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Tier Certification for Modular and Phased Construction 模块化和分阶段施工的Tier认证 Special care must be taken on modular and phased construction projects to avoid compromising reliability goals. Shared system coordination could defeat your Tier Certification objective 模块化和分阶段建设的项目必须特别注意，以避免影响可靠性目标。共享系统中的协调可能会破坏Tier认证的目标。 原文作者：Chris Brown Today, we often see data center owners taking a modular or phased construction approach to reduce the costs of design, construction, and operation and build time. Taking a modular or phased construction approach allows companies to make a smaller initial investment and to delay some capital expenditures by scaling capacity with business growth. 今天，我们经常看到数据中心所有者采用模块化或分阶段的建造方法来降低设计，施工，运营和建造时间的成本。采用模块化或分阶段的建造方法允许公司在扩大容量和业务增长的过程中使用较小的初始投资并延迟一些资本支出。 The modular and phased construction approaches bring some challenges, including the need for multiple design drawings for each phase, potential interruption of regular operations and systems during expansion, and the logistics of installation and commissioning alongside a live production environment. Meticulous planning can minimize the risks of downtime or disruption to operations and enable a facility to achieve the same high level of performance and resilience as conventionally built data centers. In fact, with appropriate planning in the design stage and by aligning Tier Certification with the commissioning process for each construction phase, data center owners can simultaneously reap the business and operating benefits of phased construction along with the risk management and reliability validation benefits of Tier Certification Constructed Facility (TCCF). 模块化和分阶段施工方法带来了一些挑战，包括每个阶段需要多个设计图纸，扩展期间常规操作和系统的潜在中断风险，以及现场生产环境下的安装和调试的组织工作。精细的计划可以最大限度地降低停机或运营中断的风险，并使设施能够实现与传统建造的数据中心相同的高性能和弹性。事实上，通过在设计阶段进行适当的规划，将Tier认证与每个施工阶段的调试过程保持一致，数据中心所有者可以同时获得分阶段施工和Tier设施建造认证（TCCF）的风险管理和可靠性验证所带来的业务和运营效益。 DEFINING MODULAR AND PHASED CONSTRUCTION 模块化和分阶段施工定义 The terms modular construction and phased construction, though sometimes used interchangeably, are distinct. Both terms refer to the emerging practice of building production capacity in increments over time based on expanded need. 模块化建造和分阶段建造这两个术语虽然有时可以互换使用，但是定义是截然不同的。这两个术语都指的是基于需求的增长随着时间的推移逐步增加生产能力的新兴实践。 Figure 1. Phased construction allows for the addition of IT capacity over but time but relies on infrastructure design to support each additional IT increment. 图1：分阶段建造允许在一段时间内增加IT容量，但依赖于基础设施设计来支持每个额外的IT增量。 However, though all modular construction is by its nature phased, not all phased construction projects are modular. Uptime Institute classifies phased construction as any project in which critical capacity components are installed over time (see Figure 1). Such projects often include common distribution systems. Modular construction describes projects that add capacity in blocks over time, typically in repeated, sequential units, each with self-contained infrastructure sufficient to support the capacity of the expansion unit rather than accessing shared infrastructure (see Figure 2). 然而，尽管所有模块化建造都按其性质分阶段，但并非所有分阶段建设项目都是模块化的。Uptime Institute将分阶段建设归类为关键能力组件的安装是随着时间的推移进行的。这类项目通常包括共同的分配系统。模块化建造描述随着时间的推移逐块增加容量的项目，通常是重复按序的单元，每个单元都独立基础架构，具有支持扩容单元容量的能力，而不是使用共享的基础架构。 Figure 2. Modular design supports the IT capacity growth over time by allowing for separate and independent expansions of infrastructure. 图2.模块化设计通过允许单独和独立的基础架构扩展来支持IT容量随时间的增长。 For example, a phased construction facility might be built with adequate electrical distribution systems and wiring to support the ultimate intended design capacity, with additional power supply added as needed to support growing IT load. Similarly, cooling piping systems might be constructed for the entire facility at the outset of a project, with additional pumps or chiller units added later, all using a shared distribution system. 例如，设施分阶段建设可以根据适当的配电系统和布线来施工，以支持最终的预期设计能力，根据需要增加额外的电源以支持不断增长的IT负载。同样，可以在项目开始时为整个设施建造冷源管道系统，随后增加泵或冷却装置，这些装置使用共享的分配系统。 Figure 3. Simplified modular electrical system with each phase utilizing independent equipment and distribution systems 图3.简化的模块化电气系统，每期使用独立的设备和配电系统 For modular facilities, the design may specify an entire electrical system module that encompasses all the engine-generator sets, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) capacities, and associated distribution systems needed to support a given IT load. Then, for each incremental increase in capacity, the design may call for adding another separate and independent electrical system module to support the IT load growth. These two modules would operate independently, without sharing distribution systems (see Figure 3). Taking this same approach, a design may specify a smaller chiller, pump, piping, and an air handler to support a given heat load. Then, as load increases, the design would include the addition of another small chiller, pump, piping, and air handler to support the incremental heat load growth instead of adding onto the existing chilled water or piping system. In both examples, the expansion increments do not share distribution systems and therefore are distinct modules (see Figure 4). 对于模块化的设施，设计可以详细说明整套电气系统模块，其包括支持给定的IT负载所需的所有发电机组，不间断电源（UPS）容量和相关的配电系统。然后，对于容量需求的每次增加，设计可能要求添加另一个隔离且独立的电气系统模块以支持IT负载增长。这两个模块可独立运行，无需共享分配系统（参见图3）。采用相同的方法，设计可以详述较小的冷却器，泵，管道和空气处理器以支持给定的热负荷。然后，随着负荷的增加，设计将包括增加另一个小型冷却器，泵，管道和空气处理器，以支持热负荷需求的增长，而不是添加到现有的冷水或管道系统上。在这两个示例中，扩展增量不共享分配系统，因此是不同的模块（参见图4）。 Figure 4. Simplified modular mechanical system with each phase utilizing independent equipment and distribution systems expansions of infrastructure. 图4.简化的模块化机械系统，每个阶段利用独立的设备和分配系统扩展基础设施。 CERTIFICATION IN A PHASED MODEL: DESIGN THROUGH CONSTRUCTION Organizations desiring a Tier Certified data center must first obtain Tier Certification of Design Documents (TCDD). For phased construction projects, the Tier Certification process culminates with TCCF after construction. (For conventional data center projects the Tier Certification process culminates in Tier Certification of Operational Sustainability.) TCCF validates the facility Tier level as it has been built and commissioned. It is not uncommon for multiple infrastructure and/or system elements to be altered during construction, which is why Tier Certification does not end with TCDD; a facility must undergo TCCF to ensure that the facility was built and performs as designed, without any alterations that would compromise its reliability. This applies whether a conventional, phased, or modular construction approach is used. 希望获得Tier认证数据中心的组织必须首先获得Tier 设计认证（TCDD）。对于分阶段建设项目，Tier认证流程在施工完成后的TCCF认证后结束。（对于传统的数据中心项目，Tier认证流程以获得运营可持续性的TCOS认证结束。）TCCF在建造和调试时验证设施的等级。在施工期间更改多个基础设施和/或系统因素并不少见，这就是Tier认证不以TCDD结束的原因; 设施必须经过TCCF认证，以确保设施的建造和执行按设计的要求，没有任何会影响其可靠性的改造。无论是使用传统的，分阶段的还是模块化的建造方法，这都适用。 In a phased construction project, planning for Tier Certification begins in the design stage. To receive TCDD, Uptime Institute will review each phase and all design documents from the initial build through the final construction phase to ensure compliance with Tier Standards. All phases should meet the requirements for the Tier objective. 在分阶段建设项目中，Tier认证计划从设计阶段开始。要获得TCDD，Uptime Institute将审查从初始建造到最终建造阶段的每个阶段和所有设计文档，以确保符合Tier标准。所有阶段都应满足Tier目标的要求。 Certification of each incremental phase of the design depends on meaningful changes to data center capacity, meaningful being the key concept. For example, upgrading a mechanical system may increase cooling capacity, but if it does not increase processing capacity, it is not a meaningful increment. An upgrade to mechanical and/or electrical systems that expands a facility’s overall processing capacity would be considered a meaningful change and necessitate that a facility have its Certification updated. 每个增量阶段的设计认证取决于对数据中心容量的有意义的改变，这些意义的改变可成为关键概念。例如，升级机械系统可能会增加冷却能力，但如果不增加处理的能力，则不是一个有意义的增量。对机械和/或电气系统进行升级以扩展设施的整体处理能力将被视为有意义的变化，并且必须使设施更新其认证。 In some cases, organizations may not yet have fully defined long-term construction phases that would enable Certification of the ultimate facility. In these situations, Uptime Institute will review design documents for only those phases that are fully defined for Tier Certification specific to those phases. Tier Certification (Tier I-IV) is limited to that specific phase alone. Knowing the desired endpoint is important: if Phase 1 and 2 of a facility do not meet Tier criteria, but subsequently Phase 3 does; then, completion of a TCCF review must wait until Phase 3 is finished. 在某些情况下，组织可能还没有完全确定长期建设的阶段，以便能够对最终设施进行认证。在这些情况下，Uptime Institute将审查那些适用于Tier认证阶段已完全定义的设计文档。 TCCF includes a site visit with live functional demonstrations of all critical systems, which is typically completed immediately following commissioning. For a phased construction project, Tier Certification of the Phase 1 facility can be the same as Tier Certification for conventional (non-phased) projects in virtually all respects. In both cases, there is no live load at the time, allowing infrastructure demonstrations to be performed easily without risking interruption to the production environment. TCCF包含现场考察，所有关键系统的现场功能测试，通常这些系统在调试后可以立即启用。对于分阶段建设项目，第1阶段的设施Tier认证几乎在所有方面与传统（不分期）项目的Tier认证相同。在这两种情况下，当前都没有实际负载，可以轻松的执行基础设施的测试，而不会有中断生产环境的风险。 Figure 5. Simplified phased electrical system with each additional phase adding equipment while sharing distribution components 图5.简化的相控电气系统，在共享分配组件的情况下，每个附加相位添加设备 The process for Tier Certification of later phases can be as easy as it is for Phase 1 or more difficult, depending on the construction approach. Truly modular expansion designs minimize risk during later phases of commissioning and TCCF because they do not rely on shared distribution systems. Because modules consist of independent, discrete systems, installing additional capacity segments over time does not put facility-wide systems at risk. However, when there is shared infrastructure, as in phased (not modular) projects, commissioning and TCCF can be more complex. Installing new capacity components on top of shared distribution paths, e.g., adding or upgrading an engine generator or UPS module, requires that all testing and demonstrations be repeated across the whole system. It’s important to ensure that all of the system settings work together, for example, verifying that all circuit breaker settings remain appropriate for the new capacity load, so that the new production load will not trip the breakers. 根据施工方法，后期阶段的Tier认证过程可以像第1阶段一样容易，或者更难。真正的模块化扩展设计可以在后期阶段最大限度地降低调试和TCCF认证的风险，因为它们不依赖于共享分配系统。由于模块由独立的、分散的系统组成，随着时间的推移安装额外的容量，因此不会使设施范围的系统面临风险。但是，当存在共享基础设施时，在分阶段（非模块化）项目，调试和TCCF可能更复杂。在共享分配路径之上安装新的容量组件，例如，添加或升级油机发电机或UPS模块，要求在整个系统中重复所有测试和测试。确保所有系统的协同工作设置非常重要，例如，验证所有断路器设置是否仍适用于新的容量负载，以便新的生产负载不会使断路器跳闸。 Pre-planning for later phases can help ensure a smooth commissioning and Tier Certification process even with shared infrastructure. As long as the design phases support a Tier Certification objective, there is no reason why phased construction projects cannot be Tier Certified. 对于后续阶段的预先规划有助于确保即使使用共享基础架构也能顺利进行调试和Tier认证过程。只要设计阶段支持Tier认证的目标，分阶段建设项目就没有理由不能进行Tier认证。 COMMISSIONING AND TIER CERTIFICATION TCCF demonstrations align with commissioning; both must be completed at the same stage (following installation, prior to live load). If a data center design allows full commissioning to be completed at each phase of construction, Tier Certification is achievable for both modular and non-modular phased projects. TCCF demonstrations would be done at the same expansion stages designated for the TCDD at the outset of the project. TCCF测试与调试一致; 两者必须在同一阶段完成（安装后，在真实负载之前）。如果数据中心设计允许在每个施工阶段完成全面调试，则可以实现模块化和非模块化分阶段项目的Tier认证。在项目开始时，TCDD认证中的特定阶段也会进行TCCF测试。 For a modular installation, commissioning and Tier Certification demonstrations can be conducted as normal using load banks inside a common data hall, with relatively low risk. If not managed properly, load banks can direct hot air at server intakes, which would be the only significant risk. Obviously this risk can be prevented. 对于模块化的安装，可以使用公共数据通道内的负载堆正常进行调试和Tier认证测试，风险相对较低。如果管理不当，负载堆可能将热空气引导到服务器进气口，这将是唯一的关键风险。显然，这种风险可以预防。 For phased installations that share infrastructure, later phases of commissioning and Tier Certification carry increased risk, because load banks are running in common data halls with shared distribution paths and capacity systems that are supporting a concurrent live load. The best way to reduce the risks of later phase commissioning and Tier Certification is to conduct demonstrations as early in the Certification as possible. 对于共享基础设施的分阶段建设，后期调试和层级认证会带来更高的风险，因为负载堆运行在具有共享分发路径和容量系统的公共数据通道中，这些系统同时支持着真实负载。降低后期调试和Tier认证风险的最佳方法是在认证中尽可能早的进行测试。 Figure 6. Simplified phased mechanical system with each additional phase adding equipment while sharing distribution components 图6.简化的相控机械系统，在共享分配组件的情况下，每个附加相位添加设备 Shared critical infrastructure distribution systems included in the initial phase of construction can be commissioned and Tier Certified at full (planned) capacity during the initial TCCF review, so these demonstrations can be front loaded and will not need to be repeated at future expansion phases. 在TCCF最开始的审查期间，包含在建设的初始阶段，共享的关键基础设施分配系统可以在完整（计划）的容量进行调试和Tier认证，所以这些测试可以预先进行，不需要在未来的扩展阶段重复。 The case studies offer examples of how two data centers approached the process of incorporating phased construction practices without sacrificing Tier Certification vital to supporting their business and operating objectives. 案例研究提供了两个数据中心如何在不牺牲Tier认证对其至关重要的业务和运营目标支持的前提下，处理分阶段施工实践的过程示例。 CONCLUSION 结论
模块化和分阶段施工方法在每个阶段都可以降低成本，并且比传统建造方法需要更少的前期资金，但安装超出TCDD指定范围或超出TCCF测试能力的设备不仅会使Tier认证面临风险，而且会影响整个运营。Tier认证仅在基础架构发生变更之前保持有效。除此之外，无论组织的Tier目标如何，如果施工阶段的设计和建造方式妨碍了有效的调试，那么就会存在比Tier认证现状更大的问题。 A data center that cannot be commissioned at the completion of a phase incurs increased risk of downtime or system error for that phase of operation and all later phases. Successful commissioning and Tier Certification of phased or modular projects requires thinking through the business and operational impacts of the design philosophy and the decisions made regarding facility expansion strategies. 在一个阶段完成时无法完成调试的数据中心会导致该阶段和所有后续阶段操作的停机或系统错误风险增加。分阶段或模块化项目的成功调试和Tier认证需要考虑商务和运营对设计理念的影响以及有关设施扩展的战略决策。 Design decisions must be made with an understanding of which factors are and are not consistent with achieving the Tier Certification, these are essentially the same factors that allow commissioning. In cases where a facility expansion or system upgrade cannot be Tier Certified, Uptime Institute often sees that is usually the result of limitations inherent in the design of the facility or due to business choices that were made long before. 设计决策必须建立在了解哪些因素与实现Tier认证不一致，这些因素实质上与允许调试的因素相同。在设施扩建或系统升级无法通过Tier认证的案例中，Uptime Institute经常会发现这通常是在设施设计中固有的限制或由很久以前做出的业务选择所造成的。 It is incumbent upon organizations to think through not only the business rationale but also the potential operational impacts of various design and construction choices. 组织有责任不仅要考虑商业理由，还要考虑不同设计和施工选择带来的潜在运营影响。 Organizations can simultaneously protect their data center investment and achieve the Tier Certification level that supports the business and operating mission including modular and phased construction plans by properly anticipating the need for commissioning in Phase 2 and beyond. 通过适当的预估第2阶段及以后的调试需求，组织可以同时保护其数据中心投资并实现支持业务和运营任务的Tier认证级别，包括模块化和分阶段施工计划。 Planning design and construction activities to allow for commissioning greatly reduces the organization¹s overall risk. TCCF is the formal validation of the reliability of the built facility. 规划设计和施工的活动以允许调试，可以大大降低组织的整体风险。TCCF是对建成设施可靠性的正式验证。 Case Study: Tier III Certification of Constructed Facility: Phased Construction 案例研究：基础设施Tier III认证：分期建设
一个组织计划在南非分两期建设一个Tier III等级基础设施投资项目，共享基础设施（即非模块化，分期建设）。最初的设计图纸规划了两个冷冻水机组：一个风冷冷水机组和一个吸收式冷水机组，但由于天然气供应有限，开始没有安装吸收式冷水机组。冷水系统管道安装优先安装，并连接到风冷冷水机组。 然后安装了两台能够支撑设施负荷的风冷冷水机组。 The organization installed all the data hall air-handling units (AHUs), including two Kyoto Cooling AHUs, on day one. Because the Kyoto AHUs would be very difficult to install once the facility was built, the facility was essentially designed around them. In other words, it was more cost effective to install both AHUs during the initial construction phase, even if their full capacity would not be reached until after Phase 2. 该组织在第一天安装了所有数据机房的空气处理单元（AHU），包括两个Kyoto的冷却处理单元。由于Kyoto的空气处理单元在设施建成后很难安装，因此该设施基本上是围绕它们设计的。换句话说，在初始施工阶段安装两个AHU更具成本效益，即使在第2阶段之后才能达到满负荷。 The facility design utilizes a common infrastructure with a single data hall. Phase 1 called for installing 154 kilowatts (kW) of IT capacity; an additional 306 kW of capacity would be added in Phase 2 for a total planned capacity of 460 kW. Phase 1 TCCF demonstrations were conducted first for the 154 kW of IT load that the facility would be supporting initially. In order to minimize the risk to IT assets when Phase 2 TCCF demonstrations are performed, the commissioning team next demonstrated both AHUs at full capacity. They increased the loading on the data hall to a full 460 kW, successfully demonstrating that the AHUs could support that load in accordance with Tier III requirements. 设施设计利用通用基础设施支持单个数据机房。第1阶段要求安装154千瓦（kW）的IT容量; 在第2阶段将增加306千瓦的容量，总计划容量为460千瓦。第一阶段TCCF测试首先针对该设施最初支持的154 kW IT负载进行。为了在执行第2阶段TCCF验证时最大限度地降低IT资产的风险，调试团队接下来同时验证两个满负荷的AHU。他们将数据机房的负载增加到460千瓦，成功地证明了AHU可以根据Tier III的要求支持该负载。 For Tier Certification of Phase 2, the facility will have to demonstrate that the overall chilled water piping system and additional electrical systems would support the full 460-kW capacity, but they will not have to demonstrate the AHUs again. During Phase 1 demonstrations, the chillers and engine generators ran at N capacity (both units operating) to provide ample power and cooling to show that the AHUs could support 460 kW in a Concurrently Maintainable manner. The Phase 2 demonstrations will not require placing extra load on the UPS, but they did test the effects of putting more load into the data hall and possibly raising the temperature for the systems under live load. 对于第2阶段的Tier认证，该设施必须证明整个冷冻水管道系统和额外的电气系统将支持460kW的全部容量，但他们不必再次验证AHUs。在第一阶段验证期间，冷却单元和发电机以N容量运行（两个在用单元）以提供充足的电力和冷量，以显示AHUs可以以同时维护的方式支持460kW负荷。第2阶段验证不需要在UPS上增加额外负载，但是他们确实测试了将更多负载放入数据机房并且在在用负载下尽可能升高系统温度的影响。 Case Study: Tier III Expanded to Tier IV 案例研究：Tier III扩展至Tier IV
在第一个建设阶段之后，经过验证的Tier III认证建造设施的美国云数据中心的设计需要进行第二个建设阶段，并依赖于共用的基础设施（即非模块化，分期建设）。该设施的最终业务目标是Tier IV，设施的设计支持实现这些目标。该组织不愿意为中心的全部容量提供连续制冷所需的UPS设备支出，直到它确认客户需要Tier IV的性能，这样才能证明增加冷却能力的资本投资是合理的。 The organization was only able to achieve this staged Tier expansion because it worked with Uptime Institute consultants to plan both phases and the Tier demonstrations. For Phase 1, the organization installed all systems and infrastructure needed to support a Tier IV operation, except for the mechanical UPS, thus the Tier Certification objective for Phase 1 was to attain Tier III. Phase 1 Tier Certification included all of the required demonstrations normally conducted to validate Tier III, with load banks located in the data hall. Additionally, because all systems except for the mechanical UPS were already installed, Uptime Institute was able to observe all of the demonstrations that would normally be required for Tier IV TCCF, with the exception of Continuous Cooling. 该组织只能实现这一阶段的Tier扩展，因为它与Uptime Institute的顾问合作规划了两个阶段和Tier验证。对于第1阶段，组织安装了支持Tier IV运营所需的所有系统和基础设施，除了UPS设备，因此，第1阶段的Tier认证目标是达到Tier III级。第1阶段Tier认证包含通常用于验证Tier III的所有必要测试，其中负载库位于数据机房内。此外，由于已经安装了除UPS设备之外的所有系统，Uptime Institute能够观察到Tier IV TCCF通常所需要的所有测试，除了连续制冷。 As a result when the facility is ready to proceed with the Phase 2 expansion, the only demonstrations required to qualify for Tier IV TCCF will be Continuous Cooling. The organization will have to locate load banks within the data hall but will not be required to power those load banks from the IT UPS nor simulate faults on the IT UPS system because that capability has already been satisfactorily observed. Thus, the organization can avoid any risk of interruption to the live customer load the facility will have in place during Phase 2. 因此，当设施准备进行第2阶段扩建时，达标Tier IV TCCF要求的唯一测试将是连续冷却。组织必须在数据机房内安装负载库，但不需要从IT 的UPS为这些负载库供电，也不需要模拟IT UPS系统的故障，因为这些性能已经被完美地观察过了。因此，组织可以避免任何在第2阶段期间具有将实际客户负载中断的设施风险。 The Tier III Certification of Constructed Facility demonstrations require Concurrent Maintainability. The data center must be able to provide baseline power and cooling capacity in each and every maintenance configuration required to operate and maintain the site for an indefinite period. The topology and procedures to isolate each and every component for maintenance, repair, or replacement without affecting the baseline power and cooling capacity in the computer rooms should be in place, with a summary load of 750 kW of critical IT load spread across the data hall. All other house and infrastructure loads required to sustain the baseline load must also be supported in parallel with, and without affecting, the baseline computer room load. Tier III认证的基础设施测试要求并行可维护性。数据中心必须能够提供基准电源和冷却能力，以支持无限期运行和维护站点所需的每个维护配置。在数据机房中分布着750 kW的关键IT负载的情况下，应该采用在不影响计算机房基准电源和冷却能力的情况下隔离每个组件以进行维护，修理或更换的拓扑和程序，所有其他用于支持维持基线负载所需的房屋和基础设施负载，需与其并行支持，以不影响基准计算机房负载。 Tier Certification requirements are cumulative; Tier IV encompasses Concurrent Maintainability, with the additional requirements of Fault Tolerance and Continuous Cooling. To demonstrate Fault Tolerance, a facility must have the systems and redundancy in place so that a single failure of a capacity system, capacity component, or distribution element will not impact the IT equipment. The organization must demonstrate that the system automatically responds to a failure to prevent further impact to the site operations. Assessing Continuous Cooling capabilities require demonstrations of computer room air conditioning (CRAC) units under various conditions and simulated fault situations. Tier认证的要求是向下兼容的；Tier IV包括并发可维护性，以及容错和连续冷却的附加要求。为了测试容错，设施必须具备体系和冗余，这样提供能力的系统，组件或分配元件的单一故障不会影响IT设备。组织必须证明系统对故障的自动响应以防止站点进一步操作的影响。评估连续制冷性能需要在各种条件和模拟故障情况下测试计算机房空调（CRAC）单元。 翻译： 杨灵泉 DKV（Deep Knowledge Volunteer)计划创始成员 中国电信上海信息网络部 |
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