示同类事物之间的关系。

besides“除了……以外还有……”。所指事物包括在叙述范围之内。

but“除了……之外多与nobodynoneno onenothinganythingeveryoneallwho等连用。

We all went swimming except Ann

除了安之外,我们都去游泳了。(安没去)

Besides Annwe all went swimming

除了安去游泳之外,我们也都去了。(安去了)

Your composition is good except for some spelling mistakes

你的作文除了有一些拼写错误之外,写得还是很好的。

No one but Peter went there

除了彼得没有一个人去那里。

instead “代替副词,放在句首或句尾。

instead of “代替”  介词短语  后接名词、动名词或宾格。 

Tom didn’t answer his fatherInsteadhe asked his father

汤姆没有回答他父亲,反而问他的父亲。

He will go instead of you

他将代替你去。

 

四、介词的固定搭配

介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系,才能正确使用介词。

()介词与动词的搭配

listen tolaugh atget tolook forwait forhear fromturn onturn offworry aboutthink oflook afterspend...on...,等。

()介词与名词的搭配

on timein timeby buson footwith pleasureon one’s way toin troubleat breakfastat the end ofin the end等。 

()介词与形容词的搭配

be late forbe afraid ofbe good atbe interested inbe angry with, be full of, be sorry for等.

 

基础过关

1.Do you know any other foreign language____ English?A. except         B. but            C. beside        D. besides

解析:AB两项中,except等于but,意为'除了…'C beside意为'旁边',不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为'除了之外,还有'。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为:除了英语外,你还知道别的语言吗?

2. I learn French ___ the radio every day

A. on          B. in             C. from          D. at

【解析】 从收音机中听到某事应用词组 on the radio

3. - Thank you _____ the beautiful flowers!

  - Not at all.

Ain            B. on             C. at           D. for

【解析】 由于某事向某人道谢应用for

4. - When did Mr. Green arrive in London?

  - He arrived there ___ the evening of December 6th.

Aat         B. in         C. on           D. to

【解析】 in the evening / afternoon这两个词组不论是在其前或后加上任何修饰词都应将介词换为on,如:on a cold morning, on a spring morning等。

5.The postman shouted, “ Mr. Green, here is a letter ________ you.”A. to       B. from      C. for    D. of

答案: C ( 选择A的同学要注意to 表示动作的方向, for表示有从属关系或者利益关系

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